10MP CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS

Agriculture Diversification Programme 10MP Mechanics

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10 MALAYSIA PLAN (10MP) CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS

Name of Programme: Agricultural Diversification Programme (ADP)

Section 1 – Background

1 Current Status

1.1 Vegetables

Vegetables are parts of herbaceous plants which form important component of

our daily diet that contributes to our well being. These vegetables supply rich in

protein, fibres, minerals like iron and calcium to our body. They also give us

phytonutrients like carotenoids, vitamins and folic acid. Consumption of fresh

vegetables can help to prevent numerous diseases such as heart disease and

stroke, high blood pressure, cancer, cataract and vision loss.

Currently Sarawak is a net importer of vegetables as our local production does

not meet our State‟s requirement. Sarawak is producing about 20,663.8 metric

ton of leafy vegetables and 22,626.2 metric ton of fruits vegetables annually

(Agriculture Statistics of Sarawak 2009), as against our state‟s requirement of

about 80,000 metric ton. This means that we are only about 50 percent self-

sufficient. By the year 2015, it is expected that the state will achieve 60 percent

self-sufficiency level in fresh vegetables.

In Sarawak, over 40 types of vegetables are planted, comprising leafy

vegetables, fruit vegetables and root vegetables. The main vegetable growing

areas are in the Districts of Kuching, Siburan, Asajaya, Serian, Sarikei, Sibu, Miri,

Bintulu and Limbang. An estimated 962 ha are planted yearly with vegetables.

Sarawak also possesses a range of unique indigenous vegetables, such as

„Terung Mas‟ and miding that can be marketed as niche products locally and

overseas.

The common practices of vegetables growing in the state are characterized by

scattered smallholders using traditional farming methods which result in low

production, unstable supply and doubtful quality and safety. Most vegetable

farms are small, usually less than 0.5 ha in size, except for few entrepreneur

farmers in the periurban areas who planted between 2 and 10 ha of vegetables

under net house.

In 2009, the State importation of vegetables was valued at RM164,159,791 while

its export value was only RM 2,003,258. The main imports are onion, shallot,

fresh & chilled vegetables, dried chili, mushroom, carrot and potato.


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1.2 Field Crops

An estimated 2,500 ha are planted yearly with field crops, mostly under maize

(including sweet corn, baby corn, and grain corn) and tapioca. Other field crops

include taro, sweet potato, tapioca, ground nut and sugar cane. Maize planting

is mainly for sweet corn and baby corn.

Field crops are generally planted as an off-season crop in wet paddy areas or as

an intercrop in hill paddy farms. Production is smallholder-based and targeted

at the local fresh markets.

Tapioca sweet type and taro are for food processing.

The single major import of field crops is potato which in 2009 amounted to

7,807 metric ton with a value of RM22,138,709. This is followed by groundnut

and its products (RM6,631,339), and sweet corn (RM2,409,922).

1.3 Perennial Crops

Perennial crops consist of coffee, sugarcane, roselle, etc. The estimated area

planted under coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 216 hectares and 269 hectares

respectively. The estimated production of coffee and sugar cane in 2009 was 38

and 3,982 metric tons.

The main coffee growing areas are Simunjan (76.5 ha) and Marudi (67.4 ha)

districts, Kuching district is the main growing area for sugar cane (138.9 ha).

There was no record on the area planted with roselle.

The import of coffee beans and products in the year 2009 was 4,175.12 metric

tons (RM50,907,200) while the export figure was 6.08 metric tons (RM85,322).

1.4 Herbs and Spices

Herbs are all the useful plants that can be used or manipulated for health care,

culinary, flavoring, fragrances and cosmetic purposes. There is a keen interest

world-wide in herbal products. Currently kacangma has been marketed as a

herbal drink.

In 2009, the estimated area grown under ginger was 304 hectares and the

production in metric tons was 2,570. The area for clove was 9 hectares and the

production was 7 metric tons. Other herbs and spices include serai, kacangma,

bunga kantan, misai kucing etc.


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The import of spices in 2009 was 4,298.67 metric tons valued at RM20,956,708,

and export figure was 19.01 metric tons (RM74,269).

2. Policy Objectives

2.1 Development goals of DOA

(i) To increase and sustain the contribution of the food production

sector towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the state of

Sarawak.

(ii) To develop the food production industry into one that can

generate good incomes for the primary producers, processors and

businesses that are involved in the industry.

(iii) To promote food safety and sustainable development principles

in the pursuit of economic growth for the food production and

agriculture sector.

2.2 The objectives of the Agricultural Diversification Programmes under

10MP are specified by the respective programme components.

2.2.1 Vegetables Planting Project

(i) To promote the commercial production of high quality and

pesticide-safe vegetables to meet demand from both the

domestic and export markets and to reduce the import of

vegetables.

(ii) To promote and implement the Enclosed (Controlled

Environment) production system for growing selected high value

vegetables for import substitution.

(iii) To produce selected quality indigenous vegetables which have the

potential for export-market

(iv) To encourage more farms to practice GAP and be certified under

SALM and SOM.

(v) To support the production of quality and pesticide safe

vegetables for home consumption in the rural areas

(vi) To promote the development for downstream processing such as

terung mas.

2.2.2 Field Crop Planting Project

(i) To promote the commercial production of field crops to meet the

demand by the local market


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(ii) To promote the commercial production of field crops that has

the potential for value-added processing for the export market or

the local livestock feed industry.

(iii) To encourage the involvement of the private sector in field crop

production, processing and marketing.

(iv) To support the production of field crops for home consumption

by smallholders in the rural areas.

2.2.3 Perennial Planting Project (PPP)

The main objective of PPP is to encourage commercial planting of

perennial food crops such as coffee, sugar cane, roselle etc as a source

of cash income for the small holder farmers.

2.2.4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project

To promote the planting of herbs and spices used in the production of

traditional remedies and health supplements. It is encouraged as short

term cash crop intercropping in orchards, rubber and coconut holdings

as well as pure stand cropping. This will ensure adequate supply of raw

materials for the herb industry.

2.2.5 Support Services Programme

The purpose is to strengthen the essential services and activities that

support the programme (projects) implementation.

3 Broad/Strategic Objectives of DOA in 10MP

(i) To support the food production industry in increasing local food

production and reducing the food trade deficit

(ii) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the smallholder sector as a

means of commercializing smallholder agriculture

(iii) To increase rural farm incomes to a level at least above the poverty line

(iv) To support the sustained growth of the agriculture sector for increased

economic growth

(v) To facilitate the participation of private sector in agriculture production

(vi) To develop skilled and knowledgeable human resource within the

agriculture sector

(vii) To promote the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources

for agriculture production, and


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(viii) To promote the adoption of quality assurance systems in agriculture

production

Section II – Programme Components

1. Purpose

Purpose of ADP Programme are as follow:

(i) To diversify the economic base of the farm families and to maximize

income from agriculture through efficient utilization of resources.

(ii) To assist small holder farmers in establishing their farming enterprise

(iii) To reduce the food trade deficit

(iv) To develop agriculture entrepreneurs within the small holder sector as a

mean of commercializing small holder agriculture

(v) To promote recommended and appropriate technologies in food

production

2. Programme Components

2.1 Programme Components

In 10MP the ADP is classified into nine components, vis-a-vis Nethouse

Production System, Organic Vegetables (SOM), Open System (VCS/SALM

participants), Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants), Open System

(Indigenous vegetables), Field Crops Planting Projects, Perennials Planting

Projects, Herbs and Spices Planting Projects and Support Services. The detailed

classifications are as follow:

2.1.1 Nethouse Production System

(i) This system entails vegetable growing under nethouse structures

(ii) The scheme participant will gradually be accredited under the

DOA VCS programme, which later might lead to SALM

accreditation once the participant had been exposed and trained

on GAP practices.

