Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8.1.
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Transcript of 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
11Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
2
Technology in Action
Technology in Focus:
The History of the PC
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3
Altair 8800• The first microcomputer• Sold as a kit• Switches for input• Lights for output• Bill Gates and Paul Allen
created a compiler for BASIC
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4
Apple I and Apple II
• Apple I built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, followed by Apple II in 1977
• Used Motorola processor
• First fully contained microcomputer
• Highly successfulCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
5
Early Competitors
• Commodore PET 2001
• Radio Shack’s TRS-80
• The Osborne
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6
IBM PC
• IBM entered the small-computer market in 1981
• Used open architecture• Purchased operating system from
Microsoft• Used the Intel microprocessor
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7
Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)
• Revolutionized software industry
• Easily learned by beginners• Key PC language • Used by Gates and Allen to
write the program for Altair• Led to the creation of
MicrosoftCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8
Advent of Operating Systems• Steve Wozniak invented the floppy
drive • Disk Operating System (DOS):
Operating system that controlled the first Apples
• Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCs
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9
Advent of Operating Systems• MS-DOS
– Operating system for IBM PCs– Based on an operating system called
Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS)
– Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen– All PCs using the Intel chip used
MS-DOS
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10
Software Application Explosion
• Electronic spreadsheets– VisiCalc– Lotus 1-2-3 – Microsoft Excel
• Word processing– WordStar– Word for MS-DOS– WordPerfect
VisiCalc
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11
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Xerox – Alto: 1972– Introduced the What
You See Is What You Get principle (WYSIWYG)
• Apple– Lisa: 1983– Macintosh: 1984
Xerox Alto
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Macintosh
12
The Internet Boom
• Mosaic: 1993• Netscape: 1994• Internet Explorer: 1995
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13
Early Computer History
• Pascalene, 1642– The first accurate mechanical
calculator– Created by Blaise Pascal– Used to add, subtract, multiply,
and divide• Jacquard Loom, 1820
– Created by Joseph Jacquard– Automated the weaving of
complex patterns– Used holes punched in cards
to automate the process
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14
Early Computer History
• Hollerith Tabulating Machine, 1890– Created by Herman Hollerith– Used punch cards to tabulate census data– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine
Company, which later became IBM
• Analytical Engine, 1834– Created by Charles Babbage,
the father of computing– The first automatic calculator– Included components similar to
those found in today's computers
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15
Early Computer History• Atanasoff-Berry
Computer, 1939– Created by John Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry– The first electrically
powered digital computer– Used vacuum tubes to
store data– First computer to use the
binary system
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
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• Z1, 1936– Created by Konrad Zuse– A mechanical calculator– Included a control unit and
separate memory functions
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Early Computer History • Harvard Mark I, 1944
– Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper
– Used by the U.S. Navy for ballistics calculations
– Hopper’s greatest contributions to computing were• Invention of the compiler• Coining the term “computer
bug”
1st use of “computer bug”
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• Turing Machine, 1936– Created by Alan Turing– Hypothetical model; defined a mechanical procedure– Concept of an infinite tape that could be read, written
to, and erased was precursor to today’s RAM
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Early Computer History• ENIAC, 1944
– Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
– First successful high-speed electronic digital computer
• UNIVAC, 1951– First commercially successful
electronic digital computer– Used magnetic tape
ENIAC
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18
Early Computer History
• Transistors, 1945– Invented at Bell Laboratories– Replaced vacuum tubes
• Integrated circuits, 1958– Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments– Small chip containing thousands of transistors– Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter
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19
Early Computer History
• Microprocessor chip, 1971– Created by Intel Corporation– Small chip containing millions of transistors– Functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
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20
Transistors and Beyond
• First-generation computers (1946–1958)– ENIAC and UNIVAC– Used vacuum tubes to store data
• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)– Used transistors to store data
• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)– Used integrated circuits
• Fourth-generation computers (1971–today)– Use a microprocessor chip
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
• Chapter 1Technology in Focus 21
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall