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""I_,?,.J of, ~_'>". REPOR1'

No.839. (fr!{',~C~j~~q!!ESS,} HOUSE OF REPRESENTATrVES. (f

• O~(', (~e·:-."i?('i71 .•

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REHABILITATION OF N.A,TI"~ HAW.AIL-tNS.

APRrL 15, 1920.-Committed to·the Committee of the "·hole House on the state of the Union and ordered to be printed. ,- !",

Mr. (''uRRY of California, from the Coxnmittee on the Territories, sub­mi tted the following

REPORT . ......

[To accompany H. R. 13500.1 .J

The Committee on the Terri,tories, to \vhom was referred the bill (H. R. 13500) to amend an act entitled "An act to provide- a govern­ment for the Territory of Hawaii," approved April' 30, 1900, as amended, to establish a Haw'aiian Homes Commission, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report thereon ",ith the recommendation that it do pass.

""ORK OF THE COMlI1T'l'mE.

The basis of the present bill is a series of concurrent resolutions passed by the Legislature of the Territory of Haw"aii during the' session of 1919; proposing various amendments to the organic act of the Territory. On t.he last day of .the ~ession of 1919, the legis­lature of the Territory, also by concurrent resolution, authorized the governor to appoin t a It Legislative Commission of the Terri tory" to come to Washington and assist the Terri torial Delegate to Con­gress in t.he presentation of any measures formulated in pursu­ance of the recommendations contained in the resolutions passed by the legislature. The l~~islative commission was comprised of C. J. ~fcCarthY, governor: Harry Irwin, attorneY general; Robert W. Shingle, W menlber of the senate; John H. "'-rise, member of the senate· W. 'f. Ra\\"lins, menlber of house of representatives; and IIenry'J. Lymnn, menlber of house of representatives.

The lccrislntive commission offered, at the hearings held by the committe~ from February 3 to February 10 of this' year, their vie\\"s ~ to the necessity for the passage by Congress of measnres along the lines indicated in the resolutions. The more important of the propo­sitions discussed related to the land situation In the Territory and consisted of amendments to the existi~~ land la,',-s, together ~ith "that is commonly known as Senator ''VIse's plan for the rehabili-

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talion of the Hawa iian ruce. (Sec Hu\\'o.ii o.n S. Con. find reference thereto in HO\\'niia n H. Con. R es.- No. 28 ' '''':<I.Mo1_" lati\' e commi ssion expres~cd itse lf fiS UIlulumo usly in } \~~F~~ lati on upon t hese subj ects ; fi nd subsequ ently a gener I :2683, comprehending th ese mo.tters, together with (' ; ;oxrl,e~'limiib} nmendments of t,he orgu~c a~t of tho Terl'i ~ory, was i!ltrod ucen. by the , Delego.te, Hon . J . ~\.. halo.llIfinllole. l'be comnllttee's puins­taking fi nd detatl ed consld crntlOn of H . R . 12683, both in the sub­committee and t he full committee, resulted in its complete revision and th e introduction fi nd repor t to the H ouse of the presen t bill H . R. 13500, to be kno\m us the Hu\\-aiiun H omes Commission Act' 1920 . '

:\ATIYE liAWA liA:\S-A DYJi'iG RACE.

As shown by the following ch ur ts , the n umber of fu ll-blooded I-Iu\\'uii uns in the Territory has decreased since the estimnt e of 1826 from 142,650 to 22,500, wh.il e the death rate has correspondingly increased until i t is now greo.t ly in excess of that of uny other , race inhabitating t.he islands : ' ;-:.

' ~,2~' Popu/ation-native HawaiianJ. . ' '

YCJrs. I J',r' ! 1':;11:'

I a"'lll1ans. I U 3wl\i i:l ns" Ilh l,~,ed

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182u . e,timated b. misslon3 rie~ .. .. .... . . . . . . .... , . . . .. . . . ...... ... .. .. . . ....... J .. ... ... .. .i l.;.2, 6.lO B B'.\·aii ofllcb l cc't1sm: I ; .. '!" ,