(iii) Priority will be given to existing SALM / VCS participants

(iv) Reduced usage of pesticides will result in the production of

pesticides-safe vegetables.

2.1.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System

(i) Grown under rain shelter (plastic roofing) environment

(ii) It is suitable for all weather production

(iii) Vegetables produced are pesticides-safe

(iv) Vegetables produced are of high quality


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(v) Able to produce selected high value vegetables for import

substitution.

2.1.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)

(i) It is an environment-friendly production system

(ii) Organic farm is certified under SOM

(iii) Vegetables produced are free from chemical (pesticides, inorganic

fertiliser) usage

(iv) Vegetables produced are especially aimed at niche market and

health conscious consumers.

2.1.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participants)

(i) This system entails vegetable growing in open fields

(ii) It is an environmental friendly system and the produces are

pesticide-safe

(iii) This system can increase production by practicing GAP

2.1.5 Open System (non-VCS/SALM participants)

(i) The scheme is to support the production of vegetables for home

consumption as well as access for sale in the rural areas.

(ii) This is a traditional system but practising proper agronomic

practices like fertilizer application and judicious use of pesticides

(iii) This system can contribute towards increased vegetables

production

(iv) This is especially suitable to cater for rural and small-scale

farmers.

2.1.6 Open System (Indigenous vegetables)

(i) This system can take advantage of the uniqueness of certain

indigenous vegetables which have overseas market potential such

as terung mas, miding, timun dayak, etc.

(ii) The production of indigenous vegetables can cater for niche

markets both locally and overseas.

(iii) Produce such as terung mas has great potential for branding as

Sarawak niche product and it has an attractive fruit vegetable and

is of high value.

(iv) Potential for down-stream processing eg. terung in syrup, terung

pickle

2.1.7 Field Crop Planting Project

(i) It is a short term cash crop that includes sweet corn, baby corn,

grain corn, sweet potatoes, taro, tapioca, groundnut etc.


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(ii) For maize and baby corn, it is an off-season crop.

(iii) Crops such as tapioca, taro and sweet potato are raw materials for

the food cottage industry.

2.1.8 Perennial Crop Planting Projects

(i) Includes the planting of coffee, sugar cane, rosselle etc

(ii) This can cater for the needs of the local market

(iii) It can increase small holder income such as in the sale of fresh

cane juice

2.1.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and

Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting

(i) The selected herbs included ginger, kacangma, misai kucing,

bunga kantan, lemon grass and other herbal plants.

2.1.10 Support Services

The proposed budget for support services programme is around 10% of

the 10MP ADP ceiling, and will be utilized to fund the following activities.

(1) Extension and Technology Promotion

The training and visit (T&V) system is to be adopted in this

program. Fund will be used for:

(a) Upgrading the knowledge and skills of both the staff and

farmers. They need to be exposed to current knowledge and

technologies via training courses, seminars, conferences and

study tours.

(b) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication

materials and equipment required for the transfer of

technologies to the target groups by the extension agents.

(2) Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots

This is an essential activity to assess the in-situ effectiveness and

adoption of the new technology under the actual farmer‟s

managed condition. The R&D works cover mainly farm

productions and to some extent, post-harvest handling and value

adding processing.


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(3) Promotion of New Products

Fund is used for the following activities:

(a) R&D and promoting the use of machinery and equipment in

the farm

(b) For promoting new products in the markets as well as

establishing its market information system

(c) R&D in the products development (new or value-added

products)

(4) Quality Assurance Activity

Fund is used for the following activities:

(a) Purchase of farm produce for laboratory analysis

(b) Handling and transportation of samples

(c) Laboratory consumables

(5) Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.

Funds will be utilized for the implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of the projects.

3. Target Group

The target groups are:

(i) smallholders

(ii) entrepreneurs

(iii) Schools (projects for student) and

(iv) private investors,

Owners of the successful existing ADP projects (own planting or assisted

under governments grant, subsidies etc) shall be given higher priority in

selecting the scheme participant, should they wish to expand their

enterprises.

4. Eligibility / Selection Criteria

The eligibility / selection criteria for ADP projects are as stipulated below

and they are the same for all the programme components:

4.1 An applicant must be Malaysian citizen domiciled in Sarawak,

between the age of 18 to 65 years.

4.2 An applicant must be a full time farmer who owns

titled/NCR/rented lands. For Land under NCR, the application


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must be endorsed by Superintendent of Land and Survey

Department OR a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung; and if the

applicant is a Tuai Rumah/Ketua Kampung, the application must

be countersigned by a Penghulu.

4.3 An applicant is preferably a member of the nearest PPK /

participants of Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan (TKPM)

4.4 Nethouse project – priority should be given to those interested

farmers who had not received any nethouse project assistance

before, and those who are in the category of below poverty line.

Other category of farmers will be assisted with half of the total

allocation (RM 84,000 per hectare).

4.5 Have access to suitable land of adequate size

4.6 An applicant must have sufficient labour to carry out the farm

activities

4.7 Have some experience in the projects applied

4.8 They must be able to find their own market outlet for their

produce

4.9 Willing to top up the financial assistance given by the

Governments

4.10 The project participants are required to follow the Departmental

instructions and guidance.

5. Project Value

The value of assistance is determined by the different components of the

programme, the details are as illustrated below:

5.1 Net-house Production System

Farm size : Minimum - 0.1 ha per participant

Maximum - 0.2 ha per participant


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Table 5.1 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Net-house Production System

No Items 0.1 ha

(RM)

1 Concrete Post / Belian Post 5,700

2 Nettings 3,000

3 Irrigation 3,500

4 Machinery (e.g. mini rotovator,

farm tools) 1,500

5 Planting Materials 800

6 Fertilizer 2,000

7 Pest & Disease Control 300

Total 16,800

Note: The value of each item indicated in Table 5.1 above only serves as

a guideline.

Inter-purchase of items is only permitted with the approval from

Jawatankuasa Perancangan dan Pembangunan Bahagian Tanaman

Ibu Pejabat.

5.2 Enclosed (Controlled Environment) System

Farm size : Minimum – 1 unit {6m (wide) x 30m (long) x 2.5m

(high)} per participant

Maximum – 2 units if implemented for the purpose of

model project by Research Branch.

Table 5.2 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Enclosed (Controlled

Environment) System

No Items 1 Unit (RM)

1 Rain Shelter 42,600

2 Fertigation System 15,500



Total 58,850


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a guideline.



Ibu Pejabat.

5.3 Organic Vegetables (SOM)

Farm size : Minimum – 1 ha (including buffer zone and compost area

per participant)

Maximum – 2 ha (including buffer zone and compost area

per participant)

Table 5.3 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Organic Vegetables (SOM)

No Items 1 ha (RM)*

1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,000

2 Composting Incentives (Composting Shed =

RM10,000 / Shredding machine = RM8,000) 18,000

3 Irrigation 7,000

4 Planting Materials (non-GMO) 1,500

5 Pest & Disease Control (bio-pesticides) 500

Total 32,000


a guideline.



Ibu Pejabat.

