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11th ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE

MYCOTOXICOLOGY SOSIETY OF NIGERIA

[MSN]

THEME:

MYCOTOXIN CONTROL IN A CHANGING

CLIMATE: A PANACEA FOR FOOD SECURITY

25TH - 28TH OCTOBER, 2016

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LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Chairman Prof. Hussaini Makun

Vice Chairman Dr Banso Aderotimi

The Secretary Dr.(Mrs) Hadiza Lami Muhammad

Assistant Secretary Susan Salubuyi

Treasurer Dr (Mrs) R.U. Hamzah

P.R.O Dr Abdulkadir Abubakar

Members

Stephen Michael

Muhammad Hadiza Kudu

Imienwanrin Marcel Ross

Apeh Daniel

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ABOUT THE MYCOTOXICOLOGY SOCIETY OF NIGERIA

The Mycotoxicology Society of Nigeria (MSN) - formerly Nigeria Mycotoxin Awareness and Study

Network (NMASN) is a body of scientists in the academia, industries, regulatory agencies and other

stakeholders in the food and feed industry united by the need to create awareness on mycotoxin issues

especially in Nigeria.

It is a Non-Governmental, Non-Political and Non-Profit-making scientific organization founded in 2006

by a group of eminent Nigerian scientists united by their desire to address the burden of mycotoxin

contamination in Nigeria and improve the living conditions of humanity, through sound socio-economic

and scientific studies on mycotoxins in food and feedstock.

With the primary aim of promoting awareness leading to the study and control of mycotoxins in foods

and animal feeds; the network co-ordinates and publishes information on mycotoxin research in

Nigeria; carries out research and coordinates extension activities related to mycotoxin control in Nigeria

so that such findings can be applied for the resolution of mycotoxin problems and preservation of food

resources.

The dangers inherent in the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated meals which may include

kidney/liver disorders and immuno-suppressions, are being made available to the general populace in

local languages.

The Society is registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission of Nigeria with registration number

CAC/IT/NO42999

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THE PRESIDENTS WELCOME NOTE

The Honourable Minister of Agriculture and Rural

Development, Chief Audu Ogbe,

His Excellency, Executive Governor of Niger State, Alhaji

Abubakar Sani Bello,

The Honorable Commissioner for Agriculture, Niger State,

The Vice Chancellor, Federal University Technology,

Minna, Niger State, Prof. Musbau A. Akanji,

The Guest Lecturer, Prof. S. E. Atawodi,

The Chair of LOC, Prof. H. A. Makun,

Representatives of Regulatory Agencies and Industries,

Distinguished Academics and Professionals,

Great Students,

Great Farmers and Market Women,

Gentlemen of the Press, Ladies and Gentlemen

It is my privilege to welcome you all to the 11th Annual Conference and Workshop of the

Mycotoxicology Society of Nigeria, with the theme “Mycotoxin Control in a Changing Climate: A

Panacea for Food Security’’.

It may be desirous to remind us that mycotoxins are naturally occurring by-products of the secondary

metabolism of certain species of fungi contaminating agricultural commodities and allied products and

Food security is about the availability, accessibility, affordability, stability, utilization and safety

of the food.

Mycotoxins attract worldwide attention because of the significant economic losses associated with their

impact on human health, agriculture, food and nutrition security and trade.

Generally, tropical conditions such as high temperature and moisture, unseasonal rains during harvest

and flash floods lead to fungal proliferation and production of mycotoxins. In addition, Poor harvesting

practices, improper storage, and less than optimal conditions during transport and marketing can

contribute to fungal growth and increase the risk of mycotoxin production.

However, permit me to remind us that, in Nigeria, agriculture is the dominant sector in rural areas, most

viable in the economy and still the largest employer of labour. But, mycotoxin contamination constitutes

one of the most important constraints to agricultural productivity and has been recognized as one of the

biggest challenges to food and nutrition security, health, trade and commerce and their economics in

developing countries of the world, especially Africa.

Therefore, mycotoxin contamination in food and feeds has negative footprints on agriculture, industry,

trade, health, food and nutrition security, as well as their economics.

Let it be said that, since aflatoxin problem is complex and multifaceted, any effective response requires

participation from all stakeholders along the value chain including farmers, traders, government

officials’ policy and law makers

Therefore, it is encouraging that a number of organizations are making efforts to educate farmers on

methods to reduce contamination, including better management of Crop production, timely harvesting,

using raised platforms to dry grains and improved storage techniques, such as pesticides and using metal

Silos. Let me add that, researchers are seeking to identify cost-effective techniques to reduce the risk.

But, we are not also unaware of the fact that, in Nigeria, like other developing countries (especially in

Africa), food supply is already limited and poverty does not allow people to discard even food

contaminated with mycotoxins, because the need to eat first outweighs other considerations such as

food quality and safety. In other words, food sufficiency is prioritized over its quality and safety and

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this situation has become a serious obstacle to improving nutrition, enhancing agricultural productivity

and linking smallholder farmers to markets.

Ladies and gentlemen, though we are not chest-thumbing, it is important to let you be in the know of

the few achievements made within the two years of this administration that assumed office in August,

2014. These among others include:

A seat secured on the:

National Food Safety Management Committee (NFSMC)

(Mrs. M Eshiett and Prof. H. A. Makun)

PACA Aflatoxin Technical Working Group

(Mr Isaac Ogara and Dr. Anthony Negedu)

Partnership for Mycotoxin Control in Nigeria (PAMYCON)

(Dr. S. Anjorin)

Took mycotoxin awareness and reduction campaigns to:

Kaduna State University community

Professional Association of Public Health Nurses of Nigeria- a very strategic partner

SASAKAWA Africa Association/SG2000, operating in Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya,

Tanzania and Nigeria

Association of Women Small Holder Farmers, Plateau State

Farmer Co-operatives in the Federal Capital Territory

Farmers Association in Kaduna, Kano, Nasarawa and Niger State

The Foundation for Ethics and Values International

Organized and hosted a Strategic Round Table Meeting with the Health and Nutrition sectors

in Nigeria

Initiated a memorandum to the President, ECOWAS Commission as a follow-up to that

initiated to the World Health Organization by the preceding administration.

