11-1. 11-2 REPORTING AND ANALYZING STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY Accounting, Fourth Edition 11.

11-2

REPORTING AND ANALYZING

STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY

Accounting, Fourth Edition

11

11-3

1. Identify and discuss the major characteristics of a corporation.

2. Record the issuance of common stock.

3. Explain the accounting for the purchase of treasury stock.

4. Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.

5. Prepare the entries for cash dividends and understand the

effect of stock dividends and stock splits.

6. Identify the items that affect retained earnings.

7. Prepare a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.

8. Evaluate a corporation’s dividend and earnings performance

from a stockholder’s perspective.

Study ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy Objectives

11-4

Authorized stock

Issuance

Par and no-par value

Accounting for common stock issues

The The Corporate Corporate Form of Form of

OrganizationOrganization

The The Corporate Corporate Form of Form of

OrganizationOrganization

Characteristics

Formation

Stockholder rights

Purchase of treasury stock

Dividend preferences

Liquidation preference

Stock Issue Stock Issue ConsiderationsConsiderations

Stock Issue Stock Issue ConsiderationsConsiderations

Accounting Accounting for Treasury for Treasury

StockStock

Accounting Accounting for Treasury for Treasury

StockStock

Preferred Preferred StockStock

Preferred Preferred StockStock

Dividends Dividends and Retained and Retained

EarningsEarnings

Dividends Dividends and Retained and Retained

EarningsEarnings

Cash dividends

Stock dividends

Stock splits

Retained earnings restrictions

Financial Financial Statement Statement

Presentation Presentation and Corporate and Corporate PerformancePerformance

Financial Financial Statement Statement

Presentation Presentation and Corporate and Corporate PerformancePerformance

Balance sheet

Statement of cash flows

Dividend record

Earnings performance

Debt vs. equity decision

Reporting and Analyzing Stockholders’ EquityReporting and Analyzing Stockholders’ EquityReporting and Analyzing Stockholders’ EquityReporting and Analyzing Stockholders’ Equity

11-5

An entity separate and distinct from its owners.

The Corporate Form of OrganizationThe Corporate Form of OrganizationThe Corporate Form of OrganizationThe Corporate Form of Organization

Classified by Purpose

Not-for-Profit

For Profit

Classified by Ownership

Publicly held

Privately held

► Nike► General Motors► IBM► General Electric

► Salvation Army► American Cancer

Society► Gates Foundation

► Cargill Inc.

11-6

Separate Legal Existence

Limited Liability of Stockholders

Transferable Ownership Rights

Ability to Acquire Capital

Continuous Life

Corporate Management

Government Regulations

Additional Taxes

Characteristics of a Corporation

Advantages

Disadvantages


SO 1 Identify and discuss the major characteristics of a corporation.SO 1 Identify and discuss the major characteristics of a corporation.

11-7





Continuous Life



Additional Taxes

Corporation acts under its own name rather than in the name of its stockholders.




11-8

Limited to their investment.







Continuous Life



Additional Taxes


11-9

Shareholders may sell their stock.







Continuous Life



Additional Taxes


11-10

Corporation can obtain capital through the issuance of stock.







Continuous Life



Additional Taxes


11-11

Continuance as a going concern is not affected by the withdrawal, death, or incapacity of a stockholder, employee, or officer.







Continuous Life



Additional Taxes


11-12







Continuous Life



Additional Taxes


Separation of ownership and management prevents owners from having an active role in managing the company.

11-13 SO 1 Identify and discuss the major characteristics of a corporation.SO 1 Identify and discuss the major characteristics of a corporation.






Continuous Life



Additional Taxes


11-14





Continuous Life



Additional Taxes




Corporations pay income taxes as

a separate legal entity and

stockholders pay taxes on cash dividends.

11-15

Stockholders

Chairman and Board of Directors

President andChief Executive

Officer

General Counsel and

Secretary

Vice PresidentMarketing

Vice PresidentFinance/Chief

Financial Officer

Vice PresidentOperations

Vice PresidentHuman

Resources

Treasurer Controller

Illustration 11-1 Corporation organization chart



11-17

Other Forms of Business Organization

Limited partnerships

Limited liability partnerships (LLPs)

Limited liability companies (LLCs)

S Corporation

► no double taxation

► cannot have more than 75 shareholders




11-18

Forming a Corporation

File application with the Secretary of State.