5.4 Open System (existing VCS/SALM participant)

Farm size: Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant

Maximum – 2.0 ha per participant


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Table 5.4 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (existing

VCS/SALM participant)

No Items 1 ha (RM)*

1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini rotovator etc) 5,500

2 Irrigation 7,000

3 Planting Materials 1,500

4 Fertilizer 6,000

5 Pest & Disease Control 1,000

Total 21,000


a guideline.



Ibu Pejabat.

5.5 Open System (Non-VCS/SALM participant)



Table 5.5 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (Non-

VCS/SALM participant)

No Items 1 ha (RM)*

1 Machinery (e.g. brush cutter, mini

rotovator,sprayer,small farm tools) 5,000

2 Planting Materials 1,500

3 Fertilizer 6,000

4 Pest & Disease Control 1,000

Total 13,500


a guideline.


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Ibu Pejabat.

5.6 Open System (indigenous vegetables)



Table 5.6 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Open System (indigenous

vegetables)

No Items 1 ha (RM)*

1 Packaging & Post-harvest materials (vacuum-pack for

miding, etc.) 5,000

2 Machinery (e.g. farm tools) 5,000


4 Fertilizer 4,000


Total 15,000


a guideline.



Ibu Pejabat.

5.7 Field Crop Planting Project

Farm size : Minimum – 0.5 ha per participant


Table 5.7 – Breakdown of Entitlement for Field Crop Planting Project

No Items 1 ha (RM)*

1 Planting materials 1,500

2 Pest & disease control 1,000

3 Fertilizer 2,000

4 Farm Implements 500

Total 5,000


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a guideline.



Ibu Pejabat.

5.8 Perennial Crop Planting Project



Table 5.8 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Perennial Crop Planting

Project

No Items 1 ha (RM)* Total

(RM)* Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

1 Planting materials 900 0 0 900

2 Pest & disease control 1,000 650 650 2,300

3 Fertilizer 700 250 250 1,200

4 Farm Implements 600 0 0 600

Total 3,200 900 900 5,000


a guideline.



Ibu Pejabat.

5.9 Herbs and Spices Planting Project / Development of Area and

Supply of Input for Herbs and Spices Planting.




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Table 5.9 - Breakdown of Entitlement for Herbs and Spices Planting

Project

No. Items 1 ha (RM)*

Total (RM) Year 1 Year 2

1 Planting materials 900 0 900

2 Pest/disease control 400 300 700

3 Fertilizer 700 500 1,200

4 Farm Implements 900 0 900

Total 2,900 800 3,700


a guideline.



Ibu Pejabat.

5.10 Support Services / Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation

The value of assistance will be much depending on the services and

activities requested and the availability of fund, and the guidelines are as

follows:

5.10.1 Extension and Technology Promotion

The farmers who are attending the formal residential short

courses/ training at ATCs and in-situ training at farm/District

Office are NOT eligible for pocket money allowance. They are

ONLY provided with food and refreshment at the rate of

RM30.00 per person per night (for overnight course/training) and

RM20.00 per person per day (for day-trip course/training). In

cases where the transport is NOT provided by the Department,

the farmers are eligible to claim the transportation allowance at

the rate of RM15.00 from home to ATC/farm/District Office and

RM15.00 from ATC/farm/District Office back home.

The farmers who are going for study tour are eligible for food

allowance at the rate of RM40.00 per person per day. They are

also eligible for hotel accommodation at the rate

RM50.00/person/night in Sarawak and Sabah while as in

Semenanjung the rate is RM70.00/person/night.


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The farmers who are attending farmers‟ dialogue and seminars

are eligible to claim the transportation, food and drink allowance

at the rate of RM15.00 per person per session.

(i) Pocket Money and Lodging (hotel) for Farmers‟ Study Tour,

Farmers‟ In-situ Training, Conferences and Seminar

Types of training

Transportation

Incentives

Person/session

(RM)

Allowance

Per Person

(RM)

Food Refreshment per

person

Overnight

(RM)

Day Trip

(RM)

1. In-situ Training

at

Farm/District

- - 30.00 20.00

2. Farmers‟

Dialogue and

Seminars

- 15.00 - -

3. Formal

Training at

ATC

30.00 - 30.00 20.00

4. Farmers‟ Tour

-

Hotel Rate

in Sarawak

& Sabah

Hotel Rate in

Semenanjung

40.00 50.00 70.00

(ii) Procurement of appropriate extension and communication

materials and equipment

The fund allocated for the procurement of appropriate extension

and communication materials and equipment are based on the

actual current prices of the goods/services available in the

market.

5.9.2 Farm (Verification) Trials/Research and Demonstration Plots

The expenses would be based on the actual current prices of the

goods/services available and also the availability of fund.


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5.9.3 Promotion of New Products/Technology

Promotion of new product/technology will be carried out if the

fund is available.

5.9.3 Quality Assurance Activity

Fund is used for the transportation of farm produce for

laboratory analysis.

5.9.4 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the projects.

Funds will be allocated for the implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of the projects.

6 Implementation Method

The detailed work process and scheduling for the planning and

implementation of ADP will follow the procedures prescribed in the DOA

Operation Manual for Crop Planting Programmes. Project approval shall

be vested with the Divisional Planning and Development Committee

(DvPDC).


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Section III – Agronomic Practices, Crop Protection and Harvesting

This section includes: site selection, land preparation, recommended varieties,

planting/transplanting, seeds rate, fertilizer application, symptom of diseases & pest,

IPM, harvesting etc for certain components in ADP programme.

AGRONOMIC PRACTICES AND CROP PROTECTION

1 Vegetables

General Introduction to Vegetable Growing:

1.1 Selection of Site

An ideal site is an open area with fairly flat terrain or gently sloping land.

A fairly deep well-drained loam rich in organic matter is most suitable

for vegetable crops. Poor soils can be made fertile by adding organic

amendments (compost and manure) and lime. Humified peat soils are

also good for vegetable production.

Buffer zone under organic farming is essential.

Minimum buffer distance for different types of barriers

Barrier crops or

structures Barrier type

Elevation of organic farm

in relation to the

convention farm

Minimum

buffer distance

(m)

Crops eg. banana,

gliricidia, bamboo

10 m tall

with dense

canopy

Organic and conventional

farm are on same level

2

Organic farm on higher

ground than conventional

farm

2

Organic farm on lower


farm

5

Structures eg.

concrete or zinc

wall or fence

10 m tall Organic and conventional


2



farm

2



farm

5


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Pond, stream,

road, grass,

empty land

Organic and conventional


10



farm

5



farm

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1.2 Preparing Vegetable Plots

Clear all vegetation (jungle growth, trees and weeds). Tilt the soil to a

depth of about 30cm, removing all the roots. Leave the ground to

„weather‟ for about a fortnight to allow the birds to eat any insect pests.

Form beds about 1 - 1.2m wide and 15 - 30cm high. The beds should be

about 50cm apart. When preparing the beds, incorporate well

decomposed animal manure at 1-2 kg/m2 or 3-5kg of compost per

square metre. Sprinkle about 100-200gm limestone or dolomite to every

square metre of the bed. Wood ash may be used as an alternative.

1.3 Raising Seedlings

Plants may be established in beds either by direct sowing or through

nursery and transplanting.

In direct planting, seeds are sown and later thinned to the required

population. Vegetables grown by this method are generally short term

types such as beans, cai xin, kangkong and bayam.