Briefed the Senate Committee on Health during a Public hearing the consequences of inaction

towards mitigating mycotoxin menace.

Finally, the society is calling on the government and non-non state actors, development partners,

technology providers, farmer organizations, knowledge centers, processors, investors, vendors, service

providers and other agriculture and food value chain actors to sincerely show commitment to the

prevention and control of these bioactive hazards for the overall better human and animal health and

reduced economic benefits, as well as enhanced regional and global trade.

We appreciate our esteemed guests and participants for finding the time to attend this conference, the

efforts of our host, Prof. Akanji, the VC of this university, the guest lecturer, Prof. S. E. Atawodi, the

Chair of the LOC, Prof. H. A. Makun and his indefatigable team for their selfless efforts towards the

success of the conference.

Once again, I thank you and wishing us a fruitful conference.

Thank you for listening.

Dr. Anthony Negedu

Out-going President, MSN

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PROFILE OF THE KEY NOTE SPEAKER

Professor Sunday Ene-Ojo ATAWODI B.Sc. (ABU), MSc., PhD (Ibadan), MAAAS, MNYAS, FUICC, FAS

Professor Sunday Ene-Ojo Atawodi was born on 21st February 1962. He

studied Biochemistry at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria between 1978

and 1982, and also obtained the MSc and PhD degrees in Biochemistry

from University of Ibadan in 1987 and 1992, respectively. He was

promoted Professor of Biochemistry at Ahmadu Bello University, with

effect from 1st October, 2004

Professor Atawodi was a German Academic Exchange Scholar (DAAD)

Scholar between1990 and 1991. In 1993, he won through international

competition, the fellowship of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany (AvH) for

postdoctoral research at the Ludwig Maximillian University, Munich, Germany. At the world renowned

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a WHO center in France, he served as a Special

Training Award Fellow/Temporary Consultant in 1995/1996, while in 2004-2005, he was an Alexander

von Humboldt Visiting Professor at the famous German Cancer Research Centre in Heidelberg. A co-

grantee of two (2) World Bank – supported STEP-B Projects in 2010, he was elected member, New

York Academy of Sciences in 1995; Life Fellow, Association of International Union against Cancer

Fellows in 1995; Fellow, Institute of Corporate Administration in 2010; Member, American Association

for Advancement of Science in 1994, and Member, African Organization for Research and Training in

Cancer (AORTIC) since 2011. A member of over a dozen other national and international professional

bodies, reviewer for dozens of international journals and Member of Editorial Board of others, Professor

Atawodi is listed in Marquis Who’s Who in Science and Technology in the World (USA, 2004), Marquis

Who’s Who in the World (since 2001).

Professor Atawodi has made significant contributions towards solving the problem of cancer by

developing biomarker-based micro-analytical techniques that are sensitive, reliable and amenable to

large scale epidemiological studies geared at drastic reduction of tobacco-related cancers, which are

responsible for 22% of global cancer deaths and 71% of global lung cancer deaths. In addition to

establishing sources of exposure to carcinogenic N-nitrosamines, mycotoxins and their precursors, he

has phytochemically characterized Nigerian plants that contain specific chemical substances with potent

capacity to prevent cancer and other oxidative stress-associated degenerative diseases like diabetes and

hypertension. In general, his research interests include phytotherapy of tropical diseases (diabetes, liver

disorders, trypanosomiasis, sickle cell anemia, malaria, etc), cancer chemoprevention with dietary and

plant constituents, phytochemistry, antioxidant polyphenols, nutrition, toxicology, tobacco toxicity,

carcinogens and carcinogenesis, as well as molecular epidemiology.

He has mentored 48 MSc, 16 PhD and hundreds of biomedical scientists who are making impact world-

wide, and has made outstanding contributions to academic excellence, leadership and community

service. He has contributed immensely to putting the name of Ahmadu Bello University, and hence

Nigeria on the international intellectual achievement map, being one of the most cited Nigerian

scientists for the 140 peer-reviewed publications in high impact, mainly, Science Citation Indexed (SCI)

journals, and the nearly 100 invited presentations and conference papers.

Professor Atawodi was a one-time Head of Biochemistry Department and Deputy Dean of Science,

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. He also served as pioneer Director of Advancement and Linkages,

Federal University, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State during his Sabbatical Leave in 2013/2014. He acts as

Consultant/Resource Person to several national and international organizations, including National

Universities Commission (NUC), ECOWAS Commission and UNICEF. He is a Fellow and Member

of Council of the prestigious Nigerian Academy of Science (FAS), African Science Leadership

Programme, and one of the three Judges for one of Africa’s most prestigious Science Prize, the Nigeria

LNG Prize for Science, 2016.

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PROGRAMME OF EVENTS

DAY 1

Venue: School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Lecture Theatre

10:00 – 6:00pm Arrival / Registration

DAY 2

MORNING SESSION

9:00-10:00am Arrival / Registration

10:00-10:15am Welcome Address: Prof. M. A. Akanji,

The Vice-Chancellor, Federal University

of Technology, Minna

10:15-10:35am Welcome Speech: Dr Anthony Negedu President MSN

10:35-10:45am Address by the representative of the Guest of Honour:

The Honourable Commissioner for Agriculture, Niger State

10:45-10:50am Photography

10:50-11:30am Tea break

11:30-11:40am Citation of Guest Lecturer. Prof. H.A. Makun- Chairman, LOC

11:40-12:25pm Keynote Speaker:

Prof S.E Atawodi. Department of Biochemistry, ABU, Zaria

Lecture Title: Relevance of Mycotoxin Control to Food Security

in Changing Climate.