1 ~12 ..... . ... . . .. . .. .. ... .... ..... . . ... ... ... .. . . ... . . . .. . . .. . . ...... . ... . . ..... . . .. . . . . .' 1=!O,3!3 1830 .. •. ••• . . .•.• . •. •.... . •..• .. • .• . ....... . . .. . . . . .. . . . .• .• • •.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . ... . . •. ·.·. 1 , JO:;;, ;)i~ 1&.;0 .... . . . .. . . . . . ... . ..... . .. .. . .. ... .. . . . . .. . .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . ,' . ... . . •. . . .• ; ,"a, 203 IS."3 ......... . . . . . .. . . .... . .. .... . . . . . . . ..... .... . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . ... . . . .. . .. il,Ol9

~~~:: :: :::::::::: :: :::: :::::: ::::::: :::::::: :::: :: : :::::: :: ::: :::: ::::: :::: :1::::::::: : ::: " ~~;~

lJ~ : :::: : : : :::: : :::: : :: : :::::: : : · : : : :: ::: :: ::: :: :::: :: : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : :: :J nu; . i~~m UDil':;I~iSt;tes ·omc f~il·CC ~ St;s·:··· .. :· .... .. ······ ···· ·· ········ · .. .. · .. · .. ··:··· ··1 S"l F.5 ! 31 ,019

1900 ... . . ... ... .. .. .. ........ . . . . ... . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . ...... . .. . . . . .. . .. .... . . / ,~, S:~,) 29~ i!fi 191 0 . .. . .... ... . ... ... .. . . . ... .. ... . . .. . ..... . . ..... . ... . .. . ... . . . .. .. . . .. . .. 1

1 1 ~ .5QU I . 26, (),B

1919,e3tima tcd ) IID 0 30 .. . . . ... . .. . ........ . ... . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... . ... .. ... .. ..... , 16,660 i !.?,I:~

Race death ralejor yea r ending J une SO , 1919. ;·;,t IIaw:liian: De:l t!l ,r~t e.

F lI lI-blood ed . ... . . . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . ... . . _ .. ... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ... . .. 39.42 Part: . '.:~

Asiat ic . . .... . .. .. .... .... ... .. . .. . . .. . ... ... . . ... . . . .... . . . . .. ... .. 14. 58 Caucasian . .. . . . .. .. .. .. ... . . ... . .... .. . ..... . .... . .. .... _ . . .... . .. . 16. 17

Fili pino .. .. .. ..... _ . . ... . .... . . .. .. ... .. .. . . . ...... . ... . . . .. .. . . ... . .. . . 18.55 K orean .... . ... .. .... . . .... . . . . .. .. .. . . ...... .. '.' . . . ... . .... . .... .. . . . . .. J.l. 31 Ch ine,e . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . .. .. ... . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. ... . . . ... . .. l4. 12 Porto Rican . . . . .... . . . . . . . .... . . .. . ..... . .. . ......... .. .. . . .. . . ... .. . .. . 13. 70 Japa nese ... . . ....... . . ... . .... . . . . ... . .. . ... . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... 13,35 P\)r l llf!11 e..~e . . . ... .... ... .. . • .... . . • •. • . ..... . • . .. ... . . . ... .. . . • .. . . •. .• .. . 12. i8 E- ooni<:h... . . ..... . . ..... . . . ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . ... . . . . . ... ... .. . .. . . 9. 58 C::lIC3S ian, Ot!l OT than ' p ec ifi ed . .... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .... ... . . .. 6. 2& All others .. ..... .. .. .. . . . ... ... . . .. ... . .... . . . . .. . . .... .. .. . . . . ... ... . . .. . 3·5. H

F ur thermore, du e to the rapid decrenso in the number of the fu ll ­blooded H o.wniinns, th e m ce is fa s t beco ming 0. min ori ty element among the racos of the Islands, ,,·it·h the probable result that in the future poli t.ical cont rol \\ill pa ss into ot,hor ha nds. According to the latest es tlmfites not· only the J a panese and P or tuguese, bu t also the Chin ese, now ou tnumber the full -blooded H awai ialls .

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J::l :1:lnc.::c . .... . .. . ........ ........ .... . . .. ....... . . . ... .. . .. . . ... ....... . . ...... . ~9.C. :-.) 110, 000 Cail":l..<: ifltl , other thRn spcdficd . . . ••••• •.•... _, _.. . .• •• •.• . .. .. .. .• . . .• . . .. .•. . .. H ; ~6i :.l1,00'J Haw:limn:

FulJ-LlcoJod .. ... .. ... .. . ... .. . ... . .. . •.. . . •. . . ... . •• .. .• ... ........... . .. .. 26,OH Z.?,oo.) Part...... . .......... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .... ..... . ..... . ..... . . .. .. . . . .. ... ... .. 12,506 16,660

1---1---T ot:ll ilawai inn . .... . • .... .. ... ..• ... ..•. .. ..... . .•. . . . .. . .. ..•.....•••. _. 3S,') l; 39,260

1-=== 1== = F ort I! : U (,,~'i C . _, .•.. _, _,_ .. ..•• .•.•••.•. • . .. • • .•. ..• .• • • .••• • ••• __ , . • . .••. • . . .... . ~2 , 301 25,(0)

~JiVi~.1~~:: :':::: ::::: ::::: :::: :: ::::: :::: ::::: :: ::::::: :::: :::: :: :::: :::::::: ::::: ..... :~~~~~. ~:~ Porto Ritan.. ..... ... ... . .......... . . . . . ...... .. .. . .. .......... .................. 4, 890 5,~OO Srani.' h.. . . . ............. .. . ...... .. ....... . ....... .. .. .... . .... ........ .. ..... . 1,900 2,~ f)() .-\. ll othcrs........ . . ... . ... . . . . . ...... .. ..... . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . ..... . ... . . . .... ..... i,064 5,S06

1---·1----Total .. ... . . . .. ....... .. ......... . .. .... , ..... . . . , .. . ... ... . .... , . . . . .... . 191 ,90S 12G-'3, 66&

I The results of the 1020 United St.atE's Census, J u ~ t :lunounced, show the total populat ion of tbe Territory to be 249.991. The results by rnces are not yet 8Ysilnble. . .

. And among the registered voters ' the full-bl ooded H a\\'aiian and the part Hawaiian combined are not ~Icling their own wi th the other na tionali ties: ' ' . ' .

Regis/ered veilers, by races, al each gerlcral election.

Popu lat ion, 1910. Registered \·0(er5.

\Yitncsses testified before t.he committee that the reasons for the decline of the Hawaiian race are many. Certain cnusesand remedies are suggested in the op inions of ex-Secretary Lane and Sena tor Wise of th e 'r erritoriul Legislature, as sta ted in the hea rings :

:lI r. \rlSE. I wi ll come to the next point of my claim, and that is that the Hawaiian people are a d)ing people. * * * I \\"ould like to haye the {olilmittee just p~me for a moment and look back a t. t hc H :\wa.i i :\Tls. a noble rae e, who in 17i 8. :In t'ltding to Cooks' cstin;utc, were 400

