11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles
description
Transcript of 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles
![Page 1: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
11.2 APPLYING MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES
January 10, 2014
![Page 2: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plan for Jan. 10 Check up #1: Mendel’s Genetics
Notes: Dihybrid Cross; independent assortment
Analyzing Inheritance Activity
![Page 3: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Do: You may refer to your class notes only.
Put: Write your answers in the space provided.
Finish By: You have 10 minutes.
When Done: Turn your paper in. Work silently on something of your choosing.
Check Up #1
![Page 4: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
How do alleles segregate when there is more than one gene?
Segregation with One Trait Does the segregation of one pair of alleles affect another pair?
Mendel followed two different genes as they passed from one generation to the next.
![Page 5: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dihybrid Cross• I can construct, complete, and
interpret a Punnett square to predict traits for a dihybrid cross.
![Page 6: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Make a Punnett Square--Dihybrid Cross--
Heterozygous for size AND Heterozygous for pod color• Green dominant allele• Yellow recessive allele
• Tall dominant allele• Short recessive allele
TtGg TtGg
1. Start with the parents.
![Page 7: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Make a Punnett Square--Dihybrid Cross--
Step 2: Determine which alleles would be found in all possible gametes each parent would produce:
TtGg
T
T
t
t
TG
Tg
tG
tg
TtGg
G
g
G
g
The alleles segregate during gamete formation. Each gamete has one allele for size and one for pod color.
![Page 8: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Make a Punnett Square--Dihybrid Cross--
Step 3: Line up the genotypes in a 4 x 4 grid:
TG tG Tg tg
TG
tG
Tg
tg
![Page 9: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Make a Punnett Square--Dihybrid Cross--
Step 4: write out the new genotypes:
TG tG Tg tg
TG TTGG TtGG TTGg TtGg
tG TtGG ttGG TtGg ttGg
Tg TTGg TtGg TTgg Ttgg
tg TtGg ttGg Ttgg ttgg
![Page 10: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Make a Punnett Square--Dihybrid Cross--
Step 5: Figure out the results:TG tG Tg tg
TG TTGG TtGG TTGg TtGg
tG TtGG ttGG TtGg ttGg
Tg TTGg TtGg TTgg Ttgg
tg TtGg ttGg Ttgg ttgg
The square color represents pod color. Alleles written in red indicate tall plants and alleles written in black indicate short plants.
![Page 11: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Make a Punnett Square--Dihybrid Cross--
What percent of offspring will be tall with green pods?:
TG tG Tg tg
TG TTGG TtGG TTGg TtGg
tG TtGG ttGG TtGg ttGg
Tg TTGg TtGg TTgg Ttgg
tg TtGg ttGg Ttgg ttgg
9 tall/green 3 tall/yellow 3 short/green 1 short/yellow16 offspring
The Punnett square predicts that 56% (9/16x100) of offspring will be tall with green pods.
![Page 12: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
l Period 4 Biology1 D’Metries Allen Isaiah H. Rashal R. Luis Z.
2 Lillian C. Hannah E. Alia Mahuna Julian Santizo
3 Kevin O. Jun Del Rio Shakti Ojha Nick F.
4 Chloe W. Tommy W. Katharyn M. Tatiana
Eduardo T.L.
5 Joel T. Michael A Malia Austin B.
6 Junwoo Park Ram S. Jae Song Kym P.
7 Rahja A. Biying Liu Bailee R. Courtney A.
8 Priscilla R. Itzel C.A. Rozita K. Kyrie
9 Alexandra H. Andrew W. Jaime H. Haya R.
10
11
• Collaborative Group Assignments
![Page 13: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
# Period 6 Biology1 Kayla Snapp Esmerelda P. Cheney S. Kharm H.
2 Michelle Sosnina Corallis C. Istanbul A. Noah J.
3 Kelly M. Mariah F. Selena R. Gloria P.
4 Andrea B. Julia B. Hailey N. Emily B.
5 Winston T. Eric K. Steve K. Jacob S.
6 Faisal Nhi N Soponna C Richilley
7 Ben G. Jacob B. Oscar G.
8 Olivia H. Hannah G. Abigail S. Randy C.
9 Asa C. Curtis C. Jerry Tsai Gabe H.
10 Aedan S. Chris G. Jacob N.
11
• Collaborative Group Assignments
![Page 14: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ManagerEnsures group starts quickly and stays focused; Time manager; determines which team members will read activity; ensures ALL members get a chance to respond;
SpokespersonSpeaks for the group; communicates with teacher or spokesperson of another group; Ensures ALL members agree upon questions to ask when help is needed; presents to the class if requested;
TechnicianResponsible for lab supplies; ensures group uses supplies appropriately; verifies group responses are written down, are high quality, and reflect group consensus;
AnalystPerforms math and calculations for the group; Observes and comments on group’s performance; Completes analyst’s report if requested;
![Page 15: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Do: Working in collaborative pairs/triads you will complete the probability activity.