State grants charter.

Corporation develops by-laws.

Initial Steps:

Companies generally incorporate in a state whose laws are

favorable to the corporate form of business (Delaware, New Jersey).

Corporations engaged in interstate commerce must obtain a license

from each state in which they do business.



11-19

1. Vote in election of board of

directors and on actions that

require stockholder approval.

Stockholders Rights

2. Share the corporate earnings

through receipt of dividends.

Illustration 11-3



11-20

3. Keep the same percentage ownership when new shares of stock are issued (preemptive right).

Illustration 11-3


Stockholders Rights


11-21

4. Share in assets upon liquidation in proportion to their holdings. This is called a residual claim.

Illustration 11-3


Stockholders Rights


11-22

Stock Issue ConsiderationsStock Issue ConsiderationsStock Issue ConsiderationsStock Issue Considerations

Charter indicates the amount of stock that a

corporation is authorized to sell.

Number of authorized shares is often reported in the

stockholders’ equity section.

Authorized Stock


11-23


Name of corporation

Stockholder’s name

Shares

Signature of corporate official

Prenumbered Illustration 11-4


11-24


Corporation can issue common stock

► directly to investors or

► indirectly through an investment banking firm.

U.S. securities exchanges

► New York Stock Exchange

► American Stock Exchange

► 13 regional exchanges

► NASDAQ national market

Issuance of Stock


11-26


Capital stock that has been assigned a value per share.

Years ago, par value determined the legal capital per

share that a company must retain in the business for the

protection of corporate creditors.

Today many states do not require a par value.

No-par value stock is quite common today.

In many states the board of directors assigns a stated

value to no-par shares.

Par and No-Par Value Stocks


11-27


Review Question


Which of these statements is false?

a. Ownership of common stock gives the owner a voting right.

b. The stockholders’ equity section begins with paid-in capital.

c. The authorization of capital stock does not result in a formal accounting entry.

d. Legal capital is intended to protect stockholders.

11-28

Paid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in CapitalPaid-in Capital

Retained EarningsRetained EarningsAccountAccount


Paid-in Capital in Paid-in Capital in Excess of ParExcess of Par

AccountAccount


AccountAccount

Two Primary Sources of

Equity

Common StockCommon StockAccountAccount


Preferred StockPreferred StockAccountAccount


Paid-in capital is the total amount of cash and other assets paid in

to the corporation by stockholders in exchange for capital stock.

SO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.SO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.


11-29





Equity





Retained earnings is net income that a corporation retains for

future use.




AccountAccount


AccountAccount

11-30

Primary objectives:

1) Identify the specific sources of paid-in capital.

2) Maintain the distinction between paid-in capital and

retained earnings.


Other than consideration received, the issuance of common stock affects only paid-in capital accounts.


Accounting for Common Stock Issues

11-31

Illustration: Assume that Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 1,000

shares of $1 par value common stock at par. Prepare the

journal entry.

Cash 1,000

Common stock (1,000 x $1) 1,000




11-32

Cash 5,000

Common stock (1,000 x $1) 1,000

Paid-in capital in excess of par value 4,000




Illustration: Now assume Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues an

additional 1,000 shares of the $1 par value common stock for

cash at $5 per share. Prepare Hydro-Slide’s journal entry.

11-33 SO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.SO 2 Record the issuance of common stock.

Illustration 11-5


Stockholders’ equity section assuming Hydro-Slide, Inc.

has retained earnings of $27,000.

11-34

ABC Corp. issues 1,000 shares of $10 par value common stock at $12 per share. When the transaction is recorded, credits are made to:

a. Common Stock $10,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value $2,000.

b. Common Stock $12,000.

c. Common Stock $10,000 and Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value $2,000.

d. Common Stock $10,000 and Retained Earnings $2,000.


Review Question


11-36





AccountAccount


AccountAccount

Less:Less:Treasury StockTreasury Stock

Account

Less:Less:Treasury StockTreasury Stock

Account


Equity





Accounting for Treasury StockAccounting for Treasury StockAccounting for Treasury StockAccounting for Treasury Stock

SO 3 Explain the accounting for the purchase of treasury stock.SO 3 Explain the accounting for the purchase of treasury stock.