JOpq inJ i \"i du:ll~. .·\lI o\\' ~ng t~at Capt. Coo~'s'e~tima~e was

tIdl too hl O' 1 , thc first olll11al census was taken In I S.) ~ and tho nUmber pla( cd nt 11 ' ,.J. e e,timated population in 1910 was ~~ , 600 pure Hawaii ans and 16 C~O. part Hawaii atls. Tho Haw:.ilians wero nC\'c r s:lY:lges, a..3 I ~n.i~ . ';',They ben -~1I: 5\'5tCI11 oi S . !l thouo-h t h e\' did not hn. \"e a written lani!ua rre : . ~!>;r , . . '

r ecausc:3oithedecJ ine olt11 5 " e many. .. * Now,thetnrojfhcHawa.iin :l food,. w":, the on l ~' food th ey hat! for generations, ou t, ido of s~\· eet,.~tatoc~ . . ' ',-hen cl \"liIzatlOll came mto th e country, otherklnds of food wero brr'tlri,~ l~;~ .. :" \- hcn Ehoy

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,\· .~ :-- \:u i ll l.'H IU1Hl, tho clli tinl.ti on of taro ho:-nmc S<"'arcer, ann they h,Q~~:f~~1.'''};f£~t'' r - ··· pn · "' to ;;et laro. and COnsc'luently tho poor l!~,<~iiaus hMl 1.0 tako wj);>t.l~fo:t ,.. and.rna It with fl our an." other thlllgs. whicl~ maoe the qua'lll.ty b\~tl1Pt.th.F..!{ . . .. .

. Ill!!hl here I would lIke to tak~ up the I1me o( tbe com!",ttee ir\~'xj1~I\J)jjg;ffie <hffercn l valuc~ o( food . the lngredlCnl s of food. You take nce. AP.hjtlam~n ;~'l'i1d P]('l,: Ill S OWI~ n ee al?d, ~sYt "Do Dot giv(' me nny Japan ese rice, becausctnrou at be able to lIve on It . And the Japanese would select tho Japnnese rice not e ,nme rice that the ~hinaman use.. Yet ~ lot of men could not tell tbe difleren~ b etween th e two kinds: except that .one lS. stouter. If (or centuries tbe Japanese ha".e not been able t.o live on the Chmcse n ce and tbe Chin""" have not bccn able 10 I"'e on tbe Japan c£e rice, how could the Hawaiians live on tbis mixed (ood thev 'j!rt t?-da:-:? T~at.; I cont eno, is "by they are deterioratin g and becoming extinct. The Idea lD t.rYlng to get t·he lano. back to "Dme of tbe Hawaiians is to rebabilitate them. I bellove we should gpt them on land. and let them own their home. r be ;i c ~'e it would be easy to rehabilitate tbem .. Tbe people o( New Zealand ar~' in. -crrasl~g to·dar because they have the lands to hve on and are working 'out tbeir own -salvation .

. - ~Ir. DOWELL. Do thev want to homestead theB< ' lands and care (or them? ~Ir . WI SE. Yes. • * * The Hawaiian people are a (arnring people and fi.her.

men, out·ol·d oor JXople, and when they were lro .. eD out 01 their lauds and drh'en into the citie' thev had to Jive in the cneapest places , teD ements. 'l'hat i. one o( the

'bi~ reasons wh y the Hawaiian people are d}ing. Now, the only wav to ,ave them I c?ntend, i, to take tbem back to the l ~nds and give the,!,. the mOOe cf lh'ing that

·thelr ance,tors werc accustomed to and III tbat way rehablhtate them. Ire are not -only askin!? (or justir.e iD th e matter of dh-i , ion of thr lands, but we are Mking that tl' n ~rc"f people 01 the United States should pallse (or one moment and iDstead 01

·gi virig all yo"r help to Europe, give some help to the Hawaiians and see'if you can not rehabi litate this noble people. (Hearings . pp. 3&-39.)

• • • • * * • Secre~"y LAJ<E. One thing that impre.o;sect me there was the fact that the native.

-01 tbe islands. ",bo are our wards, I should say, and for wbom in a sellllC we are trustee.s ne (ailing off rapidly in Dumbers and manY 'ol tbem are iD poverty. They neve~ •

·owned the land 01 the islands. The IaDd was owned by the Kin~. ori~nallv. aDd tbev bad in lS~8 what they call ed a mahele, iD which there was a aivisJOD. 'AR a result '01 that aDd legislation that passeo subsequeDtly, we have approximately J,€oo,Ooo acres 01 public bDds in the islands. 1105t of that land is DOt suitable for mai-.iDg ·homes. Large bodies olit are Java land or gtali,ng laDd. Some of it is the very finest . ·quality of laDd, perhaps J20 ,000 acres, approxImately.

?\obody knows just what the population, t he Hawaiian population, was 100 years .ago when tbe missionaries came. Perhaps it was as much as 200,000, nrobablv less. At any rate , now the population is approximately -l0,000 01 tbose V(ho have (u1l Hawaiian blood or part Hawaiian blood. In my judgment , irom tbe limited knowl·

·edge I have of tbe history of the islaDds, Ihoo. neople the Dati yes, Fer e pot tre,tid fairlv in tb ... - made in 181. At any rate, they are a poem DOW and they ougbt to be cared lor by being provided with homes out of the public laDds; but homes that tbey could not mortgage and could not sell. They are a most lovable people, a kindly people, and a generous ~ople. They have arts of their own wbich endear them to tbe people who visit the ISlanda . . It is not altogether ·the beauty oi the islaDds that attracts people there. It is the spirit that they see and tbe old ci,ilizatioD that they meet. There is a thriftJessnefS among tbose people tbat is characteristic among peoples tbat are raised under a communist or feudal system. They do not know wh~t the competitive system is and they will get rid '01 property th~t is gi,'en them. They do not look forward. They can Dot see to· morrow. Therelore, they should be glycn as close identifi cation witb tbeir country

.as is po..o,;ible aDd yet be protected ag:Unst tbeir own thriftles,,9Iless ano against the predatory nature 01 those who wish to uke the land from tbem, and who haYe in the past * * *.

~Ir. ?lfOJ<AHAS., And, a second qu estion I want to ask L9, What has caused tlUs -d)ing aw~y of tlie race from 200,000 dowD to 35 ,000 or 40,000? .

Secreury LANE. Two thing-so It ia always iDcident to the coming in of civiliza· t ion, and we al",ays carry di"ea.se genna with us to whicb those people are Dot immuDe. !~,.l.e in Alaska to-day, the infiuenza and smallpox goes into a vil1a"e in Alaska and will take one·half of the populatioD. Of course, tbere are no Sticg ravages in the UDited Sta\os because we, in the course 01 time, have become somewhat immune to those gern18. '-. .

~lr. DOWELL. And th eD, too, we are better equipped to care for them .