12:25-12:45pm Questions and Answers in respect to lecture

12:45-1:45 Interaction with Farmers / Commodity Traders

1:45-2:45 Lunch break

AFTERNOON SESSION

2:45-4:30pm Plenary Session

HALL 1

A001

OCCURRENCE OF MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI IN POULTRY FEED IN ZARIA, NIGERIA.

Ibrahim, M. J., Kwanashie, C. N. and Kabir, J.

A002 EVALUATION OF FUNGAL SPECIES ISOLATED FROM THREE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF

PEPPER (CAPSICUM CHINENSE, C. FRUTESCENS AND C. ANNUM L.) IN DUTSIN-MA,

KATSINA STATE

A. A. Lema, A. Mudansiru, B. A. Alexander, M. J. Sakinah

A003

ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIGENIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WTH DRIED VEGETABLES

FROM SELECTED MARKETS WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLIS

Abubakar, N., Mohammed, S.S.D. and Ladan, Z

A004 ISOLATION OF MYCOTOXIN PRODUCING FUNGI FROM ORGANS AND FEEDS

OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE OF NIGERIA.

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Salawudeen M.T., C.N Kwanashie, Kazeem H.M., and Oniye S.J

A005 NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS IN SORGHUM AND SORGHUM

BEER (BURUKUTU AND PITO) FROM NIGERIA

CA. Chilaka, M. De Boevre, O. Atanda and S. De Saeger

A006

PCR CHARACTERIZATION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN MAIZE COLLECTED FROM FARMS

IN PLATEAU STATE.

E. Udom, E.T. Obishakin, Z. S. C. Okoye

A007 FUNGI AND AFLATOXIN B1 OF FRESH, PROCESSED GROUNDNUTS AND GROUNDNUT

CAKE

Isaac Maikasuwa OGARA, Victor Olawale ADEDAYO, Eunice Asheobin ADGIDZI, Kingsley

Omogiade IDAHOR, Maikano Mohammed ARI

A008 CHARACTERIZATION OF STATISTICALLY AND LABORATORY PRODUCED CELLULASE

FROM Aspergillus niger FOR SOURSOP (Annona muricata Linn) JUICE CLARIFICATION

PROCESS

Ajayi, A.A., Ileladewa, A. A., Bishop, S.A.

A009

QUELLING; AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SILENCING MYCOTOXIN PRODUCING GENES

Rebecca Oziohu Omosimua, Benjamin Thoha Thomas, Adebayo Ogunkanmi, Paul Chidozie

HALL 2

B001

OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN IN Cyperus esculentus (TIGER NUT) SOLD AND CONSUMED

RAW IN KADUNA

Shamsuddeen U. and Aminu H. A.

B002

RISK ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN ANIMAL FEED WITHIN MINNA NIGERIA

Apeh Daniel Ojochenemi., Muhammad Hadiza Kudu, Mohammad Haruna Garba, Muhammad Hadiza

Lami, Salubuyi Susan Bekosai, John Sunday Toba, Nkechi Olua, Mamman Fauziyat, Hussaini

Anthony Makun

B003

PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE MYCOTOXINS AND OTHER FUNGAL METABOLITES IN

SESAME AND SOYABEAN GRAINS IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY, ABUJA,

NIGERIA

Fapohunda, S.O. Anjorin, S.T., Sulyok, M, Negedu, A. Ogara, I. Abdulazeez, K. and R. Krska

B004

EVALUATION OF AFLATOXIN M1 CONTAMINATION OF FRESH MILK MARKETED IN

SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA

Salau, I. A. and Shehu, K.

B005

ORGANOCHLORINE PESTCIDE RESIDUES IN DRIED BEANS (Vigna unguiculata) FROM

NIGERIA.

Isegbe V, Habib M.A, Obaje J, Ekoro S, Solomon S

B006

ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTCIDE RESIDUES IN DRIED BEANS (Vigna unguiculata) FROM

NIGERIA.

Isegbe V, Habib M.A, Obaje J, Ekoro S, Solomon S

B007 EVALUATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW AND

FERMENTED MILK OF CATTLE IN KADUNA, NIGERIA

Joshua, Z., Kwanashie, C. N. and Majiyagbe, K. A.

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C001

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION COMPARISON AMONG THREE DIFFERENT CULTIVAR OF

SWEET PEPPER FRUITS (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

Wada Nuraddeen, Shehu K and Yusuf Murtala

C002

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ANTIFUNGALS ON FUNGI ISOLATED FROM

DIFFERENT SACHET WATER SOLD WITHIN SOKOTO METROPOLIS

Usman A. A and Mustapha A.

C003

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ACALYPHA WILKESIANA

Abdulsalami H, Umar M.B, and Adeniyi K.A

5:00-6:30pm Dinner

DAY 3

9:00-10:00am Arrival / Registration

10:00-11:00am Tea Break

11:00-1:00pm Annual General Meeting and Election

1:00-2:00pm Lunch Break

2:00-2:30pm Presentation of Certificates

2:30-3:00pm Departure

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ABSTRACTS

FOOD MYCOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

A001

OCCURRENCE OF MYCOTOXIGENIC FUNGI IN POULTRY FEED IN ZARIA, NIGERIA.