11-37

Treasury stock - corporation’s own stock that it has reacquired from shareholders, but not retired.

Corporations purchase their outstanding stock:

1. To reissue shares to officers and employees under bonus and stock compensation plans.

2. To increase trading of the company’s stock in the securities market.

3. To have additional shares available for use in acquiring other companies.

4. To increase earnings per share.

Another infrequent reason is to eliminate hostile shareholders.



11-38

Purchase of Treasury Stock

Generally accounted for by the cost method.

Debit Treasury Stock for the price paid.

Treasury stock is a contra stockholders’ equity

account, not an asset.

Purchase of treasury stock reduces stockholders’

equity.



11-39

Treasury stock (4,000 x $8) 32,000

Cash

32,000

Illustration: On February 1, 2012, Mead acquires 4,000 shares of its stock at $8 per share. Prepare the entry.


Illustration 11-6


11-40


Stockholders’ Equity with Treasury stock

Both the number of shares issued (100,000), outstanding (96,000), and

the number of shares held as treasury (4,000) are disclosed.

Illustration 11-7


11-41



Review Question

Treasury stock may be repurchased:

a. to reissue the shares to officers and employees under bonus and stock compensation plans.

b. to signal to the stock market that management believes the stock is underpriced.

c. to have additional shares available for use in the acquisition of other companies.

d. more than one of the above.

11-42

Features often associated with preferred stock.

Preference as to dividends.

Preference as to assets in liquidation.

Nonvoting.

SO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.

Preferred StockPreferred StockPreferred StockPreferred Stock

Each paid-in capital account title should identify the stock

to which it relates:

Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value—Preferred Stock

Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value—Common Stock

11-43

Illustration: Stine Corporation issues 10,000 shares of

$10 par value preferred stock for $12 cash per share.

Journalize the issuance of the preferred stock.



Cash 120,000

Preferred stock (10,000 x $10)

100,000Paid-in capital in excess of par –

Preferred stock

20,000Preferred stock may have a par value or no-par value.

11-44 SO 4 Differentiate preferred stock from common stock.


Right to receive dividends before common

stockholders.

Per share dividend amount is stated as a percentage

of the preferred stock’s par value or as a specified

amount.

Cumulative dividend – holders of preferred stock must

be paid their annual dividend plus any dividends in

arrears before common stockholders receive dividends.

Dividend Preferences

11-45

Preference on corporate assets if the corporation fails.

Preference may be

► for the par value of the shares or

► for a specified liquidating value.



Liquidation Preference

11-46

Review Question



M-Bot Corporation has 10,000 shares of 8%, $100 par value, cumulative preferred stock outstanding at December 31, 2010. No dividends were declared in 2008 or 2009. If M-Bot wants to pay $375,000 of dividends in 2010, common stockholders will receive:

a. $0.

b. $295,000.

c. $215,000.

d. $135,000.

11-47

A distribution of cash or stock to stockholders on a pro rata (proportional to ownership) basis.

Types of Dividends:

DividendsDividendsDividendsDividends

SO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and understand the SO 5 Prepare the entries for cash dividends and understand the effect of stock dividends and stock splits.effect of stock dividends and stock splits.

1. Cash dividends.

2. Property dividends.

Dividends expressed: (1) as a percentage of the par or stated value, or (2) as a dollar amount per share.

3. Stock dividends.

4. Scrip (promissory note)

11-48

Cash Dividends

For a corporation to pay a cash dividend, it must have:

1. Retained earnings - Payment of cash dividends

from retained earnings is legal in all states.

2. Adequate cash.

3. Declaration by the Board of Directors.



11-49

Dividends require information concerning three dates:



11-50

Illustration: On Dec. 1, the directors of Media General declare a 50¢ per share cash dividend on 100,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The dividend is payable on Jan. 20 to shareholders of record on Dec. 22:

December 1 (Declaration Date)

Cash dividends 50,000

Dividends payable 50,000

December 22 (Record Date)

January 20 (Payment Date)


Dividends payable 50,000

Cash 50,000

No entry


11-51



Review Question

Entries for cash dividends are required on the:

a. declaration date and the record date.

b. record date and the payment date.

c. declaration date, record date, and payment date.

d. declaration date and the payment date.