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~r"rr·t.H \· I. .\:\E. Y e,=. I ' ~'trr equi:) ~(lJ to fiSh·t ~· ;: ;d>,().1I tlll' i: l~ i.j f'~ of our=rl\'c~ and (lct :~i d (' o( ou:-;-cln .:.::. '."f' !13 \'C I~Pt:t'!" fll c~ iI t':d l:t '.· l~rlll~i and, t·: cour~e, we h::ne tk', t·j")r ('d wit:lin 0 I1r . .: l'h(· . ..: ~ fi ~h~iIl .~ :{'f~ In, ~J ! J" r. / ~J ' Ifill. . .

\" (\ (.n(' ('311 :-::lY w1l: :1 l~H' l:1t(' 013. .3.. I? L. I n·d,l.' Ihl! IIIt!un In :1r> l"nitRri ~ll t.('S is j,;ob :\ bly ill C r~3S i Jl~ . \\"c h:l\,c ~~0,OOO Pt!opJ~. (Jf .UfHIII.! IIl /Ii ,:n f·i0ot1, one hundred !'I11 e! IllO:-C th otl.:.;::tnd 01 d l(,.-e ~rho tI! lght be ~3 Ik·d Inll .ld ol")d Jlld : .~ n:!. ev Tt'3.wn oi the f :) ( ' \...: of putting ho~pit:'d s . on the re::erY 3. l.iO,ns and ~I f) (: t ()r:l :lI~ d or i :1 ~ i)i .~ the women WhC'1l t!H? ~' are b(>:lrl11~ c hll d r~n to,the1ho::>l?Jt.a l, tJI ~' lr 1'(','III..1t lOn i.", i n:' rc~ing so th3t we prohJ.hly hl\'e more Tllch:ms III Lle L nltc:! Sl:J. lr'~ t(Hby th:to we had durin'" Lincol n's timE', _:\ 1I(i \~e !-l hall proh:1h l~· . ~a\'c rn,(JrI: IJHllan:i 10 \'E'art' from now than w~ h:l\"{' l o -da~-. These pC'op~e. the BaWall:lllS, 0/ ( '(JI!r~e, live an oUl-oi.door life. but thc \' arf' ::ubjccted to the dl:iCa::c5 th~ t werc bro\l~!lt v) lhr::n by th e !"lilors 3100.J time-n. :oo· * * if ' ':'

. ~ ,iT. IJ n rPllaEY S, J \I',ts told when in the i, JaIl'h that prohabl\' the rr.o"lc; had k>! kcl n' o'e or them tkn anvt!nne dse,

:-:~ r: rc- t ary I..\ ~E. Oi courEe' that ~iE a very da o~ (; rr) r l .'l di .... ~J. .. c when it is not prop€';l:p (liken (''''0 of.

)1r, \\":::F., Ii I m:1y i!'!ten'upt, it was the sma!JpfJX Ural ('arried 00 more thilD an:' oth er di::('a~e,

The r· H.\tn~{ .. \~, Is it not tru,e th:1~. the .mca..": l r~. r: ~rri(·d ()ij :drno.st onc.t.:\1i? )fr. \VI SE, The me:l,;;l~ c!lmed on a blg lot 0/ L:tr: P';·"'jJil'.!, but w~ 100t more irom

sn':lllnox t~lan from aoq11ing else. (Hearings, pp, 121-~ and 127-8,)

THE PRESEXT LAXD SITL'Al'I f J ,'i IX HAWAII_

The second great factor dem!1f1ding 1.IJf' pussnge of this bill Jies in tbe inefi'ectiHness of all previous s},:: !,r,lrtS of land dis tribut.ion, ,,-hen judged practically bt the ben~(jh accruing to the native Hawaiians from tbe operatIOn of such systems, In 1845 an' net ",-as passed creating an exe~uti,e department iu which a Board of Ronl Commissioners to QUIet Land Tltlf)S Was established_ This bO'1rd decided that there w~re but tlL' C(; c1a,ses of vest.ed oriO'inal rights in land, thosp of the ~I.n~ or Go,emment, the chiefs, and the people, Lnt.c,r, in 1848, a ~l'\"1slOn was ~:,r1c ~ct. tinO' apur~ (,he l~nd III thrpe pOI-tlOns_ The Km~ and Chlb S rer:clyed ror their port.IOll 1,619,000 lIc.res. and the ,Uo'l"'errunent 1,,'j().),460 acres, Of the b alunce, amountmg approxImately tfJ ?84,000 flcres, the co=on people recei,ed but 28,000, acres at that tafl(" und the residue rever~ d

the Crown. But hanng- been rCCOZfJ!%r.U as owners of a thlr interest in the lands of the kingdom, tFic GOmmon people, bel,ievill

ft'"

that in the future means were to be &rlr)rJtr.d to plac.e them 1U fu possl!ssion of these lands, assu~ed that the T')sidue was being held III trust by the Crown for theIr benefit. j-JrJ1I"ever, the lands Were ne,er con,eyed to the common people and, after a successful re.olu­tion were arbitrnril\- seized, nnd by an ur: icl ~ in tbe Hnwaiian con­stit~tion became the public lands of thr, I~(, pllblic of Ha"-Ilii.

ubsequently upon the feport of fl~ f~rfirn i ,; " i'Hl sent to iu,estig~ e the land laws of ~ew Zealand as appllr;u v) thc :-'faons, the Hawtlllan land act of 1895 was adopted, An nttf;r!:pt Was made to place th~ Hawaiians back upon the land; anrl ~o I1 :,'l!:r the nct homesteading was commenced in the Islnn~s. LeaEf;, ,)f ~~~ yeRrs were "'ffluted fOf small sums "ith restric~lOns upo" C/'r; lIpution, alienrr.ti~n, and descent. After the annexatlOD, the act erf 1895 was co'ntinued in force, with certain ,implied amendment; :, rrrl fI;pcals, ry section 73 of the Hawaiian orgaruc nctpassed byCon;:''l' ';o'l"JlJnc 1~, 1900, In 1910, section 73 WitS nmended III se.ernl reEF:":'.. Tnc most important of these amendments are that leases of ~6r; ':: llturl1l lands are limited to _ .. - -. ...

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. ... .. " "' . tl H I "' \ ~' "luli ll a ' ~ I I." .. a\\H ! ,,: lIlll ."H.' l ant} that upon the npI)licnti on of ':!5 citiz(' ll :i of the Lnilcd Stnles, or persons eligible to become citizells of the Lniled States, It: IS mnndatory upon the lnn d commi!3sionrr to hom estead nnv desIred lands, the lease of w~ l i c h has expired or contains a wi thdr;wal clause. Ahou t one-holi of the homl's tca ds w('nt 10 the n~li\-e H awaii ans, though these homes(enrl s fiycro"e le5-s per ncre in nlue thnn t·hose of the other races. (Hcarings~ p. 5S.) The Hawaiians also in a grea t muny cases prayed un able to fulfIll the conuit.iolls neCCSS:1ry to ob­tain patents for their lnnds, nnd so forfeited the homesteads.

Your committee thus fin ds that sin ce the inst it ution of pri," l te oWTlershi\) of Inn .ls in H :1woii the na tive llitwoii nns, out sid e of the King nn e lh(} chiefs , were granted and hn,c held but a very small por­lJOn of the lands of the Islands. Under the homestenc1 Inws some­what more than n majority of the lands were hom es teaded to I-b\\·niiam., but a· great many of these londs have been lost through improyidence and in ability to fmance farming operations . :\fost frequently, however, the native H awai ian , with no thought of the future, has obtained th e ],lnd for n nominal sum, only to turn about find sell it to weal thy interest s for a sum more nearly approaching its real value. The Huwaiians are not business men nnd ha,-e shown themselves unable to meet competitive conditions una·ided. Ill_~.h.e end the speculators .. are t.he real benefic iaries of the homestead luws, . Thus the tax retm'ns for. 1919 show that only 6.23 per ccntum ~ the property of the Islands is held by llutive Hawaiians and this for

