112 ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents Exam Final Review.
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Transcript of 112 ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents Exam Final Review.
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112 ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents
Exam
Final ReviewFinal Review
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Use the Use the reference reference tables!!!!!tables!!!!!
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Same substance = same densitySame substance = same density
As pressure increases, density As pressure increases, density increases.increases.
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
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As As temperature increasestemperature increases, , density decreases density decreases
Water expands when it freezesWater expands when it freezes
TEMPERATURE
DENSITY
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Most changes are cyclicMost changes are cyclic
Water is most dense at 4°C, Water is most dense at 4°C,
when it is liquid.when it is liquid.
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The true shape of the Earth is an Oblate The true shape of the Earth is an Oblate Spheroid, but from space it looks like a Spheroid, but from space it looks like a perfect circle. perfect circle.
The best model of the Earth is a sphereThe best model of the Earth is a sphere
Altitude of Polaris equals Altitude of Polaris equals
your latitude!!!!your latitude!!!!Zenith
Horizon
43°
47°
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Latitude lines go east-west, just Latitude lines go east-west, just
like the Equator, but measure like the Equator, but measure
distance north and south.distance north and south.
Longitude lines go north-Longitude lines go north-
south, but measure distances south, but measure distances
east and west.east and west.
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What are the latitude and longitude What are the latitude and longitude coordinates at the red dot?coordinates at the red dot?
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Longitude (time) is based on the sunLongitude (time) is based on the sun What is the time difference between What is the time difference between
point A and point B? point A and point B? ------------ Which two locations are experiencingWhich two locations are experiencing
the same time?the same time?
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The closer the isolines (contour-The closer the isolines (contour-isobar-isotherms) are the steeper isobar-isotherms) are the steeper the slope or gradientthe slope or gradient
What is the highest What is the highest possible elevation of the possible elevation of the hill? hill?
239 feet239 feet
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Contour lines “bend” Contour lines “bend” upstream when crossing a upstream when crossing a river—river—Law of V’sLaw of V’s
In which direction is this river flowing?
Northeast
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Ocean crust is thinOcean crust is thin
and made of basaltand made of basalt
Continental crust Continental crust
is thick and made of is thick and made of
granitegranite
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ROCKS AND ROCKS AND MINERALSMINERALS
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Sedimentary rocks – strata – flat layers – Sedimentary rocks – strata – flat layers – most likely to have fossilsmost likely to have fossils
Bituminous coal
Rock salt
Sandstone
Conglomerate Shale
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Igneous rock: cools fast: small crystals, Igneous rock: cools fast: small crystals, cools slow: large crystalscools slow: large crystals Diorite
Obsidian
Pumice
Scoria
RhyoliteGranite
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Metamorphic rock- banded, distorted Metamorphic rock- banded, distorted structurestructure
Gneiss
Phyllite
Anthracite Coal
Marble
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Mineral Mineral properties properties depend on depend on
internal internal atomic atomic
arrangementarrangement
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DYNAMIC DYNAMIC CRUSTCRUST
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Mountains form by upliftMountains form by uplift
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Mid-ocean ridge- new earth being created- Mid-ocean ridge- new earth being created- sea floor spreadingsea floor spreading
Trenches – Trenches – earth being earth being destroyed – destroyed – subduction subduction zonezone
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P-waves are faster than S wavesP-waves are faster than S waves P waves- can pass through solids and P waves- can pass through solids and
liquids – S-waves only solidsliquids – S-waves only solids You need 3 seismographs stations to plot You need 3 seismographs stations to plot
earthquakesearthquakes
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Convection currents in Convection currents in
the mantle move platesthe mantle move plates
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Earth’s HistoryEarth’s History
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Undisturbed strata – bottom layer is oldestUndisturbed strata – bottom layer is oldest Intrusion and faults are younger than the Intrusion and faults are younger than the
rock they are inrock they are in Unconformity means erosionUnconformity means erosion
9. Weathering and erosion8. Fault7. Igneous intrusion6. Deposition of conglomerate5. Deposition of limestone4. Deposition of siltstone3. Deposition of sandstone2. Deposition of shale1. Deposition of conglomerate
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Uranium-238 dates old rocksUranium-238 dates old rocks Carbon-14 dates recent living objectsCarbon-14 dates recent living objects The half life of a radioactive element can’t The half life of a radioactive element can’t
be changedbe changed
5,700 years
1,300,000,000
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Index fossils are good time markers (widely Index fossils are good time markers (widely spread, lived a short time)spread, lived a short time)
Which fossil is considered an index fossil?Which fossil is considered an index fossil?
