110123 - Notes on Pervasive Games, Origin of Syntax, Fear of Small Numbers, MdS
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Transcript of 110123 - Notes on Pervasive Games, Origin of Syntax, Fear of Small Numbers, MdS
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110123 Excerpts from Readings
I\] Pervasive Game Theory and Design
II\] Philosophy in the BedroomIII\] Fear of Small Numbers
IV\] Biological Foundations and Origin of Syntax Ed. Bickerton & Szathmary (2009)
I\] Pervasive Games
a\ The Beast
II\] Philosophy in the Bedroom
a\
b\
III\] Fear of Small Numbers (creation of We, collective Self)
a\ Ch 4.1. Freud
2. Marx
3. Durkheim4. __
IV\] Origin of Syntax
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IV\] Biological Foundation and Origin of Syntax
/ edited by Derek Bickerton & Eors Szathmary
Ernst Strngmann Forum 2008MIT Press 2009
a\ References1. Bickerton 1990
2. Pinker & Bloom 1990
3. Newmayer 19914. Smith & Szathmary 1995
5. Chomsky
1957,
1995. Minimalist Program2000;
6. Givon, T.
1989. Mind, Code, and Context2002.
7. Steels, L.
1996,2004. Fluid Construction Grammar
8. Deacon, T.
1997. The Symbolic Species.
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b\ Excerpts:
Tree Structure for the sentence Everyone who knows Mary says she likes Bill
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It is difficult to imagine the origin of language without capacities for teach-
ing (which differs from learning), imitation, and a complex theory of mind(Premack 2004). Apes are limited in all these capacities. It is fair to
assume that these traits have undergone significant evolution because they
were evolving together with language in the hominine lineage. To this oneshould addnot as a prerequisite, but as a significant human adaptation
the ability to cooperate in large non-kin groups (Maynard Smith and
Szathmry 1995). Together, these traits form an adaptive suite that isspecific to humans. We suggest that in any selective scenario, capacities
for teaching, imitation, some theory of mind, and complex cooperation
must have been rewarded, because an innate capacity for these traits
renders language evolution more likely (Szathmry and Szmad 2008b).
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Selective Scenarios for the Origin of Language
On the Human-specific Adaptive Suite
Various people (e.g., Premack 2004) have called attention to the fact that besides
language, efficient teaching (which differs from learning), imitation, and a developed
theory of mind are also uniquely human resources. We would add to this the trait ofhuman cooperation (Maynard Smith and Szathmry 1995), which is remarkable in that
humans are able to cooperate even in large non-kin groups. We propose that these traits
did not appear by accident together. They form an adaptive suite, and presumably they
have co-evolved in the last five million years in a synergistic fashion (Szathmry 2008;Szathmry and Szmad 2008b).
A relevant image is a coevolutionary wheel (Figure 2.3): evolution along any of
the radial spokes presumably benefited all the other capacities, even if the focus ofselection may have changed spokes several times.
1. Analogical Reasoning
2. Shared Intentionality3. Recursive Processing
4. Fine Motor Control
It is apparent that components of the human-specific adaptive suite can be
tentatively grouped into two categories: (a) indispensable procedural com-
ponents (handling hierarchies, analogical reasoning, imitation, shared at-tention and intentionality, and fine motor control) and (b) complex adaptive
faculties (docility, complex cooperation and theory of mind, language, and
tool making).
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Thus, two examples like the English sentence (46a) and its Japanese
counterpart (46b) differ dramatically in order and
structure, as illustrated by the two trees (47a, b):
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