i Re most part ~~ lands in the possession ~f opproximotely a thousand G ealthy Hawfillans, . ~he descendents of ~ne chICfs.

- ' .- . - ..... Tiu rclurn • .fgr 1919. '

Kumbcr Y slnatioD I Number Yaluatio:.l Tolol Per-Taxpayers. of tax- o! rea l oflnx- ol~ono.l valllsti'Jo . cen~ge. payers. pr,J perty. p:lyers. property .

Corporatl ·,m, firms, etc ........ 1 783 t ... ::'S , 900, 410 1,023 . $96, i15, ISS Sls.s,62~,595 i4 . 09 A ngl~~n;c:ons ... .. . .... _ .. . •.• 3, 312 :?ti, 6.36, ISS 3, ~ 99 ~, iZ3 , 2io 31, 3i9,464 12. 53 Hn\\'suaos .... . .. .. .. _ ... . . . _. 5,SiS 1 3,670, ~ 1,913 1, 93-1.609 15, 6ffi, 117 f). Z1 Portuguese aod Spanish ... .. .. 2, 6">5 I 5,619, (Ji 1, 1i?2 917,m 6,536, -t l\7 2.61 Chinese ...... ...... . .... .... .. / 1, 631 3, HO,305 1,36i 1,656, 250 4, i96, 5.55 !. 91 ]apane.ie ..................... . 1, 1Sl 1,897,764 3,461 1 4,6S~,3&4 6,5S2,lZS 2. G3

T ota!..· ...... • .......... 1 15,'52 / 139,893,251 1 12,SS5 i 110,631,035 1 200,52<,3<6 1 100.00

Gov, McCarthy says, in this connection: GOY. )[CCARTHY . I see wbat you are dri ving at, and theor~tically 'it is all ri~bt,

hut OUI experience in homesteadi ng has been this, tbat a Ulan gets· GOYernment land ut a nominal price. what is con~idered a nominal price in Hn.waii~ and he goes on it, and just as soon as be has perfected hi, titl e, the first (hing be wants to do is tl) se ll it, and he gets the real "alue. No\r, mind you, tbe Territory pa.sses the title 01 the land to the man and tbey say tbat the weliare of the country depends on numerollS small farmers: put the people on the land and the country is go ing to be successlll!. That is the theory. In practice tbese people go on these lands until they have a~quired the title, and then tl,ey sell tbem at their real "alue. Some of them bave made money po,sihly in that land wbile tbey have been cu ltivating it. Others bave just eked out an existence , (Hearings, pp. 78, 79,)

The public lands of the Islands were, upon June 30, 1917, the latest officially reported fIgures , composed !IS follows :

University of Hawaii School of Law Library - Jon Van Dyke Archives Collection

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PuMir lands'of the Terr'ilory of llawaii, June 30, 1917.

Classifies tion. Are3 In F.!=timnlcd acres. valuation,

, ,Agricultural lands: J

Sugar-{'ane land ............................................................. / 31. 6,:;9 t1, 387, 515 Other agriculturallnnds, including fruit and coffee .••••••••••••••••••..••••• IS, ;93 i 419,4-14

Total .•..•••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 50,452. 3, S16, 959

Pa~tor3113nds: ., First ('Ia$s (estimated) ..••••.••.•. _...... .•••••.•••.••. ••.• ••••••••••• •.• ••• 169.130 •••••••••••• Second class (~timated) .................................................. .. !~c, 9~J :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:::::

Total. .................................................................... ! 48ti,110 I 1.361,303 ,= ,,'et lands (rice and taro) ..••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.••••••••••••••• i 1, '299 163,800 Fish ponds .....•••••••••••...•••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• j 3S5 3,534

Forest lands: I Fore5t lands 'without reser\'~s .•.•••••••••••••••••.•••••••.•••••••••••••••••• Forest lands \\'ithin reser\'es •••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••

===

215.0S.S ......... 0 ••

~49.9~S ' ........... . ,-----­Total ..••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 ••••••••••••• /

i'~~~~ !~~g:r' hojnesiea(i'ie~;es:bu·i noiye't pateilt'e:d '{iune'30;i9i9):::::: ::.:: :'::1 Grand tolal (CO~prises apprOXimately one-third oUbe lands oUhe islandS).,

565,030 ' ••••••••••• 0

507.9,;0 i .•.••••••••• 40,400 I ••••••••••••

1.651,5~ , .......... ..

1 Agricultttralland~ are by law (!lee sec. 351 of the ReTised taws of Hs,,;\,aU of 1915) classified as first-class agri('ultural lands and se<'Gnd-clas. .. agricultural lands. First-class agricultural lands include "lands suit­able for the ('ulth'atioll of fruit, cOlfee sugar, or other perennial crops, 'lith or without lrription." Set'ond­class aJrri('ultuml land!; in('illde "Iands suitable for the cuith'lltion ot annual crops only.' Statistics, bow­eyer, are not a\"aiJab!e for this method of classification.

TITLE II OF TI-J}~ BILL-THE HA WAlIAX HOlIES COM~fISSIOY.

Ge1le1'a,l polic11.-In yie,,- of the conditio11s a.bove outlined~ your committee believ(s it nec€ssnry to provide another and different method of homesteading in the Territory of Hawaii, fiS a basis for the solution of the problem confronting it. Your committee is, ho,vever, of the opinion that (1) the Haw·a.iian ·must be placed upon the land in order to insure his rehabilitation; (2) alienation of such la.nd must, not only in the immediate future but also for many years . to come, be made impossible; (3) accessible ,vater in adequate amounts must be provided for all tracts; and (4) the Haw'aiinn must be finan­cially aided unt.il his farming operations are ~·ell under 'vay. In framing such a progrnnl your committee is in a general ,vay follow­ing the broad out.lines of Senator Wise's plun. ~foreover, not a dollar is required to be appropriated by the Federal Government.

Hau'a-iian Homes Oomm1ssioll.-Sections 203 and 204 set aside for t.hese j)urposes' approximately 194,300 acres of. undeveloped agri­cultural and pastora.llallds, to be knO'VD as "Ha.,,"siian hOlne lu.nds." No cultivated sugar-ca.ne lands are included. No existing lease covering any of the lands is condemned, but is to be terminated only in accordance "ith its provisions, by expiration or \\Pithdrawal if a clause to that effect is contained in it. These Ha,vniian home lands are placed under the control of a commission to be kno,,·n as the Hnwniiall Homes Comnlission. The commission is composed of five menlbers, the govern.or of Haw'aii and four members to be appointed by him, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the legislature of the Territ.orv. At least two of the appointed members of the conlmission must be native Ha\vniians. (See sec. 202.) The