Ibrahim, M. J1., Kwanashie, C. N2. and Kabir, J1. 1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary

Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of

Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Corresponding authors e-mail: muhammedibrahim407@gmail.com

Abstract

Contamination of foods and feeds with mycotoxin-producing fungi such as Aspergillus spp is a major

threat to food security. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of aflatoxigenic strain of

fungi in feeds, fed to birds in live bird markets. Feed samples were collected from feeding troughs and

feeder in cages of birds and were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Neutral Red Desiccated

Coconut Agar. Of 300 feed samples, 283 yielded various fungal growth belonging to seven genera, four

of them known to be mycotoxigenic. Aspergillus, Dermatophyte, Mucor, Rhizopus, Penicillium,

Fusarium and Yeast, whose isolation frequencies and relative densities were 78%, 2%, 5.67%, 6%,

0.33%, 2%, and 0.33% respectively. The prevalence of Aspergillus spp isolated based on locations was

77.98% with a P value 0.9898. However, the P value of Aspergillus spp on Desiccated Coconut Agar

was 0.0002 with an isolation frequency of 34.7%. In conclusion A. flavus was the most frequently

isolated, and it is a known aflatoxin producer.

Key Words: Mycotoxin, Aflatoxin, Aspergillus, Feed

A002 EVALUATION OF FUNGAL SPECIES ISOLATED FROM THREE DIFFERENT VARIETIES

OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM CHINENSE, C. FRUTESCENS AND C. ANNUM L.) IN DUTSIN-MA,

KATSINA STATE

*A. A. Lema1, A. Mudansiru2, B. A. Alexander3, M. J. Sakinah3 1Department of Biology, Al-Qalam University, Katsina, 2Department of Biological

Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, 3Department of Biology, Federal

University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State

*+2348038276718, abubakarlema@gmail.com

Abstract

The study was carried out to determine the fungal species affecting the leaves of different pepper varieties

in Dutsin-ma Town, Katsina State. The three pepper varieties studies were Capsicum chinense, C.

frutescens L. and C. annum L. A total of twenty seventy (27) samples were collected, 9 each of the three

different pepper variety from three fungi devastated farms in the study area. Samples of leaves from the

collected pepper varieties were separately chopped up into smaller bits using flame-sterilized scalpel and

following standard procedures, they were transferred into prepared PDA plates to which streptomycin

(0.2% final concentration) has been added to suppress bacterial growth. The fungal colonies that emerged

were continuously sub-cultured in order to obtain a pure culture of the fungal isolates. Isolated fungi

were identified based on colony and morphological characteristics such as colour, shape and type of

spores observed with the microscope. The fungal species isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus

fumigates, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Penicillium

corylophilum, Rhizopus stolonifer and Verticillium spp. some of these species were reported to have

caused various diseases in pepper and other plants species which include soft rotting, damfing-off, wilting

and general spoilage. Efforts were recommended to alert growers in this area, and similar places on the

need to safeguard their pepper plants against fungal infections.

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A003

ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIGENIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WTH DRIED VEGETABLES

FROM SELECTED MARKETS WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLIS 1Abubakar, N., 1Mohammed, S.S.D. and 2 Ladan, Z

1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna

Corresponding author: mosada78@yahoo.com, mohammed.sambo@kasu.edu.ng,

nafisabinabubakar@gmail.com

Abstract

Vegetables are sources of nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Drying is a cheap means of preserving

vegetables because they are prone to fungi contamination. The assessment of aflatoxigenic fungi

associated with dried vegetables (Baobab, Red chilli pepper,Okro and Tomatoes) from selected markets

within kaduna metropolis were investigated. A total of forty (40) samples (ten samples each) of the dried

vegetables were analyzed for fungi and total aflatoxin. Fungi were identified and characterized using the

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and aflatoxin using Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA).

The fungi identified were Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The result of the total aflatoxin

revealed that baobab from Sabo had the highest aflatoxin of 31.6 ppb compared to tomatoes obtained

from central market kaduna which had the least total aflatoxin of 1.6 ppb. These result can serve as

baseline for enacting laws and observing the critical control point as the ingestion of such mycotoxins

contaminated vegetables have enormous health significance. Because these toxins are capable of causing

diseases in man and animals.

Keywords: baobab, Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ELISA

A004 ISOLATION OF MYCOTOXIN PRODUCING FUNGI FROM ORGANS AND FEEDS

OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE OF NIGERIA.

Salawudeen M.T.1*, C.N Kwanashie1, Kazeem H.M.1, and Oniye S.J2

1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello

University Zaria, 2Department of Biological sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ahmadu Bello

University Zaria.

*Corresponding author: Tel: E-mail muibatsalawudeen@yahoo.com.

Abstract

A total of 75 apparently healthy Clarias gariepinus (catfish) of various sizes were sourced from fish

farms in Zaria, Kaduna State of Nigeria. Swabs of the gills, intestines, liver, scrapings of the skin and

feeds sample were taken aseptically and processed for mycology. The growths were examined

macroscopically and microscopically after staining with lactophenol cotton blue. Aspergillus flavus

(16.5%), A. niger (14.7%), A. fumigatus (7.3%) and A. parasiticus (3.7%) were isolated in decreasing

order. Other fungi isolated include (10.1%) Trichophyton sp., (3.7%) Rhizopus sp, (9.2%) Penicillium

sp. (1.8%) Mucor sp. and (33%) yeast isolates. Aflatoxin production was demonstrated on neutral Red

Desiccated Coconut Agar by A. flavus and A. parasiticus. These findings are significant as there are

indication that fish meant for human consumption in Zaria metropolis could be contaminated with

aflatoxin producing fungi of public health and economic importance. It also indicates that feeds might

be the source of some of the isolates. Out of 46 isolates of Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus flavus had highest

isolation rate of 39.1% while A. parasiticus was isolated as the least isolate at rate of 8.7%.