For those crops which are transplanted, the seedlings are raised either in

nursery beds, boxes or seeding trays filled with good friable top soil and

decayed compost mixed in equal proportion. Coarse sand may be added

to heavy soil. About 50 gm CIRP or TSP may be mixed with 1 m2 bed

area. Vegetables such as chilli, brinjal, tomato and kailan may be grown

in this way.

1.4 Transplanting

Transplant the seedlings when they are 10 – 15 cm high. Discard week

seedlings. Transplanting should be done when the weather is not hot.

Water the beds an hour or two before the seedlings are planted. Place a

thin mulch of semi-decayed compost between the seedlings to conserve

soil moisture.


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1.5 Manuring

A good manure is a well composted manure. The chicken manure can be

stored under cover for its composting process. The chicken manure

provides nutrients as well as a conditioning effect on the soil. The

recommended rate is 1-2kg per square metre of the bed.

Chicken manure may be applied as a liquid fertiliser.

The addition of one part Superphosphate to eight parts of chicken

manure will improve the nutrient value and prevent loss of nitrogen. This

mixture of SSP and chicken manure is applied at 60 kg for 20 meters of

bed.

Guano is also a useful organic fertilizer. It supplies nitrogen and

phosphorus to the plants. It is used at 110 g per metre bed or soaked in

18 liters of water and watered onto the plants.

The above organic manures can be supplemented with inorganic

fertilizers to supply the nutrients to the plants.

(i) NITROGEN

This is important for leafy vegetables. For every running meter of

bed, supply either 75 g of sulphate of ammonia (SA) or 35 g of

urea.

(ii) PHOSPHORUS

This is important for seedlings and fruit vegetables. The source of

phosphorus is in the form of Superphosphate. It is applied at 75 –

105 g per metre2 bed.

(iii) POTASSIUM

Burnt earth or wood ash contains potassium. The source of

potassium is muriate of potash (MOP). It is applied at 35-75 g per

metre2 bed.

(iv) COMPOUND OR MIXED FERTILIZERS


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Formulations of 15: 15 : 15 (NPK) and 12: 12: 17: 2 + TE (NPK +

trace elements) are commonly used at 100g per metre2 bed.

1.6 Weed Control

Weed competition is very crucial in vegetable production. Hand weeding

for one to two rounds was necessary in the early stages of crop growth

to reduce weed competition and to offer optimum growing conditions

for the plants. Weeds can also be controlled by mulching with dried

paddy straw or plastic mulch cover.

1.7 Pest and Disease Control

Pests and diseases can be managed by practising integrated pest

management (IPM), which is a combination of preventive and curative

measures. The preventive measures are a priority and pesticides to be

used as the last option. The preventive measures include crop rotation,

crop fallow, proper planting density, proper soil tillage and proper farm

sanitation i.e. removal of crop residues and infested plants. The crop

residues and infested plants can be used for composting. The plant

growth should be managed properly. A healthy plant can resist pest and

disease.

2 Field Crops

2.1 SWEET CORN/ BABY CORN

2.1.1 Site selection

Sweet corn/baby corn can be grown on most soils provided the

drainage is good but usually it performs best on deep loams and silt

loams containing an abundance of organic matter and well supplied

with available nutrients. Sweet corn/baby corn can also be grown on

moderately acid soils ( as low as pH 5.0), but pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 is

the most favourable. An ideal site for planting sweet corn/baby corn

is an open of flat or gently sloping land.

Continuous planting with sweet corn/baby corn is not recommended.

Crop rotation wherein sweet corn/baby corn is grown alternatively

with groundnut, soy bean, sweet potato, and other crops is very

beneficial in terms of crop production and soil management.


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2.1.2 Land preparation

Land preparation includes felling, burning and tilling, and in low-lying

land, the construction of drains to remove excess water. Land tilling

can be done either manually using hoe (cangkul) or mechanized

using a pedestrian power tiller.

A reasonably smooth and firm ploughed area provides favorable soil

condition for germination and seedling development. Too much

tillage, however, may destroy the soil structure and result in soil

compaction which should be avoided.

2.1.3 Planting

When land preparation has been completed, 2 seeds are dibbled in

each planting hole. The plants are spaced 60 cm between rows and

60 cm in the row. This spacing would require seedling rate of 10-12

kg/ha seed. Planting distance for baby corn is 45 cm x 45 cm and

about 20-25kg/ha seed is required.

2.1.4 Varietal recommendation

Sweet corn: Hybrid no.5, Masmadu and Thai Super Sweet

Baby corn: Thai Super Sweet

2.1.5 Isolation

Sweet corn should not be planted together with grain corn or

different varieties of sweet corn as this will affect the quality of

sweetness of fresh cobs.

2.1.6 Weeding

Sweet corn/baby corn does not tolerate strong weed competition. It

is important that the field be kept free from any weeds during the

first one month. Weed control can be done manually or mechanically

whereas in large plantation, it is necessary to use herbicides or the

mechanical method to control weeds.

A very good herbicide to use is Atrazine 80 WP at 5.6 kg/ha sprayed

twice, the first spray is to be applied as a pre-emergence and the

later spray at one or one and a half month after sowing.


23

2.1.7 Fertilizer

It is suggested to apply fertilizer 12:12:17:2 at the rate of 600 kg/ha

prior to planting or during planting and then to be top dressed with

150 kg urea/ha at about 5-6 weeks after planting.

Organic manures such as chicken manure, cow manure and compost

at 1-2 m.t./ha can also be used as basal dressing.

2.1.8 Harvesting

For sweet corn, harvests as soon as the kernels are well-filled (65-75

days after planting). For baby corn, harvest 2-3 days after silking (45-

50 days after planting).

It is important to note that sweet corn can loses its sweetness rapidly

and should be marketed and consumed immediately after harvest.

2.1.9 Pests

2.1.9.1 Stem Borer

Larva feeds on leaves, leaf tissue or even leaf whorl and

stem causing retarded growth and poor yield.

Control:

(i) Remove and burn all sweet corn/baby corn stubble or

stalk after harvesting

(ii) One month after planting and three subsequent

applications at fortnightly interval if field condition

warrants it.

2.1.9.2 Cob borer

Major attack is generally at the flowering and fruiting

periods. Larva feeds on leaves or tender cobs. It bores and

lives inside the cob, thus impairing the formation of cobs

Control:


24

Difficult to control but Carbaryl (0.1 % a.i.) and Dimethoate

(0.03% a.i.) spray could be carried out where necessary.

2.1.10 Diseases

2.1.10.1 Leaf Blight

Lesion on leaves begin as light brown oval spot of 2.5cm in

size. Enlargement by coalescence of spots result in „blight‟

patches. Severely attacked leaves dried out and the sweet

corn/baby corn will die. The fungus spreads rapidly in

damp weather when gray black spores are liberated from

the lesions.

Control:

(i) Grow more resistant varieties.

(ii) Practise crop rotation and proper field sanitation

before sowing

(iii) Seed dressing with fungicides: Thiram or Captan at 12

teaspoon per 1.36 kg of seeds

2.1.10.2 Common Smut

Gall like swellings on cobs and other aerial parts. At first,

gals are silver-white but later on split to produce masses of

dark brown to black spores or smut.

Control:

(i) Remove and burn all diseased materials

(ii) Seed treatment with Thiram 80% at 5g/100g seeds

2.1.10.3 Bacterial wilt

Diseased plants show dropping of top portion rapidly.

Cross-section of lower stem brown wound. Dipping cut

ends in water will excrete a slimy white sticky liquid typical

of bacterial „ooze‟.

