1.1 - Scientific Theory• Babylonians/Egyptians

– Observation for the practical• Religious• Agriculture

– Pseudosciences (science + nonscience)• Alchemy• Astrology, etc.

• Greeks– Good Theoreticians (knowledge for

knowledge’s sake) but poor empiricists (experimentalists)

• Age of Enlightenment (1600’s)– The Enlightenment is often closely linked

with the Scientific Revolution as both movements emphasized reason, science, and rationalism.

I - The Requirements of Science

Science is the search for patterns. All statements of science must be:

1. Observable• Using any of the five senses

2. Repeatable• By anyone

I - The Requirements of Science

Science has been define as anything that can be disproven.

Bigfoot?

1. Observable

2. Repeatable -> Can it be disproven?

II - The Assumption of Science1) The natural world has patterns

that are observable.2) These patterns are the same

throughout the universe.3) Inductive reasoning:

• Initial specific observations can then be generalized.

4) Generalizations can be tested and possibly disproven.

5) Increased observation may disprove current theory. No statement of science is an absolute.

III - Metric Measurement

The French Revolution– Political and Scientific

Metric System:– Base ten– Measurements based on nature

– Examples:

– 1 meter = 1/10,000,000 of the distance from north pole to equator.

– 1 gram = mass of 1 cm3 of water at 4oC.

III - Metric Measurement

Name Unit symbol Quantitymeter m length Liter L volumekilogram kg mass Joule J energysecond s time ampere A electric current kelvin K thermodynamic temperature candela cd luminous intensity

mole mol amount of substance

Pascal Pa pressure

VI – Metric MeasurementPrefix Symbol Numeric Multiplier Exponential

Yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1024

Zeta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1021

Exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018

Peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015

Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012

Giga G 1,000,000,000 109

Mega M 1,000,000 106

Kilo k 1,000 103

Hecto h 100 102

Deka da 10 101

BASE 1 100

Deci d 0.1 10-1

Centi c 0.01 10-2

Milli m 0.001 10-3

Micro μ 0.000,001 10-6

Nano n 0.000,000,001 10-9

Pico p 0.000,000,000,001 10-12

Femto f 0.000,000,000,000,001 10-15

Atto a 0.000,000,000,000,000,001 10-18

Zepto z 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,001 10-21

Yocto y 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 10-24

VI – Metric MeasurementPrefix Symbol Numeric Multiplier Exponential

Yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1024

Zeta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1021

Exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1018

Peta P 1,000,000,000,000,000 1015

Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012

Giga G 1,000,000,000 109

Mega M 1,000,000 106

Kilo k 1,000 103 KingHecto h 100 102 HenryDeka da 10 101 DiedBASE 1 100 ByDeci d 0.1 10-1 DrinkingCenti c 0.01 10-2 ChocolateMilli m 0.001 10-3 MilkMicro μ 0.000,001 10-6

Nano n 0.000,000,001 10-9

Pico p 0.000,000,000,001 10-12

Femto f 0.000,000,000,000,001 10-15

Atto a 0.000,000,000,000,000,001 10-18

Zepto z 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,001 10-21

Yocto y 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,001 10-24

VI – Metric Measurement

Giga …. Mega …. Kilo .. Hecto .. Deka .. BASE .. Deci .. Centi .. Milli …. Micro

45.677 km = _________ cm m = meters = length

45.677 kHz = _________ cHz Hz = Hertz = frequency

45.677 kL = _________ cL L = Liter = volume

VI – Metric Measurement

Giga …. Mega …. Kilo .. Hecto .. Deka .. BASE .. Deci .. Centi .. Milli …. Micro

45.677 km = 4567700 cm m = meters = length

45.677 kHz = 4567700 cHz Hz = Hertz = frequency

45.677 kL = 4567700 cL L = Liter = volume

45.677 km 10+3 m 10+2 cm = 4567700 cm

1 km 1 m

VI – Metric Measurement

Giga …. Mega …. Kilo .. Hecto .. Deka .. BASE .. Deci .. Centi .. Milli …. Micro

3.45 mJ = ___________ dJ

mega -> deci is 11 jumps to the righttherefore the decimal moves 11 spaces right.

3.45 mJ = 345000000000. dJ

IV - Measurement and Uncertainty!Two types or error:1) All measuring instrument have a

built in error called systematic error.

In the inductive world of science – All measurement are limited by the accuracy of the measurement tool.

2) Humans are fallible and introduce inaccuracy called experimental error.

IV - Measurement and Uncertainty!!

Science allows for all digits known precisely plus one estimated digit.

Known precisely = 15 oCEstimated = + 0.9oC

Temperature = 15.9oCNote: 3 significant figures

IV - Significant figures!!1) All non zero digits are significant.2) Zeros between significant figures are

significant.3) Zeros in front of digits are never significant.4) Zeros after digits and right of the decimal point

are significant.5) Zeros after digits and left of the decimal point

might be significant. To avoid confusion, use scientific notation in this case to move the ending zero right of the decimal.

6) Some numbers have infinite significance:a) Any time you are counting whole number amounts:b) Conversion factors which are human defined:

IV - Significant figures & Calculations1) Addition and Subtraction -

The output number can have the same significance right of the decimal as the input value number with the least significance right of the decimal.

2.345+ 11.3+234567.934567234581.579567 --> 234 581.6

2) Multiplication and division -The output number can have the same

significance as the input value number with the least significance

2345.67 X 3.234 X 2 = 15171.79356 = 20000

IV - Measurement and Uncertainty!!

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy = The extent to which a measurement matches the accepted value.

Precision = The degree of exactness within a measurement.

V – The Scientific Method1) Make observations and develop a question

about the observation.

2) Develop a tentative answer to the question (a hypothesis) usually in the form of an If..then statement.

3) Design a (controlled) experiment to test the hypothesis by identifying and defining independent and dependant variables.

4) Collect data in an organized form (graphs and tables).

5) Interpret the data and describe errors in a conclusion.

V – The Scientific Method

Variables1) Independent variable = the

variable that the scientist changes.

2) Dependent variable = The variable that the scientist measures.

Controlled ExperimentA controlled experiment is one in which

a duplicate experiment is run without the independent variable for comparison.

V - The Scientific MethodExample

How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here?

V - The Scientific MethodExample

How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here?

Ans: 4 experiments

V - The Scientific MethodExample

How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here?

Ans: 4 experiments

Are any of these control experiments?

V - The Scientific MethodExample

How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here?

Ans: 4 experiments

Are any of these control experiments?

Ans: Most likely the first twoare controls.

V - The Scientific MethodExample

How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here?

Ans: 4 experiments

Are any of these control experiments?

Ans: Most likely the first twoare controls.

What are the independent and dependant variables?

V - The Scientific MethodExample

How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here?

Ans: 4 experiments

Are any of these control experiments?

Ans: Most likely the first twoare controls.

What are the independent and dependant variables?

Ans: independent = vaccine typedependant = mouse lives

or dies?