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Surface Processes Surface Processes and Landscapes/ and Landscapes/
Weathering, Weathering, Erosion and Erosion and DepositionDeposition
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Arid landscape: Arid landscape: steep slopes with steep slopes with sharp anglessharp angles
Humid landscape: Humid landscape: smooth with rounded smooth with rounded slopesslopes
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Chemical weathering occurs mostly in warm, Chemical weathering occurs mostly in warm, humid climateshumid climates
Physical weathering occurs mostly in cold, Physical weathering occurs mostly in cold, humid climates (good for frost wedging)humid climates (good for frost wedging)
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Gravity causes all erosionGravity causes all erosion Streams are the number one agent of erosionStreams are the number one agent of erosion Stream velocity depends on slope and dischargeStream velocity depends on slope and discharge Velocity is fastest on the outside of meander bendVelocity is fastest on the outside of meander bend
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Heavy, round and dense particle settle out Heavy, round and dense particle settle out firstfirst
Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest sediments are on bottomsediments are on bottom
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Glacial sediments Glacial sediments are unsorted, notare unsorted, notlayered, scratched, layered, scratched, U-shaped valleyU-shaped valley
River/streamRiver/streamsediments are sediments are
sorted, layered, sorted, layered, V-shaped valleyV-shaped valley
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When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area increases and weathering surface area increases and weathering rate increasesrate increases
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Meteorology, Meteorology, Water Cycle and Water Cycle and
Climate and Climate and Atmospheric Atmospheric
EnergyEnergy
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Black absorbs/white reflectsBlack absorbs/white reflects
Good absorbers of radiation and Good absorbers of radiation and good radiatorsgood radiators
Energy moves from source to Energy moves from source to sink: high to lowsink: high to low
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Weather moves from west to east Weather moves from west to east in the United Statesin the United States
Cold fronts move theCold fronts move the fastestfastest
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Cold FrontCold FrontSmall band of precipitation before Small band of precipitation before
and after the frontand after the front
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Warm FrontWarm FrontBroad band of precipitation before Broad band of precipitation before
the frontthe front
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Occluded FrontOccluded FrontContinuous precipitationContinuous precipitation
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Air moves clockwise and outward Air moves clockwise and outward around a higharound a high
Air moves counterclockwise and Air moves counterclockwise and inward around a lowinward around a low
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Highs are cool and dry; lows and Highs are cool and dry; lows and warm and wetwarm and wet
Air cools as it risesAir cools as it rises
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Hottest part of the year is in JulyHottest part of the year is in July
Hottest part of the day is after Hottest part of the day is after 1:00 pm1:00 pm
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As temperature increases, air As temperature increases, air pressure decreasespressure decreases
As moisture increases, pressure As moisture increases, pressure decreasesdecreases
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Air pressure decreases with Air pressure decreases with altitudealtitude
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Wind is due to air pressure differencesWind is due to air pressure differences
Winds blow from high to low pressureWinds blow from high to low pressure
Wind is named from the direction that I t is Wind is named from the direction that I t is coming fromcoming from
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The closer the air temperature is The closer the air temperature is to the dew point the greater the to the dew point the greater the chance for precipitationchance for precipitation
65
63
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Porosity does not depend on particle sizePorosity does not depend on particle size
Capillarity increases when particle size decreasesCapillarity increases when particle size decreases
As particle size increases, permeability increasesAs particle size increases, permeability increases
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Ep (potential Ep (potential evapotranspiration) evapotranspiration) depends on temperaturedepends on temperature
Water bodies moderate Water bodies moderate temperaturetemperature
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AstronomyAstronomy
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The earth rotates from west to The earth rotates from west to
east (24 hours)east (24 hours)
The earth revolves The earth revolves
counterclockwise (365.26 days)counterclockwise (365.26 days)
All celestial objects appear to move west to All celestial objects appear to move west to east across the skyeast across the sky
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The moon has phases because The moon has phases because of the angle at which we view it of the angle at which we view it (remember though that half is (remember though that half is always lit)always lit)
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Planets appear to go Planets appear to go backwards (retrograde) as the backwards (retrograde) as the earth passes them in spaceearth passes them in space
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Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons
DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE
SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH
Summer Summer SolsticeSolstice
June June 21st21st
Tropic of Tropic of CancerCancer 23.523.5°N°N N of EN of E N of WN of W LongestLongest
Summer solstice is June 21st
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Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons
DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE
SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH
Winter Winter SolsticeSolstice
Dec. Dec. 21st21st
Tropic of Tropic of CapricornCapricorn 23.523.5°S°S S of ES of E S of WS of W ShortestShortest
Winter solstice is December 21st
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Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons
DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE
SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH
AutumnAutumn
EquinoxEquinox
Sept. Sept. 23rd23rd
EquatorEquator 00°° EastEast WestWest 12 12 hourshours
Equinoxes: March 21st and September 21st
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Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons
DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE
SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH
SpringSpring
EquinoxEquinox
March March 21st21st
EquatorEquator 00°° EastEast WestWest 12 12 hourshours
Equator always has 12 hours of daylight
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The lower the altitude of the The lower the altitude of the sun, the longer the shadow it sun, the longer the shadow it casts.casts.
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Foucault’s pendulum and the Foucault’s pendulum and the coriolis effect prove the earth coriolis effect prove the earth rotatesrotates
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Earth is closer to the sun in the Earth is closer to the sun in the winterwinter
The closer the planet is to the sun The closer the planet is to the sun the higher its velocity.the higher its velocity.
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Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when the object is closer to gets larger when the object is closer to EarthEarth
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Vertical rays Vertical rays (overhead rays) can (overhead rays) can only occur between only occur between 23.5°N and 23.5°S23.5°N and 23.5°S
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Be familiar with this chart:Be familiar with this chart:
DATE (APPROXIMATE)LATITUDE OF SUN'S DIRECT RAYS
DIRECTION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET
LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT
Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox) Equator (0o) Rises due East Sets due West 12 hours
December 21 (Winter Solstice)Tropic of Capricorn (23 1/2oS)
Rises in SE Sets in SW
8 hours (shortest day)
March 21 (Vernal Equinox) Equator (0o)Rises due East Sets due West
12 hours
June 21 (Summer Solstice)Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2oN)
Rises in NE Sets in NW
16 hours (longest day)
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Dynamic equilibrium means balanceDynamic equilibrium means balance
Isostasy: earth’s crust in equilibriumIsostasy: earth’s crust in equilibrium
When in doubt, see if the reference tables When in doubt, see if the reference tables will helpwill help