Control:

(i) Sanitation by removing and burning of diseased

materials


25

(ii) Practise crop rotation and do not to plant in the

infested soil

2.1.10.4 Rust

Mature leaves, particularly the under surfaces, are covered

with small raised blister-like pustules containing millions of

orange rust spores.

Control:

(i) Plantvax & Vitavax @ 0.01 % a.i. spray may offer some

control

(ii) Burn all sweet corn/baby corn debris after harvest.

(iii)

2.1.10.5 Sheath Blight

Initially elongated, grey lesions occur on the leaf sheaths.

These enlarge, turn lighter in colour and develop blackish-

brown margins. Brown, globose or irregular seed-like

sclerotia (1-3 mm) may develop on the parts attacked.

Control:

(i) Remove and burn all affected plants parts

(ii) Practise crop rotation

(iii) Avoid mechanical injuries which provide infection sites

for the pathogen

(iv) Spray benomyl (80% a.i) 18 g in 18 litres water may

reduce the disease incidence

2.1.10.6 Bacterial Stalk Rot

Plants are attacked at the internodes which become

brown, water-soaked, soft and slimy in appearance.

Diseased stem collapse and become twisted. Rotted areas

often give off a disagreeable odour.

Control:

(i) Remove and burn all plant debris after harvest (adopt

good cultural practices)

(ii) Choose well drained soil and avoid water-logging and

poor aeration


26

2.2 GROUNDNUT

2.2.1 Site Selection

Although groundnut thrives best on light sandy loam soil with good

organic content, a wide range of soil types would be suitable. However,

heavy clays should be avoided as these soils impede root penetration

and pod development. It also makes harvesting difficult.

2.2.2 Land Preparation

Since groundnut is a deep-rooting plant, sufficient depth fine,

crumbled soil after ploughing is needed for growth. Well-prepared

land is especially flavourable to the growth of this crop especially for

its root penetration and pod development.

In low-lying and flat areas, an efficient drainage system is necessary. It

is advisable to construct ridges in areas liable to flood.

2.2.3 Fertilizers

For every hectare of cultivated land, 1-2 metric tons of ground

limestone is applied 3 weeks prior to planting. In addition, a fertilizer

combination of 170 kg sulphate of ammonia and 90 kg of triple

superphosphate or 300 g/ha 15:15:15 is recommended for every

hectare of groundnut planted on soils of average fertility. Fertilizers are

applied during or after planting.

2.2.4 Planting

Seeds are planted to a depth of 2 cm, 2-3 weeks after liming. The

planting distance is at 45 cm x 15 cm interval. This would require a

total of 135-150 kg seeds per hectare.

2.2.5 Weed Control

Spraying of pre-emergent herbicide, Lasso at 4.2 litres/ha before or just

after sowing of the seed is recommended. Manual weeding, in lieu of

the emergent chemical can be carried out two to four weeks after

planting. Weeding after 6 weeks can be detrimental to the crop.


27

2.2.6 Harvesting

The crop is ready for harvesting 100 to 110 days after sowing, by then,

the beans are fully matured. For boiled nut-in-the shell, earlier

harvesting, e.g. after 95 days, is recommended.

2.2.7 Storage

Groundnuts used for seeds must be fully matured and dried to 12%

moisture in the shell and stored in dry and cool place in airtight

containers.

2.2.8 Pests

(i) Pod Borer

The larvae bore and tunnel in the young pods

Control: Spray with diazinon (@ 0.1 a.i) or chlorpyrifos (2% a.i.)

(ii) Caterpillar

Generally, the leaves are eaten although the young stems may

also be damaged.

Control: Spray with pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin @ 0.01 %

a.i.) if necessary.

(iii) Aphid

They suck sap from the flowers, pods and shoots. Damage to the

young shoots result in curled leaves and stunted growth of plants.

Control: Spray with white oil, dimethoate or malathion if

necessary.

2.2.9 Diseases

1. Cercospora Leaf Spot

Cercospora lesions are easily detected on leaves. The appearance

of minute, pale yellow spots on the upper surfaces of older leaves

indicate the early stage of Cercospora infection. These spots later

develop into circular or irregular lesions. The lesion is reddish

brown in color and may have a narrow yellow halo. Dark

elongated lesions with indistinct margin also occur on petioles,

stems and pegs. Wet weather condition favors the growth and

sporulation of the fungi.


28

Control:

(i) The following fungicides can be used for spraying:

Benomyl (50% a.i) at 18 g in 18 litres water, at 2-3 week

intervals.

Mancozeb (80% a.i) at 30-45 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day

intervals.

Daconil (50% a.i) at 36 g in 18 litres water, 7-10 day

intervals.

(ii) Remove crop residues and volunteer plants

(iii) Practise crop rotation with non-host crop

2. Leaf Rust

Severe leaf defoliation and the death of many groundnut plants,

is manifested by circular lesions on the leaves. The lesions are

surrounded by dull green or light brown leaf tissues.

On the under-surface of these leaves, orange-red pustules are

visible. The pustules will eventually turn dark brown and infection

sites may become coalesced. Normally the leaf tissues around the

infection sites die and dry out in irregular patches. Severely

infected leaflets curl and drop off.

Control

Spray benomyl (Benlate) 0.02-0.04 a.i and alternate with

copper oxychloride 0.1 to check the disease.

Spray with Oxycarboxin (Plantvax) .5% a.i + chlorothalonil

(Daconil) 1% a.i or carboxin (vitavax) 0.05% a.i + chloro

thalonil (daconil) 0.1% a.i

3. Stem Rot

White fungal threads are seen over affected plant tissues.

Normally only a light web of the fungus is seen on the affected

parts of the stem or just below soil level. Under very humid

conditions the fungus grows very fast and often the fungal mat

spreads over the adjacent soil and may then infect other plants.

Diseased areas on the stem, petioles and leaves of the affected

plant turn dark brown and small round bodies, about the size of a

mustard seed, are produced on the surface. The small round

bodies, known as sclerotia, are initially white in color, however,

they turn dark brown and shiny with increased length of time.


29

Control:

Control weeds and volunteer groundnut plants

Use PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene) as preplanting, soi

incorporated treatment

Apply gypsum at the time of peak flowering

Practise proper sanitation by removing crop residues and

fallen leaves

4. Bacterial Wilt

Infected plants appear unhealthy, chlorotic and wilt under water

stress. The xylem tissue in the stem turns dark brown. If the stem

is cut across at soil level, a grey slimy liquid can be pressed out of

the vascular bundles.

Control:

Long crop rotation with non-host crop is important

Sterilize the infested soil before planting.

Remove and destroy infected plants and other Solanum sp.

2.3 SWEET POTATO

2.3.1 Site selection

Sweet potatoes tolerate wide range of soils, although a sandy loam is

preferred. Heavier soils may be used but should be well tilled and

ridged to provide good drainage. Planting on beds or ridges also makes

harvesting much easier.

In general sweet potato should not be grown on land that has

produced a root crop the previous season. However, continuous

planting is possible if there is no serious disease, insect and nematode

attack.

2.3.2 Land preparation

The land must be plough and turned over. Generally, one ploughing

and turning over is sufficient. Planting bed of 60 cm wide and 30 cm

high is prepared.

2.3.3 Recommended variety

Gendut & Cina variety – For fresh consumption


30

Unggu variety – For making kerepek

2.3.4 Planting materials

Sweet potato can be propagated in two ways: by its tuber and its

cuttings. Cuttings are cheaper and easier. To obtain planting materials

of about the same age, propagation period required is 50-60 days.