Keywords- Clarias gariepinus, Aspergillus, Apparently healthy, Aflatoxins, Zaria

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A005 NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS IN SORGHUM AND

SORGHUM BEER (BURUKUTU AND PITO) FROM NIGERIA

CA. Chilaka1,2, M. De Boevre1, O. Atanda3 and S. De Saeger1 1Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 2Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Applied Food Science & Tourism,

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria 3Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria

Corresponding author: Cynthia.Chilaka@UGent.be

Abstract

Fusarium fungi are common plant pathogens that cause several plant diseases and also produce

mycotoxins. These mycotoxins have been implicated to cause a variety of toxic effects in humans and

animals ranging from acute to chronic. Mycotoxins may co-occur and cause synergistic and/or additive

health effects on the host. The co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins with structurally related

compounds (modified mycotoxins) has recently become a food safety concern. Modification may be

matrix-related, occur during food processing, or as a result of conjugation by plants, animal or fungi. To

date, little information is known on the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in the Nigerian food system.

The present study reports the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in sorghum and its traditionally

made beer (burukutu and pito) from Nigeria. A total of 209 samples of sorghum (n=110), burukutu

(n=54), and pito (n=45) were collected in 2015 from randomly selected markets in four agro-ecological

zones (Southern Guinea Savanna, Northern Guinea Savanna, Derived Savanna and Sudan Savanna) in

Nigeria. A multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method

was used to analyse and quantify the Fusarium mycotoxins. Results revealed the occurrence of Fusarium

mycotoxins in all the sample types with deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (23%, range: 9-63 µg/kg) and

diacetoxyscirpenol (18%, range: 2-16 µg/kg) being the most dominant in sorghum samples.

Deoxynivalenol was predominant in burukutu and pito at the rate of 63% (range: 25-42 µg/L) and 69%

(range: 28-49µg/L), respectively. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was observed in sorghum, burukutu, and

pito at the rate of 19%, 78%, and 64%, respectively. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the samples

may predispose consumers to toxic effects considering the fact that these food products are consumed on

a daily basis.

Key words: Fusarium mycotoxin, LC-MS/MS, sorghum, burukutu, pito, Nigeria

A006

PCR CHARACTERIZATION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN MAIZE COLLECTED FROM

FARMS IN PLATEAU STATE.

I.E.Udom1,3, E.T. Obishakin2, Z.S.C.Okoye3 1Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research

Institute, Vom, 2Biotechnology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 3Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Jos.

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays) is known for its high yield potential, a high content of nutrients and therefore plays a

significant role in animal and human nutrition. It accounts for 30% of global grain production, yet it is

attacked by various pathogens among which is the Fusarium species. In order to assess the risk potential

of Fusarium species in Plateau State, a total of 95 visibly mouldy maize samples were randomly collected

from farms in different districts of Jos South, Bassa and Riyom Local Government Areas of Plateau

State. Following isolation on potato dextrose agar (PDA), morphological, microscopic and species

specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) identification of the maize-derived species were carried out.

Forty three (43) samples were positive for Fusarium species by morphological and microscopic

examinations. The samples were further tested using four Fusarium species specific primers (Fusarium

verticillioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearium and Fusarium subglutinans). 31 (72.1%)

isolates were positive for Fusarium verticillioides, 19 (44.2%) were positive for Fusarium oxysporum,

11 (25.6%) were positive for Fusarium graminearium and 3 (7.0%) were positive for Fusarium

subglutinans. Most of the species were mixed. We hereby confirm and conclude that Fusarium species

affect maize in Plateau State and that these four species are among the species affecting maize farms.

Further work will be needed to test for other Fusarium species.

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A007 FUNGI AND AFLATOXIN B1 OF FRESH, PROCESSED GROUNDNUTS AND GROUNDNUT

CAKE

Isaac Maikasuwa OGARA1*, Victor Olawale ADEDAYO1, Eunice Asheobin ADGIDZI2,

Kingsley Omogiade IDAHOR3 Maikano Mohammed ARI3 1 Department of Agronomy, 2 Department of Home science 3 Department of Animal science,

Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University, Shabu- Lafia campus, Nasarawa State,

Nigeria. *Corresponding author; email: isaacjanet2002@yahoo.com

Abstract

A study was carried out to determine the moisture content, associated fungi and aflatoxin B1 of fresh,

hand shelled, machine shelled groundnut and groundnut cake “Kulikuli”. A total of 36 samples, three

250g samples for each of these were collected from three sellers in Nasarawa Eggon, Lafia, and Agyagu

in Nasarawa state for the study. Moisture content was determined by drying in an oven to constant dry

weight at 105 0C overnight. Fungi were isolated by culturing using the blotter method and subculturing

unto potato dextrose agar (PDA), and identified based on colonial and morphological characteristics. The

results showed moisture content of fresh groundnut ranged from 32-44% with mean of 36.67%, hand

shelled groundnut ranged from 10-12% with mean of 10.67%, and that of machine shelled groundnut

ranged from 6-8% with mean of 7.33%. Aspergillus flavus, A. tamarii, A. niger, Cercospora personata

and C. Arachidicola were isolated. At 70% frequency of isolation, A. flavus had a significantly (P≤0.001)

higher occurrence than the others. Aflatoxin B1 was lowest in freshly harvested groundnuts, 19.63µg/kg

and the only one within any existing regulatory limit; and highest in machine shelled groundnut at 338.33

µg/kg. The aflatoxin B1 content of these basic food and feed commodities should be a concern for health

and further studies.

