1111 Success Stories-102

8/22/2019 1111 Success Stories-102

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SUCCESS STORIES

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People are our most

valuable asset is a clich,

which no member of any

senior management teamwould disagree with. Yet, the

reality for many

organizations are that their

people remain under valued,

under trained and under

utilized.


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Performance Appraisal is the

process of assessing the

performance and progress of an

employee or a group of

employees on a given job and his

/ their potential for futuredevelopment. It consists of all

formal procedures used in the

working organizations to

evaluate personalities,contributions and potentials of

employees.


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Hen


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To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom

services to its

customers on demand at competitive prices.

To Provide world class telecom infrastructure in itsarea of operation and to

contribute to the growth.


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Climate Changeand Global Warming

Debunking Common Misconceptions

Climate predictability

Climate forcing

Climate modelsEmission scenarios & climate of the 21st century

Responding to Climate Skeptics


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Concern about global warming is based on recent temperaturetrends

9 of the 10 hottest years on record

If somebody could find some other cause for recent warming, wecould quit worrying

Global warming is a theory based on complicated computermodels

CO2is air pollution cutting emissions will lead to falling CO2and therefore cooling

If we stop burning coal, well freeze in the dark!

Media Myths about ClimateBe skeptical be very skeptical !


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Global Warming isBased on Common Sense

not computer models not recent temperatures

not complicated!


10/33

Energy In = Energy Out

Planetary Energy Balance

2 2 4(1 ) 4S R R T

o18 CT

But the observed Ts is about 15 C


11/33

Nearly all of the air is made

of oxygen (O2) and nitrogen(N2) in which two atoms ofthe same element shareelectrons

Infrared (heat) energyradiated up from the surfacecan be absorbed by thesemolecules, but not very well

Dancing Molecules and Heat Rays!

N N

O O

Diatomic molecules can

vibrate back and forthl ike balls on a spring, but

the ends are identical


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Carbon dioxide (CO2) and

water vapor (H2O) aredifferent!

They have many more ways

to vibrate and rotate, so theyare very good at absorbingand emitting infrared (heat)radiation


Molecules that have manyways to wiggle are called

Greenhouse molecules

O OC

H H

O

Absorption spectrum of CO2 was measured by John Tyndall in 1863


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Doubling CO2 would add4 watts to every squaremeterof the surface ofthe Earth, 24/7

Doing that would make

the surface warmer This was known before

light bulbs were invented!

Common Sense

4 Watts

John Tyndall , January 1863


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Expectations of future warming are based on extrapolation of recent warming trends

Common Misconception #1

WRONG! They are based on the idea that whenwe add energy to the surface, it will warm up


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19th Century Climate Physics(Svante Arrhenius, 1897)

S0(1 )r2

TS4 (4r2 )

S0(1 ) 4TS4

0 4TS

4 4(4TS

4 )

Differentiate, apply chain rule

TS

TS

4

Ar rhenius worked out a simple formula

for the change in sur face temperature

given a change in effective

atmospher ic emissivity due to CO2

Earth

Ts

aS0

esTs4

S0


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Physics(contd)

Plug in measured values

TS TS

4

TS

4 240 W m-2

(from satellite data)

(

)(T

S

4

)

4 W m-2

(for 2 x CO2

from radiative transfer)

4

240

Ts = 288 K

TS

288K

4

4

240

1.2K

For CO2 alone (no feedback), expect about 2F warming for 2 x CO2


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Positive Feedbacks

(amplify changes) Water vapor

Ice-albedo

High clouds

Climate Feedback Processes

De DTS Dvapor

D albedo

DLW

D hi cloud

D lo cloud

Negative feedbacks

(damp changes) Longwave cooling Low clouds


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Learning from the Past

Past climate changes reveal climate sensitivity

B bbl P l


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Tiny Bubbles Priceless

ice age ice age ice ageice age


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Over the past 420,000 years

atmospheric CO2 has variedbetween 180 and 280 ppm,beating in time with the lastfour glacial cycles

CO2 and the Ice Ages

370 ppm in 2000

Vostok (400k yr) Ice Core data (Petit et al, 1999)