Then the stems are cut at 20-30 cm for field planting.

2.3.5 Field Planting

The cuttings are planted at an angle (slanting), with about 20 cm of the

cutting under the soil and 10 cm above the soil surface. Planting

distance recommended is 1.0m x 0.3m. If the weather is very hot and

dry, water the newly planted cuttings once a day. The creeping plants

should be collected and placed onto the beds at monthly interval to

avoid the roots from growing from the nodes along the stems. If this is

allowed, small tubers will be produced at the main stem.

2.3.6 Weed control

Weeds control is important for vigorous crop growth. Since pre-

emergent weedicide does not endanger the newly planted cuttings, it is

advisable to carry out this praying before planting.

2.3.7 Manuring

Liming at the rate 1.0 mt/ha is necessary 3 weeks before planting.

Initial top dressing at the rate of 600 kg of 15:15:15 per hectare is

applied one week after planting. This is followed b the subsequent top

dressing at one month later at the same rate.

The fertilizer is applied around each plant. Additional fertilizer at a

reasonable rate is applied if the growth is not encouraging. An

imbalanced manuring can cause the plant to produce more leaves and

less tubers.

2.3.8 Harvesting

Sweet potatoes can be harvested at 4 months after planting.

2.3.9 Disease


31

The Elsinoe batatas causes scab disease. The recommended control is

by planting a more resistant variety if any, and to spray fungicide

(Benlate - @ 200 g/100 litre water), Copper oxychloride & Maneb).

2.3.10 Pest

Sweet potato beetle (Cylas formicarius) is the most dangerous pest

causing serious damages to sweet potato plant, which attacks all parts

of the plant: tubers or roots, stems and leaves. The recommended

control is crop rotation, use pest-free planting material; planting

material should be treated before every cropping and to harvest timely

upon maturity.

2.4 TAPIOCA

Recommended Varieties

Sawah variety – Fresh consumption

Putih variety – Tapioca chips

Site Selection

The suitable soil for tapioca planting is a light, sandy loam soil of medium

fertility. Good drainage is also important. On clay or poorly drained soils, root

growth is poor, so that tuber-to-shoot ratio is considerably decreased.

Moreover, the poor soil aeration under such conditions causes the few tubers

formed to rot readily. Gravelly or stony soils tend to hinder root penetration

and are therefore unsuitable. Saline soils are also unsuitable. Tapioca can grow

and yield reasonably well on soils of low fertility where production of most

other crops would be uneconomical. Under condition of very high fertility,

tapioca tends to produce excessive vegetation at the expense of tuber

formation.

Land Preparation

One round of disc ploughing, followed by one round of harrowing or rototilling

is generally adequate. Planting beds of 60 cm wide and 20 cm high is prepared.

This will facilitate weed and water flow control.

Planting material


32

Cutting should be taken from mature stem portions, preferably from plants at

least 6 - 8 months old, free from pests and diseases and the cuttings should be

taken from the middle of the stem. If possible, cuttings should be collected

from plants which have received sufficient fertilizers in the previous season.

Planting/Transplanting

Stem cuttings, 30 cm long are planted in a slant position at an angle of 40o –

45o, burying half their length and the buds facing upwards. Planting holes are

spaced at 1 m X 1 m. The planting rate is 10,000 cuttings per hectare.

Fertilizer Application

As a general guidance tapioca requires 450 – 1,000 kg/ha of a 12:12:17:2

complete fertilizer. The fertilizer is applied at planting and the second

application is two months after planting. Spot placement of fertilizer within or

just beside the planting hole is effective.

Harvesting

The exact time, in terms of months after planting, when it is best to harvest

tapioca depends very much on the variety. Some varieties, particularly the

sweet types, are ready for harvesting in about 9 – 12 months. Sawah variety

requires 10 months before it is ready for harvesting. Meanwhile Putih variety is

best harvested for making tapioca chips or kerepek at 9 – 10 months after

planting. Yields vary greatly according to the variety, soil, climate, age at

harvesting, etc.

2.5 SUGARCANE

Recommended Variety

Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice )

Site Selection

Sugarcane grows on a wide variety of soil types but does well on sandy loam. In

the absence of irrigation, a well distributed rainfall of 125 – 200 cm per annum

is ideal. Three to five months dry season with less than 5 cm per month

facilitates ripening and efficient preparatory tillage work. A well marked dry

season favours ratooning.


33

Land Preparation

Optimum tillage is essential for good germination of sugarcane setts and

subsequently for satisfactory growth of the crop.

When a piece of land is designated for sugarcane cultivation, it is necessary to

clear forest and undergrowth and to remove the stumps and timber before

proceeding to actual land preparation. Land preparation is carried out during

transitional period between wet and dry months with appropriate scheduling

for planting. Land is prepared by various combinations of ploughing, harrowing

and rotortilling, depending on the condition of the land.

Normally, land preparation starts with two rounds of ploughing to expose the

top soil and to break up the large clods. The frequency and the depth of

ploughing vary according to the soil conditions. For lighter soil, it is necessary to

plough to a depth of 10 – 20 cm, while a minimum of 30 cm is desired for a

heavier soil. For juice cane production, the land is ploughed once to a depth of

20 – 25 cm.

Planting material

Use disease free planting material from immature canes 5 – 7 months old. The

canes should be cut into small setts each containing 3 – 4 buds. The upper,

immature part of the cane can also be used for planting. Cover canes for

planting lightly with small trash for a few days before planting. This practice

improves germination.

Planting/Transplanting

Insert setts in the soil to a depth of 15 – 20 cm leaving about 5 – 10 cm above

the soil. Press the soil firmly. The planting distant is 1 m X 2 m. Such an

arrangement should accommodate 5,000 points per hectare.


34

Fertilizer Application

Fertilizer application for first crop and ratoon

Type of

fertilizer

Rate of

fertilizer

Method of

application

Time of

application

Sulphate of

Amonia

(1) 650 kg/ha

(2) 650 kg/ha

Fertilizer mix with

top soil and placed in

the planting hole.

Broadcasting around

the plant.

Basal dressing

2 months after

planting

Sulphate of

Amonia

(3) 650 kg/ha Broadcasting around

the plant.

10 months after

first harvesting.

Sulphate of

Amonia

Nitrophoska

green

(4) 650 kg/ha

Broadcasting around

the plant.

10 months after

second

harvesting.

2.6 TARO

Recommended variety

Thailand variety

Climate and Soil Requirement

he plant grows well in warm and moist soil deep, friable loams rich in organic

matter with high water table having pH 5.5 to 7.8. The ability of the plant to

transport oxygen from the leaves to the roots make the plant adaptable to

water-logged soils. So, the plant can be planted both on dry-land and wet land.

Planting Material

Suckers are used as planting material. The suckers with about 20 – 30 cm of

petioles are planted on prepared ridges or beds. The leaves had to be cut

before planting to the field.

Field Preparation


35

Selected sites are cleared of vegetation by means of herbicides or slash-and-

burn. Either beds or ridges are prepared for the planting.

Planting and Spacing

The suckers are planted to the prepared beds by first digging small holes of 5 –

7 cm deep each then putting in the suckers and covering them with soil. The

rows may be 90 – 120 cm apart with between plants spacing of 30 – 45 cm on

raised beds.