A008 CHARACTERIZATION OF STATISTICALLY AND LABORATORY PRODUCED

CELLULASE FROM Aspergillus niger FOR SOURSOP (Annona muricata Linn) JUICE

CLARIFICATION PROCESS

*1Ajayi, A.A., 2Ileladewa, A. A., 3Bishop, S.A. 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University,

Ota, Nigeria, 2Department of Computer and Information Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul

Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia, 3 Department of Mathematics, College of Science and

Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: adesola.ajayi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Abstract

Soursop (Annona muricata Linn) fruit and other parts of the tree are considered to be underutilized with

information on the composition, nutritional value, medicinal uses, and toxicology of the soursop fruit

and plan limited and scattered. This fruit is considered to be a functional product of great benefit to

humans as it contains several groups of substances that have anti-cancer and antioxidant properties that

are useful in disease risk reduction. Cellulase produced by A. niger was therefore characterized,

optimized and employed for clarification of soursop juice using the Placket-Burman design which was

used statistically for screening and selection of critical variables followed by the central composite design

(CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) which provided important information on the optimum

level of each variable, their interaction with other variables and their effect on product yield. The result

of this investigation revealed that Aspergillus niger secreted cellulase on basal salt medium after seven

days of incubation at 25oC. The optimum condition for the cellulase by A. niger has been determined as

0.8mg/ml, 35oC and pH 3.0 for substrate concentration, temperature and pH respectively. Cellulase

treatment of the soursop juice revealed reduced turbidity and an improvement of the release of reducing

sugars and juice yield.

Keywords: Soursop; Cellulase; Aspergillus niger; Juice Clarification

14

A009

QUELLING; AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF SILENCING MYCOTOXIN PRODUCING GENES

Rebecca Oziohu Omosimua1, Benjamin Thoha Thomas2, Adebayo Ogunkanmi2, Paul Chidozie

Onyenekwe1

1. Biotechnology Advanced Research Center, Sheda Science and technology Complex 2. Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by certain microfungi capable of causing disease in both human

and animals; there is also a concern of increased exposure to higher levels of mycotoxins in animal and

human due to changes in climatic conditions. An ideal strategy that can be used to control these fungi

toxins is to identify those genes that are essential for producing them and target specific silencing of such

genes, this is known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNA interference (RNAi) - mediated gene silencing

also known as quelling has been explored as an effective means of controlling mycotoxin contamination

of food and agricultural crops with great success. RNAi is a very powerful genomic tool that can silence

any gene of interest, it is achieved by introducing dsRNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) containing

the target sequence into an organism. Once the cell encounters the presence of theses dsRNA, it is cleaved

into discrete 21 to 25 nucleotide RNA fragments (siRNA) by Dicers. These siRNAs form part of a multi-

nuclease complex known as RNA induced silencing complex (RISC), where siRNA strands get separated

and selectively sense siRNA is degraded, retaining the antisense RNA strand. The activated RISC and

guide siRNA strand can recognize the homologous target mRNA and degrade it, and as a result, the

corresponding protein is not formed. In order to maintain a desired level of food safety in some commonly

cultivated crops, molecular approaches has been used to control of mycotoxin production.

MYCOTOXINS AND FOOD SECURITY

B001

OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN IN Cyperus esculentus (TIGER NUT) SOLD AND

CONSUMED RAW IN KADUNA

*1Shamsuddeen U., and 2Aminu H. A. 1Department of Microbiology Bayero University, Kano Nigeria.

2Department of Chemistry Kaduna State University, Kaduna Nigeria.

*ushamsudeen.bio@buk.edu.ng, 08099478490

Abstract

Twenty (20) samples of tiger nut collected from different food stuff markets in Kaduna were subjected

to mycological analysis to determine the fungal load and to isolate the aflatoxin producing organisms

and to analyze for aflatoxin presence using thin layer chromatography (TLC), enzyme linked

immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The

result of the mycological analysis showed that the samples had an average fungal load of 1.8 X 103cfug-

1 and the aflatoxin producing fungi isolated were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and

Aspergillus nomius. The TLC result showed that two of the samples analysed yielded blue fluorescence

spots on the plate. The ELISA result showed that seven samples contained aflatoxin with concentration

varying from 0.2µg/kg to 23.0µg/kg. The result is then confirmed by the detection of the functional

groups , C=O, C-O, and C-H which are found in the structure of aflatoxin using FTIR.

Key words: Occurrence, Aflatoxin, Tiger nuts, ELISA, FTIR

15

B002

RISK ASSESSMENT OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN ANIMAL FEED WITHIN MINNA NIGERIA 1,2*Apeh Daniel Ojochenemi., 1Muhammad Hadiza Kudu, 1Mohammad Haruna Garba,

1Muhammad Hadiza Lami, 1Salubuyi Susan Bekosai, 1John Sunday Toba, 1Nkechi Olua, 1Mamman Fauziyat, 1Hussaini Anthony Makun

1Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria 2Salem University Lokoja, Nigeria *

danapeh@salemuniversity.edu.ng; +2347033395643

Abstract

Sixty samples of animal feed and feed ingredients from Minna were analyzed for aflatoxin B1, the

samples which were obtained from cattle, poultry and fish farms include bean chaff, bone meal, cassava

peel, corn grain, cotton seed, groundnut cake, blended maize, palm kernel cake, silage, soya bean meal,

wheat offal, guinea corn chaff, compounded feeds for fishes, poultry (layers, growers, finishers), calves

and diary cattles. Samples from the cattle farms had the highest mean concentrations of AFB1 140.829

(1.653-455.230) µg/Kg above the poultry feed; 121.731 (31.781-460.247) µg/Kg and fish feed samples;

96.069 (0.00-426.624) µg/Kg respectively. Taking mean values, findings reveals that animals in all the

visited farms are exposed to unwholesome levels of AFB1. This is of public health concern, because

aside from the deleterious effects of AFB1 on the various animal species, carryover of toxins from

animals to human has been established. This places a call to effective policy implementation in Nigeria.

Key Word: Aflatoxin B1, Poultry feed, Cattle feed, Fish feed, Minna

B003

PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE MYCOTOXINS AND OTHER FUNGAL METABOLITES IN

SESAME AND SOYABEAN GRAINS IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY, ABUJA,

NIGERIA

Fapohunda, S.O.a*. Anjorin, S.Tb., Sulyok, Mc, Negedu, Ad. Ogara, Ie. Abdulazeez, Kf. and R.