11-52

Stock Dividends

Pro rata distribution of the corporation’s own stock.


Results in decrease in retained earnings and increase in paid-in capital.

Illustration 11-10


11-53

Stock Dividends

Reasons why corporations issue stock dividends:

1. Satisfy stockholders’ dividend expectations without

spending cash.

2. Increase the marketability of the corporation’s stock.

3. Emphasize that a portion of stockholders’ equity has

been permanently reinvested in the business.



11-54

Effects of Stock Dividends

Changes the composition of stockholders’ equity.

Total stockholders’ equity remains the same.

No effect on the par or stated value per share.

Increases the number of shares outstanding.



11-55

Illustration: Medland Corp. declares a 10% stock dividend on its $10 par common stock when 50,000 shares were outstanding. The market price was $15 per share.



Illustration 11-9

11-56

Stock Split

Reduces the market value of shares.

No entry recorded for a stock split.

Decrease par value and increase number of

shares.



11-57

Illustration: Assuming that instead of issuing a 10% stock dividend, Medland splits its 50,000 shares of common stock on a 2-for-1 basis.



Illustration 11-11

11-58

Differences between the effects of stock dividends and stock splits.



Illustration 11-12

11-59

Review Question



Which of these statements about stock dividends is true?

a. Stock dividends reduce a company’s cash balance.

b. A stock dividend has no effect on total stockholders’ equity.

c. A stock dividend decreases total stockholders’ equity.

d. A stock dividend ordinarily will increase total stockholders’ equity.

11-60

Retained earnings is net income that a company

retains for use in the business.

Net income increases Retained Earnings and a

net loss decreases Retained Earnings.

Retained earnings is part of the stockholders’

claim on the total assets of the corporation.

A debit balance in Retained Earnings is identified

as a deficit.

Retained EarningsRetained EarningsRetained EarningsRetained Earnings

SO 6 Identify the items that affect retained earnings.SO 6 Identify the items that affect retained earnings.

11-61



Illustration 11-14

11-62

Restrictions can result from:

1. Legal restrictions.

2. Contractual restrictions.

3. Voluntary restrictions.

Retained Earnings Restrictions



11-63

Balance Sheet Presentation

Presentation of Stockholders’ EquityPresentation of Stockholders’ EquityPresentation of Stockholders’ EquityPresentation of Stockholders’ Equity

SO 7 Prepare a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.SO 7 Prepare a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.

Two classifications of paid-in capital:

1. Capital stock

2. Additional paid-in capital

11-64 SO 7 Prepare a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.SO 7 Prepare a comprehensive stockholders’ equity section.

Presentation of Stockholders’ EquityPresentation of Stockholders’ EquityPresentation of Stockholders’ EquityPresentation of Stockholders’ Equity

Balance Sheet Presentation

Illustration 11-16

11-65

Dividend Record

Measuring Corporate PerformanceMeasuring Corporate PerformanceMeasuring Corporate PerformanceMeasuring Corporate Performance

SO 8 Evaluate a corporation’s dividend and earnings SO 8 Evaluate a corporation’s dividend and earnings performance from a stockholder’s perspective.performance from a stockholder’s perspective.

Illustration: The following is the calculation of the payout ratio for Nike in 2009 and 2008.

The payout ratio measures the percentage of earnings a company distributes in the form of cash dividends.

Illustration 11-18Illustration 11-18

11-66



This ratio shows how many dollars of net income a company earned for each dollar of common stockholders’ equity.

Illustration 11-20

Earnings Performance

Illustration: The following is the calculation of Nike’s return on common stockholders’ equity ratios for 2009 and 2008.

11-67

Debt Versus Equity Decision



Illustration 11-21

11-68

Debt Versus Equity Decision



Illustration 11-22

11-69


SO 8SO 8

Illustration: Microsystems Inc. currently has 100,000 shares ofcommon stock outstanding issued at $25 per share and no debt. It is considering two alternatives for raising an additional $5 million: Plan A involves issuing 200,000 shares of common stock at the current market price of $25 per share. Plan B involves issuing $5 million of 12% bonds at face value. Income before interest andtaxes will be $1.5 million; income taxes are expected to be 30%.

Illustration 11-23

11-70

Illustration: Medland Corporation declares a 10% stock dividend on its

50,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The current fair market

value of its stock is $15 per share. Record the entry on the declaration

date:

Retained earnings (50,000 x 10% x $15) 75,000

Common stock dividends distributable 50,000

Paid-in capital in excess of par 25,000

SO 9 Prepare entries for stock dividends.SO 9 Prepare entries for stock dividends.

Illustration 11A-1

appendix 11A Entries for Stock Dividends

11-71

Common stock dividends distributable 50,000

Common stock 50,000

SO 9 Prepare entries for stock dividends.SO 9 Prepare entries for stock dividends.

appendix 11A Entries for Stock Dividends

Illustration: Record the journal entry when Medland issues the

dividend shares.

11-72

Key Points

Under IFRS, the term reserves is used to describe all equity accounts other than those arising from contributed capital. This would include, for example, reserves related to retained earnings, asset revaluations, and fair value differences.

Many countries have a different mix of investor groups than in the United States. For example, in Germany, financial institutions like banks are not only major creditors of corporations but often are the largest corporate stockholders as well. In the United States, Asia, and the United Kingdom, many companies rely on substantial investment from private investors.

11-73

Key Points

There are often terminology differences for equity accounts. The following summarizes some of the common differences in terminology.

11-74

Key Points

The accounting for treasury stock differs somewhat between IFRS and GAAP. (However, many of the differences are beyond the scope of this course.) Like GAAP, IFRS does not allow a company to record gains or losses on purchases of its own shares. One difference worth noting is that, when a company purchases its own shares, IFRS treats it as a reduction of stockholders’ equity, but it does not specify which particular stockholders’ equity accounts are to be affected. Therefore, it could be shown as an increase to a contra equity account (Treasury Stock) or a decrease to retained earnings or share capital. IFRS requires that the number of treasury shares held be disclosed.

11-75

Key Points

A major difference between IFRS and GAAP relates to the account Revaluation Surplus. Revaluation surplus arises under IFRS because companies are permitted to revalue their property, plant, and equipment to fair value under certain circumstances. This account is part of general reserves under IFRS and is not considered contributed capital.

As indicated earlier, the term reserves is used in IFRS to indicate all noncontributed (non–paid-in) capital. Reserves include retained earnings and other comprehensive income items, such as revaluation surplus and unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities.

11-76

Key Points

IFRS often uses terms such as retained profits or accumulated profit or loss to describe retained earnings. The term retained earnings is also often used.

The accounting related to prior period adjustments is essentially the same under IFRS and GAAP.

Equity is given various descriptions under IFRS, such as shareholders’ equity, owners’ equity, capital and reserves, and shareholders’ funds.

11-77

Looking into the Future

The IASB and the FASB are currently working on a project related

to financial statement presentation. An important part of this study

is to determine whether certain line items, subtotals, and totals

should be clearly defined and required to be displayed in the

financial statements. The options of how to present other

comprehensive income under GAAP will change in any converged

standard. Also, the FASB has been working on a standard that will

likely converge to IFRS in the area of hybrid financial instruments,

such as bonds that are convertible to common stock.

11-78

Under IFRS, a purchase by a company of its own shares

is recorded by:

a) an increase in Treasury Stock.

b) a decrease in contributed capital.

c) a decrease in share capital.

d) All of these are acceptable treatments.

11-79

The term reserves is used under IFRS with reference to all

of the following except:

a) gains and losses on revaluation of property, plant,

and equipment.

b) capital received in excess of the par value of issued

shares.

c) retained earnings.

d) fair value differences.

11-80

Under IFRS, the amount of capital received in excess of

par value would be credited to:

a) Retained Earnings.

b) Contributed Capital.

c) Share Premium.

d) Par value is not used under IFRS.

11-81

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11-1. 11-2 REPORTING AND ANALYZING STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY Accounting, Fourth Edition 11.

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Transcript of 11-1. 11-2 REPORTING AND ANALYZING STOCKHOLDER’S EQUITY Accounting, Fourth Edition 11.