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scendnnts of 1;~t I ~~~ lh a;; ~;l '~: lLri;'~~e~;~'d ' P~I:t' ;fth-ev 'J;I~~sd d~r 'b the origin al rners which inh llhitcd the islands at the time of th eir discowry by Ca pt. Cook. The gonrllor is the chairman of the commission, but th e not in work of the commission \\;11 he mt.illiv undertaken by an execut iye omcer and sec retary (0 be designat ed by the commission from r.mollg it s 0\111 members. The executil'e officer and sec retary will rrcciye an nnnual sabry, not to exceed 86,000 to be determ ined by the commi ssion . The other members of (he commission i'eceiye nIl nllllun i sil lnry of 8.500 cach. The (erm of the memhers of th e commission is (our vpm'S . -

L eases of Ha.u·a.iian 7,ome /alids.- Th e I-Iawaiinn home lands ure placed under the cont.rol of the commission to be used and disposed of for Lhe purpose of aiding ll uti'-e Hawaiians. (Sec sec. 204. ) l ;nder t.he I)!,O,- isions of sec tion 207 t.he commission is au thorized to lease to nlly native Hawaiian a truc t of I-Iall'uii un home lands of anyone of th e following three acrenges: (1) No t less thnn 20 nor more than SO acres of ngn cu lturnl lands ; (2) not less thtln 200 nor more t.hnn .500 acres of first-clnss pas toral lands ; or (3) not less than 500 nor more· th an 2,000 acres of second-class pas toral lands. The leases run for a term of D9 years at a nominal ren tal of $1 a year. The title to these­lan ds; as is true of all public lands of t.he T erritory, remains in the United States. (See sees. 207 and 20S.) The native Hawaiian must

vp ersonallyoccupy th ese lands and may not in any mann er alien ate th em excep t to another nat.ive Hawaiian and then only with the ap­pro,al of the commission. Upon the deat.h of the lessee his lands may not .be willed but. mus t descend within his family as pro,ided h.l- the e); isting laws of the Territory relating to homes teads. The commis­sion is required to p ay all delinqu ent ta.:~es upon such lands in order to prevent their being sold a.nd thus pas3ing out of t he control of the· commission. The commission, however, has a lien upon the lands for any tax es so Vaid. (See sec.. 20S.) Any viola tion of the terms of th e lease causes tne termination of the lease and reversion ot the lands to the commission. (See sec. 210.) Under th e pro,isions of section 211 the commission is required to establish community pastures ad joining small lenses of agriculture lands in order to provide t.he lessees WIth sufficient pasturage. A:.oy lands not immediately leased to native Hawaiians are to be kept in use under temporary lenses by the commissioner of public lands. (See sec. 212.)

Ha./L'aiian home-loan furu:l-Revenue from sugar-cane lands,-In oreer to pro,ide for necessary loans to the native Hall'aiians to the end that their farming operat.ions for t.he fil'St few years may be stabi lized and in order to pro,ide for the expenditures of the com­mission for administration and the acquisition of such water ri"hts· as it ma~' be nece~sary to obtain in condemnation proceed ings, there is established a "Hawaiian home-loan fund ." This is a re,olying fund whose main source of receipts is 30 per centum of the rentals obtnined from the leasing of ('ulti,ated sugar-cane lands and from water licenses. (See sec. 213.) The most important of the lenses co,ering sugar-ca.ne lands expire this year or in the immediate fu ture. These leases were for the most part originally entered into from 1S87 to 1900, at a time during the greater part of which the sugar indus try was at low ebb. The rentals stipulated in the leases did not in con-

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;equcnce inclu<.~c the 1'(,11 tnl ,"aluc of the lands a'S cane lands, and olillly lund:; stlltnhle for cane \\:erc .lensed to ranchers for pu;tur~, rat.her thnn to plnnters for Cllltl'\atlon. In consequence the fcrfl­tory is now recciying fronl such lenses a sum grentl \. less than their relll ",aIue as COl1Iparcd with private leases und ren~tn.ls frOl11 public leases \\·hich ha'\e recently been executed. The 1910 flInen(hnents to section 73 of the Hawaiian organic nct, howc'\er, pro\'"ide that Cu ture lenses of agricultural lands, including sugar-cane lnnds,. shall not he mado without the inclusion therein of a ,,·ithdrawal clause to the effect that the lands may be ,vithdrawn from the lessee in caso 25 or nlore homesteaders apply for them. .And it is further made n1andatory upon the c~nlI~issioner of public lands to ,,·ithdraw' such lands upon proper appheation.

Your conlmittec, how'ever, has provided (see subdiV'ision (d), p. 25 pf the bill), that the commissIoner of public lands may, \v'ith the approval of the go,ernor and at least t,vo-thirds of the menlbers of the land board, lease the sugar-cane lands in the future \\·ithout a ,yithdra.",·al clause. 1\Iuch larger revenues for the Ha,va.iian home loan fund ,vill thereby be obtained fronl the leases. The report of the c.ommissioner of pubfic lands for 1917 shows annual rentals of 5123,128 from agricultural and pastoral lands and an. estimat.e made by his office at the time gave 5324,692 as the probable rentals for the same lands if.the lenses, .upon their expiration, were renewed for the 15-year term ,vIthout ·S \vlthdrav.rnl clause. 'rhe pre~ent annual rentals for a~riculturnl and pnstorallands are $154,600. At a proportiona.te rate ot crease the estimate rental value of the lands upon 15-year ren) als \vithout a withdrawal clause would be approximately 5400,000. In addition the present annual receipts fronl water licenses are $122,750. .

" Leases extant.-The leases of agricultural a.nd pastoral lands now extnnt are as follo\vs:

LeaJes 0/ public lands, June 30, 1919.1

Date o(explration oflease. Sugar cane,

Area in acres.

Other amcul· Pastoral

tural and ?,'et lands. lands.

Forest lands.

'Vastc lands.

Annual rental.

1919....................................... 5,103 208 9,548 1,579 6,450 $17,053 192:>....................................... 6,9-13 1,937 2S.S6.~ 5,826 29,673 11,442 19"21................................ ••••••. 1,8,:;8 3,001 21, S84 34,537 2,5i8 8,442 1923....................................... 2,099 882 31,772 ·6,189 m 10.162 1925....................................... 54 8-17 1,295 307 .......... 1,161 ·19225................. ••••• ..••••••.•••••.•. 609 2'2 3,060 2,400 2,749 3,7SS 1921....................................... 964 967 11, 997 6..~ 103 8,052 1928....................................... 1,310 979 97,574 516 161 25,929 1m. .... ... ...................... ......... .......... ... ....... 90,653 7,585 29,297 7,097 1930 •.••••••••••••.••.••••••.••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••• 0 ••••• ' 53,379.......... 24,520 10,556 1931 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ .••••••••• 91 • ••••••••• • ••••••••• 110 3().4 1m..... .. . ........ ...... . . . .... .......... 100 107 10,951. .•. . ••• .. .......... 2,802

Total. • • • •• •••••• • • •• ••••••••••••••. 19, oro 9, GU 3SS,981 59,007 95,85. 106, iSS

1 The shove statistics do not include leases "'bleh were made since June 30, 1917, anrl which expIre later than 1932. The· rentals from leases of a~rlcultural and.pastorallands,as given In the prevlous para-raph, Ipclude ~o the rentals !rol1l. such omitted leas~J. . , .' :.! . . . . . . . .

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• ~v ' nnIABILlTATIOX OF :!'1ATIVB HAWAllANS.

Loa,1!s /.0 leSSCfs,- Lonns !rom the H nwuiinn home 10lln fund mny be m aclc t.o nny nll tive H awaiian in slims not in excess of S3,000 for the ,purpose of un dert.aking imprO\"OlllCnts upon his land and Jlur­chnslll g li ,e stock alld farm equ ipnl('nt. (Soc secs. 214, 215.) Such loans arc to be fL']laiciu pon an nmol'tizntion pilln \\'ithin 30 years lind th e Govornm ent hilS Il lien upon the land and improyemen ts ancl!i,e stock to the amount of the loan.

Recorery oj land.s jor violation oj lease or call tract oj loa:n.-Section 217 of the bill IJroyiri es for ejectmen t or summary proceedings by cOllrt order in case allY lessee of Hawaiian home lands fails to com-pl~" \\"i th Imy cond iti on- of his lense or of his contract of loan. "

A,1ricult'ural cXl'er/s .- Scction 219 authorizes the commission to employ ngricu lturn l experts. The t.otal annual expend it.ure for their componsation is not t.o exceed $6,000. Such experts are to instruct the I-Iawniialls a" to the methods of di,ersifie d farmlng and stock raising.

I Water supply-Projects.-Your committee has further found that

, sui table provision must be made in order to bring sufficien t "nter upon the Hawai ian home lands for e,en the domestic uses of t.he B a\\-aiiaOls and th'l watering of their live stock. As the situation nox exists the Go,ernment is in possession, as 'on the island of ~Iolokai, of und e,eloped Government-owned waters on the top of the mountains \I"hich flo ,V , howeyer, to the side of the island opp';site that ul?on \\'hich the Hawaiian home lands are situ ated. Agalu, other Goyernment-o .med waters are leased to private individuals, sometim()s with and sometimes' without a reseryation of a right of use for the henefit of the public. ' In other cases private waters upon the Ja;1(ls of their ONners are allo-,\"ed to be \\-asted without the pri\-ilege of use by nearby neighbors less for tunately situated. To meet these varying situations your committee has in sections 230 and 231 of the brll (1) authorized the commission to under take \\"ater dcyelopmcnt projects whenever funds for such projects are appropria ted by the legislature of the T erritory ; (2) required that the commissioner of public lands inser t in all water leases issued by him after the passage of the Act, a reservation of any waters necessary -to the use of the commission; Ilnd (3) authorized the commission to use any water covered by leases issued previous to the passage of the Act which contain such a r eservation, to use Goyernment-owned waters not covered by a license, and to contract for the use of or ,to condemn surplus waters privately owned or covered by a water license not coutaining 'a reservation for the b enefi t of the public. In nil cases, e:-:(:,lOlpt ,as to Government-owned waters upon the island of Molokai fLOJd Goyernment-o\mcd surplus water trihutary to the \\ aimen ]{i\-er upou the island of Kauai, the use by the commission is limited to such amounts a" are neecssary adequately to supply the live stock or the domest ic needs of individuals upon any tract. In the cu$c of the two exceptions, waters may also be used for irrigation.

, A ppoi71tments and expenditnres.-Section 222 of the bill authorizes the commission to make regulat ions and with the appro,al in \\Titill&

' of the 'governor of the Territory as such, to make e:;J:enditurcs anC! ,.to appoint and remove employees and agents. No cost to the Federal Goycrnment is in,oIYed. The commission is required to make a biennial report to the legislature of the Territory,

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REHABILITATIO~ OF ~ATIVE HA\VA.IIL~S.

COXSTITL"fIOX ALITY.

In th(\ opinion 'of your cOlnnlittee there is no constitutional diffi­('ull y whn te\~er inyol\-cd in settincr aside and de'\eloping lnnJs of. t.he 'ferritof)- for nnth"e IInwniinns o~y. 'rho prh-ileges and inlnlUnl~IeS (·.lnuse of thc Constitution, nnd the due process and equal protection clauses of the 14t~ amendment there~o, are prohibitions having re~er­cure to Stitte action only, but eyen "-lthout this defense the leglslatIon is based upon a rensonnble and not nn arbitrary classification and is thus not uneonstitutionn.l cJass legislation. Further, there are numer­ous eongressionnl precedents for such lecyisln tion in previous enact­nlen~s .granting I~difins and s?ldiers nndosailors spe~.ial pr.iYil.eges i.n obtauung and USIng the pubhc lands~ 1-our commIttee's 0fllllon IS ~ further substantia ted by the brief of the attorney general 0 Haw'uii (see hearings, pp. 162-164) a.nd the "Titten opiriior:l of tIie··so~ci.tor of the Departnlcnt of the Interior (see hearings, pp. ~3O-131): .. ,.: .: .