Manuring

Taro responds well to fertilization. Fertilizers at 30 g of 15:15:15 are applied per

point during planting and another 30 g at 3 – 4 months later. Weeding up to 3

months is necessary. Irrigation and some fertilizing are necessary to enhance

yield.

Harvesting

Taro can be harvested 8 – 12 months after planting depending on variety. For

“Thailand” variety it can be harvested 9 – 12 months after planting. As mature

corms or cormels are fully formed, they may be harvested either by pulling or

digging up with the hoe. The leaves may be removed by cutting and then the

corms and cormels may be selected.

3.0 Herbs and Spices - AGRONOMIC PRACTICES

3.1 MISAI KUCING (Orthosiphon stamineus Benth)

Misai Kucing or Java Tea originated from South Asia such as Thailand,

Indonesia, Phillipines including the Malay archipelagos, Malaysia. It had

been used in traditional medicine to cure urinary bladder stone, kidney

problems, gall bladder, rheumatism, diabetes and fever. Misai Kucing

had been identified as the potential commercial herb because of its

medicinal value and easy to plant.

Climate and soils suitability

Misai Kucing is suitable for planting in wide range of soils including

sandy and alluvial soils. It requires average monthly rainfall of 180-200

cm. Irrigation would be necessary during drier season. It can stands


36

waterlogged condition within 24 hours. It needs moist soil for vigorous

vegetative growth.

Land Preparation

The planting area should be rotovated one month before planting to get

rid of weeds. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is

applied during first rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The

rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for

Misai Kucing are between 5.5 to 6.0.

Planting Material

Planting materials are prepared by stem cuttings. The stem cuttings start

to root, two weeks after planting in the polybags. Rooted cuttings could

be transplanted to the field at the age of 4-5 weeks in the nursery.

Spacing

Recommended spacing is 1.5m between rows and 0.45m within row and

planting density of 14,800/ha.

Fertiliser application

Sandy Soils

Basal dressing of 10 tonne dried chicken dung broadcast and mixed to

the soil three days before field planting and 6 months later.

Alternatively organic based fertilizer N:P:K at the ratio of 10:10:10 could

be applied at the rate of 1,000kg/ha every six months interval.

Alluvial Soils

The same for sandy soils but at reduced rate of 5 tonne/ha and organic

based fertiliser at the rate of 500kg/ha.

Irrigation System

Depending on the soils type and water source, over head sprinkler could

be used for commercial production or dripped irrigation would be more

appropriate when silvery black plastic mulch is used.


37

Weed Control

Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Later

the canopy could suppress weeds growth. However silver black plastic

cover could be used to control weeds and at the same time to prevent

soils and chicken dung fertilizer splash to the leaves.

Pest Management

There is no serious pest and disease occurrence yet.

Shading

40 – 50% shading is only required for sandy soils especially during drier

months. Shading mat or shading crops/trees could be planted as inter

crop using hedge planting or traditional square planting system.

Harvesting

Manual cutting is usually practice. The first harvesting could be done10

weeks after field planting. About 30 cm of the twig is cut once in two

weeks interval. The average yield would be 5-6 tonne/ha/year dried

leaves at 10% moisture content.

3.2 KACANGMA (Leonurus sibiricus L)

Kacangma or Chinese Motherwart also known as Serating, Tebung Aga or

Padang Deman belongs to Labiatae family. It is a biennial herb used for many

conditions, especially those affecting women. The whole plant and seeds can

be used. Traditionaly it can be used as:

Postnatal and as tonic

The pink-flowered form is good for enriching the blood while the white-

flowered form is good for improving vigour.

Raw seeds with the husk removed are a good tonic drink. It increases

strength, promotes blood circulation, enriches the bone marrow, soothes

the lungs and stops thirst.

Regulates menses, for diuretic and anti-swelling.



38

Kacangma is a hairy annual herb of about 1m high. It prefers damp soils by

river banks and in paddy fields. There are two types of plant namely, pink-

flowered and white-flowered forms.

Land Preparation

The planting area should be rotovated. Raised beds of 1 meter wide are

prepared. Liming using Ground Magnesium Limestone (GML) is applied during

rotovation allowing better mixing with the soil. The rate of liming is depending

on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH is between 5.5 to 6.0.

Planting Material

Propagation is by seeds which germinate about one week after sowing. Seeds

could be sown direct to the raised beds. The recommended rate is 2gm of dry

seeds per square meter of planting bed. The seeds are mixture with equal

weight of dry sand for even distribution of seeds on the surface of planning

bed.

Spacing

Raised beds are spaced about 40-60cm apart.


Basal dressing of 2kg/square meter of dried chicken dung and 100gm/square

meter of N:P:K compound fertilizer (15:15:15 broadcast and mixed to the soil

three days before seeds are sown.

Irrigation System

Over head sprinkler could be used for commercial production.

Weed Control

Weed control is critical during the early stage of establishment. Regular

weeding is necessary. Plastic cover could be used to control weeds in between

beds.

Pest Management



39

Harvesting

From seedlings to maturity, the plants undergo numerous phase changes.

During the first month, the plant is a rosette of ovate and coarsely

crennulatedentate leaves on elongated petioles. In the second month of

growth, a single stem shoot up and cauline leaves developed. The stem begins

to bear flowers in the third month of growth. Usually the plants are harvested

after about two months of growth. Under local climatic conditions, production

can be all year round giving at least 4-5 rounds of harvest per year. Some lants

are allowed to grow for seed production for the next round of planting. The

fresh foliar yield is about 2.2 kg//square meter which is approximately 20

tonne/ha.

3.3 SERAI MAKAN/LEMON GRASS (Cymbopogen citratus (DC.) Staf.)

Serai makan (Lemon grass) originated from Sri Lanka and had been distributed

to wide area in the tropic such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Brazil,

Guatemala and China. Locally lemon grass is planted as backyard planting

mainly used as food flavouring. The extracts from lemon grass could be used in

cosmetic industry.


Lemon grass is suitable for planting in tropical climate, with sufficient sunshine

and rain. The best yearly rainfall ranged between 2,500 to 3,000 mm. It can

grow well on wide range of soils except heavy clay soils with poor drainage.

The best soil for lemon grass is sandy loam.

Land Preparation

Weedicide could be sprayed prior to ploughing of the land area. The planting

area should is then ploughed and rotovated. Liming using Ground Magnesium

Limestone (GML) is applied during rotovation allowing better mixing with the

soil. The rate of liming is depending on the soil‟s pH. The optimum soil pH for

is between 5.5 to 6.0.

Planting Material

Planting materials are prepared by using rooted suckers. The rooted suckers

are obtained from mature clump of 8-9 months old. Only healthy and larger


40

size suckers are used for planting. Leaves are cut leaving the stem of 20-25cm

for field planting.

Planting and Spacing

One or two rooted suckers are planted per planting hole. Recommended

spacing is 1.0m between rows and 0.5m within row giving the planting density

of 20,000 clump/ha.

Crop Management


Main Crop: Compound fertiliser (N:P:K at ratio of 15:15:15) applied between

the rows in three split application at the rate of 400kg/ha. First application is at

the first month after planting at the rate of 100kg/ha. Second fertilizer

application is at the third months after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha and the

third application is at the fifth month after planting at the rate of 150 kg/ha.

Ratoon Crop: N:P:K(15:15:15) applied after harvesting at the rate of 10 kg/ha.

Second application is at the first month after harvesting at the rate of 150 kg/ha

and third application is at the third month after harvesting at the rate of 150

kg/ha.