Krskac aDepartment of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State,

Nigeria, b Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Abuja, Nigeria. c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of

Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstr, 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria. d Food and Beverages Division, Agriculture and Agro-Allied Department, RMRDC, Garki,

Abuja, Nigeria, e Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Nasarawa State University

(Lafia campus) Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. f Abuja Security and Commodity Exchange

(ASCE) Laboratory, Kumasi House, Central Area, Abuja, Nigeria.

Abstract

The spectrum of microbial metabolites was evaluated by liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization

tandem mass spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) in 24 sesame (benniseed) and 23 soyabeans samples,

collected from farmers’ store in six zones of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 56

fungal toxins metabolites and one bacterial metabolite – monactin, were detected in the sesame while 41

fungal metabolites only were detected in the sampled soyabeans. Nine regulated mycotoxins including

aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), Fumonisin B1(FB1) were detected in both sesame and

soyabean samples. In the sesame, Deoxynivalenol had the highest mean concentrations of 80.6 µg kg-

1 but this was below detectable level in the soyabean samples. This maximum DON load was below EU

maximum limits for DON in foodstuff grains and feeds (200 µg kg-1). In the soyabean samples,

Ochratoxin A (OTA) had the highest level of 23.1 µg kg-1 but was below detectable level in the sesame.

The OTA load was above the Codex Alimentarius Standard, with a tolerable level of 5 μg/kg.

Metabolites such as emodin (EMOD) and beauvericin (BEAU) were widespread in sesame seeds from

all the six zones, while tryptophol (TRYP) and brevianamid F (BVD-F) were prevalent in the soyabeans

from all the 6 zones in the territory. This is the first report of naturally occurring emerging and non-

regulated fungal metabolites in sesame and soyabeans from the FCT, Abuja Nigeria. The outcome of this

study can serve as basis for reliable determination of mycotoxin risk assessment in the two crops from

the area.

Key words: FCT-Abuja, LC-MS/MS, non-regulated, regulated mycotoxins, sesame, soyabean

16

B004

EVALUATION OF AFLATOXIN M1 CONTAMINATION OF FRESH MILK

MARKETED IN SOKOTO STATE, NIGERIA

*Salau, I. A1. and Shehu, K2. *1Department of Biology, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto Nigeria

2Department of Biological sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Nigeria *Corresponding address: Ibrahim A. Salau Department of Biology, SSCOE, Sokoto

ibrahimasalau@gmail.com, +234(0)8053569551

Abstract Evaluation of Aflatoxins contamination of fresh milk was carried out in three (3) Agricultural zones of

Sokoto state. A total of sixty three (63) samples of fresh milk, were evaluated for the presence of

Aflatoxin M1 using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The Aflatoxin M1 was detected

in 65.1%, concentration ranged between 0.02 to 2.51μg/l and mean was 0.52μg/l. The higher incidence

was found in Isa and Tambuwal with 71.4% each, and high levels of concentration were found in Isa

zone (0.03 - 2.51), followed by Tambuwal zone (0.11 – 2.40) and Sokoto zone (0.02 – 2.00). Out of the

total samples analysed, 33.3% contained levels above the Nigerian limit (0.5 μg/l) Approved by the

NAFDAC for AFM1, while 47.6% of the samples had AFM1 concentrations above the European Union

(EU) maximum tolerance level of 0.05μg/l. There were significant differences (P≥0.05) in the mean

values of Aflatoxin in the samples from different zones. The detection of Aflatoxin in the fresh milk

samples could be of public health significance and hence there is an urgent need for concerned regulatory

bodies to impose necessary measures to safeguard health of the peoples.

Key words: - Aflatoxin M1, HPLC, Fresh milk, Contamination and Incidence

B005

ORGANOCHLORINE PESTCIDE RESIDUES IN DRIED BEANS (Vigna unguiculata) FROM

NIGERIA.

Isegbe V1*, Habib, M.A2, Obaje, J3, Ekoro, S4, Solomon S5 1,2,3,4,5 Nigeria Agricultural Quarantine Service, Headquarters, Abuja

Abstract

Organochlorine pesticide residues constitute major threat to human health and enviroment. A nationwide

smpling of dried beans for organochlorine pesticide residues was caried out in some markets in Kano,

Lagos and Abuja in December 2015. Each dried beans sample was subjected to organochlorine pesticide

residue analysis using EPA method 8081B. The study revealed the presence of Endrin-aldehyde, a-

chlordane, endrine keto, Heptachlor epoxide, Endosulfan I and d-BHC in the sampled dried beans. These

results therefore, provided baseline information on contamination level of organochlorine pesticides

residues in dried beans originating from Nigeria with a view to controlling them.

Keyword: pesticides, organochlorine, beans

B006

ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTCIDE RESIDUES IN DRIED BEANS (Vigna unguiculata) FROM

NIGERIA.

Isegbe V1*, Habib, M.A2, Obaje, J3, Ekoro, S4, Solomon S5 1,2,3,4,5 Nigeria Agricultural Quarantine Service, Headquarters, Abuja

Abstract

Pesticide residue is a major contaminant on dried beans originating from Nigeria in recent time. Five

containers of dried brown beans repartriated from an EU country to Nigeria owing to the suspension

placed on beans originating from Nigeria were randomly sampled. One hundred and twenty-five

kilogram (125 kg= 5bags) of beans was taken from each container at Apapa sea port. Beans from each

bag were poured on polythene bag spread on the ground, mixed thoroughly by hands. Four samples were

taken from each bag; each weighed two (2) kg from the mixed bulk sample. Each sample (Total 22

samples) was stored in a polythene bag, carefully labeled and taken to chemical laboratories, Lagos for

pesticide residues analysis. The results revealed high level of cypemethrine mg/kg, Dichlorvos mg/kg,

Dimethoate mg/kg, Chlorpyrifo mg/kg and Diazinon mg/kg in many samples (table 1). Dichlorvos

contained between 0.024 mg per kilogramme to 0.381mg/kg, as against the acceptable maximum residue

limit of 0.01mg/kg. This study therefore, was to provide baseline information on contamination level of

pesticides residues in dried beans originating from Nigeria with a view to controlling them from farm to

the table.