Put: Each student completes their own paper but uses the same data.
Finish By: You have 20 minutes.
When Done: Get your paper stamped and file it in your notebook.
Genetic Probability Activity
![Page 16: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Plan for Jan. 14 Review Check-up #1
Discuss “Analyzing Inheritance Activity” and Genetics Probability
Wrap-up Mendel’s Genetics
![Page 17: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ups and Downs of Probability
RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RrYy RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
• #2 Punnett Square for RrYy x RrYy
9 round, yellow 3 round, green 3 wrinkled, yellow 1 wrinkled, green16 offspring total
![Page 18: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ROUNDYELLOW
wrinkledYELLOW
ROUNDGreen
Wrinkledgreen
Phenotypic Ratio 9 3 3 1
Phenotypic percentages:
9/16=
56%
3/16=
19%
3/16=
19%
1/16=
6%
#4. Is your experimental outcome the same as the predicted outcome? Explain.
#3. What is the predicted outcome of phenotypes for the cross in #2?
#5. Experiment modifications? What and why?
![Page 19: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ROUNDYELLOW
wrinkledYELLOW
ROUNDgreen
Wrinkledgreen
Phenotypic Ratio Predicted
by Punnett Square
9 3 3 1
Phenotypic Percentages:
9/16=
56%
3/16=
19%
3/16=
19%
1/16=
6%Class Data— 50% 19% 20% 11%
• Predicted versus Experimental Phenotypes
Period 4 Class Results
![Page 20: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ROUNDYELLOW
wrinkledYELLOW
ROUNDgreen
Wrinkledgreen
Phenotypic Ratio Predicted
by Punnett Square
9 3 3 1
Phenotypic Percentages:
9/16=
56%
3/16=
19%
3/16=
19%
1/16=
6%Class Data 57% 17% 13% 13%
• Predicted Outcomes for Phenotypes (P6):
Period 6 Class Results
![Page 21: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Genetic Probability Probability is the likelihood that a
particular event will occur.Probability values are always between 0
and 1• Probability of 0—event never happens• Probability of 1—event always happens
Example: probability of flipping a coin and getting tails is ½ or 50%
![Page 22: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Genetic ProbabilityIf you flip a coin three times in a row, what is the probability that it will land heads up every time?
1/2
1/2
1/2
Each toss is an independent event.
Multiply probabilities:
½ x ½ x ½ = 1/8
![Page 23: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Genetic ProbabilityIn genetics it is usually more complex. A more complex event is simply a combination of simple events.
![Page 24: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Two-Factor Cross: F1
Mendel crossed true-breeding plants that produced only round yellow peas with plants that produced wrinkled green peas.
Does the gene that determines seed shape affect the gene for seed color?
![Page 25: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Two-Factor Cross: F1– The round
yellow peas had the genotype RRYY, which is homozygous dominant.
![Page 26: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Two-Factor Cross: F1– The wrinkled
green peas had the genotype rryy, which is homozygous recessive.
![Page 27: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Two-Factor Cross: F1
Which alleles are dominant for each trait? How do you know?
All of the F1 offspring produced round yellow peas so we see that none of the traits from wrinkled green parent were expressed in the F1 offspring.
• Round is dominant• Yellow is dominant
![Page 28: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Two-Factor Cross: F2
• Mendel crossed F1 plants that were heterozygous dominant for round yellow peas.
Would the two dominant alleles stay always stay together, or would they segregate independently so that any combination of traits was possible?
![Page 29: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Two-Factor Cross: F2 He produced 556 peas.315 of the F2 seeds were
round and yellow32 seeds were wrinkled and
green—the two parental phenotypes.
209 seeds had combinations of phenotypes, and therefore combinations of alleles, that were not found in either parent.
Principle of Independent Assortment: states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
![Page 30: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A Summary of Mendel’s PrinciplesThe inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring.
![Page 31: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
A Summary of Mendel’s PrinciplesWhere two or more alleles (forms) of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive.
![Page 32: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene—one from each parent. These genes segregate from each other when gametes are formed.
![Page 33: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
Alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of each other.
![Page 34: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Genetic Probability
1/6
1/6
Each throw is an exclusive event.
Add probabilities:1/6 +1/6 = 2/6 or 1/3
What is the probability of that you will roll a 1 or 2 with dice?
![Page 35: 11.2 Applying Mendel’s Principles](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061506/56816100550346895dd0414a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Genetic Probability
The events are happening at the same time.
Multiply probabilities:
1/6 +1/6 = 1/36
What is the probability of that you will roll two dice and both will come up 1 (snake eyes)?