175

200

225

250

275

300

-400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0

Year

iceice

ice

ice

CO2


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At the Last Glacial Maximum

(~ 18k years ago) surface temp ~ 6 C colder CO2 was ~ 180 ppm

(weaker greenhouse, 4.1 W m-2 more LW)

Brighter surface due to snow and ice, estimate

3.4 W m-2

more reflected solar

Estimating Total Climate Sensitivity

Or, for doubling of CO2: expect 4 x 0.8 = 3.2C of

T

S

FTS(now)T

S(then)

F(now

) F

(then

)

6K

(4.1 3.4)Wm2 0.8

K

Wm2

h


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Forcing: changes in properties of atmosphere asmeasured by spectroscopy

(4 W m-2 per doubling of CO2)

Feedback: both positive and negative, total response toforcing estimated from Ice Age climate data (about 0.8C per W m-2)

Response: about 3.2 C warming for 2 x CO2

Review: 19th Century Physics(updated using paleo-data)

No climate models required just based on observations

(modern calculations agree coincidence?)


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atmospheric CO2 has variedbetween 180 and 280 partsper million, beating in timewith the last four glacialcycles

Since the IndustrialRevolution, CO2 has risenvery rapidly

CO2 and the Modern Age

370 ppm in 2000


180

230

280

330

380

-400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0

year

ice iceiceice

CO2

388 ppm in 2009

f rom measurements


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If China & India developusing 19th Centurytechnology, CO2 will reach900 ppm in this century

CO2 and the Future


0

200

400

600

800

1000

-400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0

year

ice iceiceice

CO2

900 ppm in 2100

388 ppm in 2009

You aint seen nothing yet!


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Thank you!


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Nearly all of the air is made

of oxygen (O2) and nitrogen(N2) in which two atoms ofthe same element shareelectrons

Infrared (heat) energyradiated up from the surfacecan be absorbed by thesemolecules, but not very well


N N

O O

Diatomic molecules can

vibrate back and forthl ike balls on a spring, but

the ends are identical


27/33

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and

water vapor (H2O) aredifferent!

They have many more ways

to vibrate and rotate, so theyare very good at absorbingand emitting infrared (heat)radiation


Molecules that have manyways to wiggle are called

Greenhouse molecules

O OC

H H

O

Absorption spectrum of CO2 was measured by John Tyndall in 1863


28/33


atmospheric CO2 has variedbetween 180 and 280 ppm,beating in time with the lastfour glacial cycles

CO2 and the Ice Ages

370 ppm in 2000


175

200

225

250

275

300

-400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0

Year

iceice

ice

ice

CO2


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At the Last Glacial Maximum

(~ 18k years ago) surface temp ~ 6 C colder CO2 was ~ 180 ppm

(weaker greenhouse, 4.1 W m-2 more LW)

Brighter surface due to snow and ice, estimate

3.4 W m-2

more reflected solar

Estimating Total Climate Sensitivity

Or, for doubling of CO2: expect 4 x 0.8 = 3.2C of

T

S

FTS(now)T

S(then)

F(now

) F

(then

)

6K

(4.1 3.4)Wm2 0.8

K

Wm2

R i

th C t Ph i


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Forcing: changes in properties of atmosphere asmeasured by spectroscopy

(4 W m-2 per doubling of CO2)

Feedback: both positive and negative, total response toforcing estimated from Ice Age climate data (about 0.8C per W m-2)

Response: about 3.2 C warming for 2 x CO2

Review: 19th Century Physics(updated using paleo-data)

No climate models required just based on observations

(modern calculations agree coincidence?)


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CO2 and the Modern Age

370 ppm in 2000


180

230

280

330

380

-400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0

year

ice iceiceice

CO2

388 ppm in 2009

f rom measurements


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If China & India developusing 19th Centurytechnology, CO2 will reach900 ppm in this century

CO2 and the Future


0

200

400

600

800

1000

-400000 -300000 -200000 -100000 0

year

ice iceiceice

CO2

900 ppm in 2100

388 ppm in 2009

You aint seen nothing yet!


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Thank you!

1111 Success Stories-102

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