11/3 papers review

Pleistocene geochronologyradiocarbon dating

chemical oceanography

Two hypotheses

1. Changes to reorganization of the ocean’s thermohaline circulation: catastrophic input of fresh water to northern Atlantic.

2. Changes in the dynamics of the tropical atmosphere- ocean system : because tropical convective systems constitute the dominant element in the planet’s climate system, the trigger more likely resides in the region that houses the El Nin˜o–La Nin˜a cycle.

ocean modelers and paleoclimatologists

atmospheric physics and decadal variability studies

Heinrich events & Younger Dryas

Younger Dryas

Younger Dryas

<The cause of Younger Dryas> 9500 km3 of water was released

How to support?

The 14C to 12C ratio in the local surface water began to rise.

Sediment CaCO3 ↑ 14C ↑

Younger Dryas

Radiocarbon Dating

Make use of radiocarbon dating to determine whether the release of Agassiz water occurred at the time of the YD onset.

Tephra layer & poplar tree

→ 11000 years BP Exception: New Zealand began as much as

500 years earlier than the onset of the YD in the Northern Hemisphere.

Younger Dryas

New Zealand

Younger Dryas

• Resolution• Interhemispheric synchroneity.

In summary

With the exception of that for New Zealand, the chronological evidence is consistent with a sudden global onset of the YD impacts at about 11,000 14C years B.P.

If advocates of a tropical trigger discount the role of the Agassiz flood as the trigger for the YD, then they must attribute this apparent synchroneity either to coincidence or to a climate change initiated elsewhere as the cause of the flood.

Younger Dryas

Heinrich events

Six layers dominated by ice-rafted debris have been identified in a series of cores extending from the Hudson Straits across the northern Atlantic to the coast of France.

Reduce salinity of northern Atlantic surface water by a large enough amount to impact conveyor circulation.

Far-field impacts include times of the greatest glacial cooling in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean off the Iberian Margin, sediment-discharge events off eastern Brazil, pine events in central Florida, and sharp weakenings of the monsoons in the Chinese Hulu Cave record .

Thus, it is tempting to conclude that these impacts were triggered by disruptions of thermohaline circulation caused by freshwater inputs to the northern Atlantic.

Heinrich events

Precursory Events Distinguishing between the oceanic and tropical

hypotheses

The deposition of the Heinrich layers: Existence of hematite-stained mineral grains, the

lithic type originates far to the north of the core sites, a cold ocean favors their delivery by ice rafting.

Cold-loving Neogloboquadrina pachyderma reached a maximum during these precursory events

http://bprc.osu.edu/foram/species/neogloboquadrina_pach.htm

A shutdown in conveyor circulation induced by the freshwater input rather than by the precursory cooling event itself.

Conclusion

D&COδ 2 → r2=0.64 Mismatches Variation of climate water vapor source

regions Correct this by a model →r2=0.89 This close relationship strongly supports

the importance of carbon dioxide as a forcing factor of climate.

r2=0.64 If this D change δ

reflect a proportional temperature drop, then >1/2 temperature change occurred before CO2 change.Minor contribution of CO2

Why?

Source temperature (where water vapor comes from)

During glacial periods, source temperature was high, poles were still receiving moisture in response to feedbacks on insolation changes → cause a disproportionately large drop in D of Antarctic precipitation at this δtime.

r2=0.89

Our results give strength to the conclusion that CO2 is an important climate forcing on the modern Earth, irrespective of whether other factors are more important on very long geologic timescales.

Further, our results strengthen the hypothesis that the long-term synchrony of glacial±interglacial cycling between Northern and Southern Hemispheres is due to greenhouse-gas variations, and feedbacks associated with them.

In particular, we have shown that most Southern Hemisphere T can be explained, in the correlative sense, δwithout recourse to any Northern Hemisphere forcings, including insolation at 65N and ice-sheet albedo.