Keywords: pesticides, organophosphate, dichlorvos

17

B007 EVALUATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW AND

FERMENTED MILK OF CATTLE IN KADUNA, NIGERIA

*Joshua, Z 1., Kwanashie, C. N 2. and Majiyagbe, K. A. 2

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello

University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Corresponding author: E-mail: zmailsj@yahoo.com

Abstract

Aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus produce a toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic compound,

aflatoxin B1. Its metabolite aflatoxin M1 found primarily in milk as a result of hydroxylation is

relatively stable in raw and processed milk products and withstand pasteurization temperature.

This study was carried out to evaluate and document aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw and

fermented milk. The analysis involved the use of competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent

Assay (cELISA) with the skimmed portion of the milk as test sample. Four hundred milk

samples (100 fresh and 300 fermented) comprising from Kachia, Saminaka, Zaria and Sabon

gari local governments were assayed using competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

(cELISA). Of the 100 pooled fresh milk samples, 100% gave varying degrees of aflatoxin

contamination from 1225 ppt being the highest figure to 575 ppt the lowest figure. All the

samples had AFM1 above the USA regulation limit (500 ppt). While of the 300 pooled fermented

milk samples, 100% also showed varying degrees of aflatoxin contamination with 2050 ppt

being the highest figure and 400 ppt the lowest figure. Out of this, 96.6% had aflatoxin

contamination above the USA regulation limit. In conclusion, it is very important to establish,

enforce and monitor the Nigerian aflatoxin M1 regulatory limit, ensure proper storage of food

stuff and inclusion of mycotoxin binders in the animal feed.

Key words: Evaluation, Aflatoxin M1, Milk,

C001

PROXIMATE COMPOSITION COMPARISON AMONG THREE DIFFERENT CULTIVAR

OF SWEET PEPPER FRUITS (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

Wada Nuraddeen1, Shehu K2 and Yusuf Murtala3

1&3 Department of Biological Sciences, Al-Qalam University, Katsina 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto

wadanuraddeen@gmail.com 08034487386

Abstract

Fruits of three local varieties (Shambo, Dan-Kano and Dan-Katsina) of Sweet pepper (Caspicum annum

L.) were assessed for microbiological quality and nutritional composition, using standard procedures

involving dilution plate technique at the Mycology Laboratory of Usmanu Danfodiyo University,

Sokoto.Proximate composition of both infected and non-infected samples indicated that : non-infected

Shambo had the highest crude protein (15.02±0.06) and Dan-Katsina recorded the lowest with

(4.76±0.08), Dan-Kano recorded the highest carbohydrate (91.74±0.27), the highest lipid content was

recorded from infected Dan-Kano with (2.17±0.17) and the highest ash content was recorded from

infected Shambo at (5.17±0.17) it has been revealed from the study above, that there was a high level of

postharvested microbial damages on sweet pepper. The identified damages may be due to: physiological,

pathological and mechanical causes.

Key Words: Capsicum annuum, Proximate, Microbial, Fruits and Quality

18

C002

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ANTIFUNGALS ON FUNGI ISOLATED FROM

DIFFERENT SACHET WATER SOLD WITHIN SOKOTO METROPOLIS

*Usman A. A and Mustapha A.

1. Department of Microbiology,Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto

*Corresponding author’s e-mail:abdulusm4real@gmail.com

Abstract

This study was done to determine the antifungal activity of some antibiotics on Fungi associated with

pure sachet water samples. Ten (10) different brands of sachet pure water were purchased and analysed

for fungi in the mycology section of Microbiology Laboratory Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.

The sachet water were each serially diluted and inoculated in plates containing Saburaud Dextrose Agar

(SDA). The plates were incubated and observed for 5-14 days in the incubating room after which the

colonial characteristics were noted. The mean fungal colony count obtained ranges from 1.0 x 103cfu/ml

– 1.0 x 104cfu/ml. Pure culture of the different colonies were isolated and later identified using the slide

identification technique. The fungi isolated includes Aspergillus spp (89.81%), Fusarium spp (2.56%),

Trichophyton spp (2.56%), Rhizopus spp (2.56%), Saccahromyces spp(2.56%) respectively. Each of the

fungi isolates were tested against Itraconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole and Fluconazole

respectively. However, Aspergillus niger which is the most prevalent showed resistance to Fluconazole

but was susceptible to Itraconaole, Clotrimazole and Ketoconazole. Ketoconazole was highly active

against all the fungi isolates because none showed resistance. The presence of these fungi might be a

result of improper handling, and unsanitary conditions of the equipment. However, Ketoconazole showed

good activity against the fungi.

key words: Antifungals, Prevalency, Isolates

C003

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ACALYPHA WILKESIANA

Abdulsalami, H1., Umar, M.B2 and Adeniyi, K.A1

Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.

Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Abstract

The antimicrobial activity of methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana was examined using agar well

diffusion and tube dilution method. The methanol leaf extract exhibited broad growth inhibition against

Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The

zone of inhibition increases with the increase in concentration of the methanol extract of the leaf. The

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol leaf extract ranged from 2.5mg/ml to 5mg/ml

while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/ minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the

methanol leaf extract was at 10mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the

presence of saponins, alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones, triterpenoids and tannins. The result obtained

suggested that the leaf possess bioactive compounds that are responsible for antimicrobial activity, which

can be used for the development of therapeutic agents used for the treatment of ailments associated with

the test organisms.

Key words: Antimicrobial, Methanol, Bioactive, Therapeutic, Ailments

1