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. TITLE III OF THE Bn..L-A~IENDlIEXTS TO THE BA W AIL~N OR.GANIC ACT. .., ';.....

1. HOMESTEAD LEASES. ' . -.'. :::" . '"

··~.r~:.:..\.\~'?: .

lrithdrawal clause.--SubdiYision (d) of section 73 of.; the-·Hawaiian . or$nnic act is al!lended in ~he respects already discusS·~qi"SOlft.~·tO per­mlt. the 1ease ,\\,thout n wlthdraw'a] clause of lands . SUlt . .f\.J)J0 J·for. the

. cultivtltion of sugar cane and of arid lands, \yhichby irrigation can be developed into ngricnlt.ural lands, proyided the lease is a.pproved by the !rovernor and at least two-thirds of the members of the board of p~ biic lands. (See p. 25 of the bill.) ,

Additional homestfad.~-Prrflrence rights.ri+-Dubdivision (f) of sec­tion 73 (see p. 26 of the bill) permits a hom~steader w'ho holds less than 10 fie-res of Innd to take out additionnllnnds .. Additional homestead­ing is entirely barred by the existing law. Subdivision (j) of section 73 (see pp. 27-28 of the bill) pennits the substitution of lands of simi­Inr charncter, value, and area for any parcel of J?ublic lands to which the homesteader hft,s a preferenc.e right but which has subsequently been reserved for public purposes by either the United States Of the l.'erri tory. . ..

Class'ipcation and size of homesteads.-Under the existing 'J~w ho·nestends a·re limited to SO acres regardless of the character of the Innd. Subdivision (n) of section 73 (see p. 28 of the bill) no\v proyides for t\yO clnsses of hon-lest-eads, agricultural homestea.ds ~vhich Dlay con­sist of SO acres of ngriculturallands nnd 250 acres of first-clnss pastoral lands or 500 acres of second-class pastoral lands, nnd pastoral ho ne­stcnds ,,·hich lllay be co:np05ed of 500 acres of first-class pastoral lands or 1,000 n.cres of second-elf. ss pnstofz1.1 lands.

Holdover lea~es.-Subdi\isi(\n (0) of section 73 (see p. 29 of the bill) is ne\v matter authorizing the commissioner· of public lands, with the appro\sl of the go,ernor, to ])crmit a lessee under general law's

. to cont.inue in· possession of withdraw-n lands after the termination of his lease therefor, until such -time as· the homesteader takes actual possession of the lands.

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12 REHABILITATION OF :!\ ATIVE HA \VAnA~S.

2. MISCELl.A~EOUB AlfESD~ENTS TO THE ORGANIC ACT.

·Compensa'tion oj.leqisl.ators.-Section 26 of the I-In,',-niinn organic . nct isnmcnded so us' to increflse the compensation of the legislators . {roIn 5600 to S 1,000 for a reguJur session and from $200 to $.500 for a.

speciul session. ~1i1enge is increased from 10 cents to 20 cents. ~fembers of the Lcgis1nturc of the Territory of Alaska nrc Raid at the rnte of 515 per day, ,,-hich \you1d nmount to a session sa]arv of $900 in Hn,,·aii. (See p. 21 of the hill.)' ·

Bond l-imit.-Section 55 of the Ha,,-uiian organic nct is an1ended so as to incrense the limit of the t<>ttll public indebtedness from 7 per centum t.o 10 per centum of the assessed value of the propertv of the Territory. This increase is needed to prevent the curtailnlent of many l1ceded public improV'enlents, such as roads~ bl'iuges, docks, schools, se,,~era~c systems, and oth£'r puhlic utilities and 1'tructures. 901.1nt~,. expendit~res. nre now' providea for by t.he inser!ion. of bOD.d IteD1S In tlie Terrltorlal loan bills. The use of the Terntorul1 credit is a nlatter of (~CODomy and expedi tion. In consequence the Ter­ritorial debt limit of 7 per centum has had also to care for the 3 per . centunl del;>t limit aut.horized for the counties. (See p. 21 of the bill.)

Residence re.qu·i,·ement for officia.ls.-Sections 66, 80, and 86 of the Ha·waiian organic act have oeen amended in the interests of home rule so as to require that the governor and t.he Territorial officers in general shall be citizens of the Territory and shan have re'sided therein for at least three years next preceding their appointnlent. (See pp. 22, 30-32 of the bill.) . . .

.Abolish one office of district 1'lLdge.-At present there are t,,-o judges provided for tlie Federal district court at Honolulu. One judge, in

· the opinion of the cODuuitt.ee, ,,-ill suffice to handle the cases before the court. In conseq!!ence your committee submits an anlendment

· to section 86 of the Ha\\raiian organic act providing that \vhenever a vacancy occurs in the office of district judge that office shall be

· abolished" nnd the po,,-ers and duties incident thereto transferred to the office of the remaining jUdge. (See p. 32 of the bill.) .

Increa.std c()mpensation of officials.-In view of the greatly increased cost of li'\""in~, it is the opinion of_your committee that the salaries of a number 01 the officers of the Territory should be increased. .~c-

· cordingly such increases in salary are included in the bill. (See p. 33 of the bill.)

EmplO1./m.ent oj aliens on pu.blic 'works.-An additional section is added to" the Ha\\·aiian organic act providing that no person shall be em:R1oyed upon any public ,,-ork in the Territory unless he is a citizen

'~of the l':'nited States or eligible to become such a citizen. (See p. 33 of the bill.) This proyision is requested by the Haw'ajian legislature and the le~islath-e commission and is in accord Vv~ith a simIlar pro­vision in tne statutes of the Territory regulating the employment upon public works in the Islands carried on by tlie Territorial gov­ernment. It is furt.her hoped to provide a morefav-orable oppor­tunitv for employment to American mechanics and laborers and thereby induce them to go to the Islands.

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