Irrigation System

Tolerant to light drought and irrigation is not necessary, however it is advisable

that planting should be done at the beginning of rainy season for better

growth.

Weed Control

Weeds are controlled manually during the early stage of establishment. At later

age when plants are larger size contact weedicide such as paraquat dichloride

can be used if necessary however spraying should be done cautiously.

Pest Management


Harvesting

Fresh Use


41

Harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Clumps are dug by

hoe. Roots and leaves are cut leaving a clean stem of 15-20cm long. At planting

density of 20,000 clumps/ha, one clump can produce 25-30 stems. Therefore

for one hectare planting the total clean stems produce would be 500,000-

600,000 this is equivalent to about 16.6-20 tonne/ha (based on 30 stems/kg) of

fresh stem. Replanting is necessary for the next harvest.

Production of essential oils (“minyak pati”)

First harvesting could be done 6-8 months after field planting. Leaves are cut

10cm above ground level. The clumps are allowed to grow and reproduce.

Fertilisers are applied and harvesting could be done once in 3-4 months. 12-15

tonne/ha of fresh leaves could be harvested per round depending on age of the

crop and soil fertility. In the first year fresh leaves yield is about 24-30

tonne/ha (2 harvests) and in the second and subsequent years is about36-45

tonne/ha (three harvests). Yield reduction usually observed in the 4-5 years

after planting and replanting should be done at this time.


42

PEST AND DISEASES CONTROL

Table 1. Insect pests of common vegetables and their control measures

Crop

Insect Pests

Damage caused

Control measures Leafy and root vegetables Crucifers Cabbage Chinese cabbage Sawi bunga Sawi putih Sawi pahit Sawi hijau Sawi kerinting Lettuce Carrot

Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) Centre grub (Hellula undalis) Cluster caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis) Cutworm (Spodoptera litura) Flea beetle (Phyllotreta sp.) Earwig (Chelisoches morio) Aphid (Aphis gossypii) (Myzus persicae) Leaf miner (Liriomyza sp.)

Larvae feed on underside of leaves, leaving skeletal remains Young larvae feed on leaves. Older larvae bore into growing points Young larvae feed on leaves and young shoots. Webbing accompanies damage Young larvae feed on masses initially then on leaves, shoots and stem, sometimes stripping them bare Adult chew many holes on leaves many windows. Grubs feed on roots Both nymph and adult feed by nibbing on the young parts of the plants causing scaring and dirtying the remaining leaves Adults and nymphs suck sap from young leaves and shoots resulting in distortion of the foliage and stunting growth of the plant Larvae mine leaves to form white blisters

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Nethouse Vegetables Preventive Measures

Use of netted structure to exclude adults of the larger insects

Practice crop rotation to disrupt the pest life cycles

Practice proper sanitation measures such as removal and disposal of insect-infested plant parts and crop residues

Use of flame thrower as surface soil treatment to kill the pests on the residual crops and the soil surface, weed and grass seed

Practice proper planting density. A dense or overcrowded crop prevents good coverage during spraying of insecticides and also provide hiding places for the pests

Observe of fallow period to break the pest life cycles and to prevent build up of pest population

Practice proper tillage to expose and kill pests in soil such as flea beetle

Use of yellow sticky traps for monitoring Curative Measures

Bio-pesticides are safe to the users and the environment (eg. Tuba root extracts and Bacillus thuringiensis)

Biological control Control of pests by natural enemies

Beneficial lady bird beetle feeding on aphids

Assassin bug feeding on insect larva

Adult Cotesia, parasitoid of diamond back moth

Spider feeding on insect larva

Chemical control Use only products recommended for the target pests

and crops. The user is encouraged to use products with the ‘WHITE’ colour bands and ‘BLUE’ colour bands on the labels.

(For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)


43

Table 2 : Insect pests of field crops and their control measures

Crops Insect pest Damage Control measure

Maize/sweet corn/ baby corn

Maize borer (Ostrinia salientalis) Aphid

Newly emerged larva may feed on the leaf tissue causing small transparent patches, or bore through the leaf whorls resulting in horizontal rows of holes on the unfolded leaf. The larva may also migrate downwards to bore into the stem

Aphids suck sap from the shoots

Cultural: Practice proper sanitation. Remove and burn all maize/sweet/baby corn stubble or stalk before planting Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4) Biological: Natural enemies of aphid are lady bird beetle and syrphid

Taro

Cutworm (Spodoptera litura) Hawk moth (Ytreta nessus)

Larvae feed on leaves, causing many holes Larvae feed on the leaves

Biological: Assasin bugs are natural predators Cultural: Pluck off infested leaves and destroy the larvae which are usually found in clusters Cultural: Handpick the larvae

Tapioca

Scale

Sweet potato

Weevils (Cylas formicasius)

Larvae burrow in the stems and tubers thus reducing the yield and quality

Cultural: Crop rotation, Use pest-free planting material, harvest timely upon maturity. Plant the stems deep in the bed, raise the height of the bed


44

Stem borer (Omphisa anastomosalis) Tortoise beetle

Larvae bore in the petioles and stalks and tunnel downwards into the tubers causing the plant to wilt Grubs feed and tunnel in the tubers

Cultural: Remove all crop residues before planting, good weed control

Groundnut

Cutworm (Spodoptera litura) Leaf miner (Aproaerema modicella) (Photo: www.infonet-biovision.org)

Larvae feed on leaves Young larvae mine the leaves and later instars exit the mine to web together several leaflets. Damaged leaves become brownish, rolled and wilt

Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4) Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)

Ginger

Yellow peach moth (Dichocrocis punctiferalis) (Photo: Book of Crop Pests and Their Management in Malaysia)

Larva feeding in the centre of the stem causes death of the ‘heart’, which is visible when the terminal shoot is wilting

Cultural: Practice proper sanitation. Remove all infested materials from the field for destruction


45

Table 3 : Insect pests of perennial crop and their control measures

Crop Insect pest Damage Control measure

Sugar cane

Aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntn.) Sugarcane borer (Phragmataecia spp.) (Eucosma isogramma Meyr.) (Proceras sacchariphagus ) (Photo: Book of Crop Pests and Their Management in Malaysia)

Adults and nymphs may cause dessication of the leaves Larvae bore into and feed on the stem of the sugarcane Larvae bore into and feed on the stem of the sugarcane Larvae bore into and feed on the stem of the sugarcane

Biological: Parasitic wasps keep aphids under natural control Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4) Chemical: (For list of insecticides, which are allowed, refer to Table 4)


46

Safe Use of Pesticides

Pesticide is a general name used to cover the group of products that include

acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides and

rodenticides. Pesticides must be handled and used in accordance with the

manufacturer‟s recommendation. Growers are advised to follow the instructions as

stated on the labels of the pesticide packing. Instructions on the label should be

closely followed to ensure effective application and to avoid risks to operators,

consumers and the environment. This is also to ensure that the farm produce, when

marketed both locally and internationally is safe for human consumption.

All pesticide applications should be regarded as technical operations. There is no room

for casual approach to pesticide application. The requirements for good agriculture

practices on pesticides include the following: choice of pesticides, advice on pesticides

usage, records of application, safety, training and instructions, protective clothing and

gears, pre-harvest interval, spray equipment, disposal of surplus spray mix, pesticide

storage, disposal of empty pesticide containers and disposal of obsolete pesticides

(Department of Agriculture, Malaysia; 2005).

1 Choice of Pesticides

Growers should only use pesticides that are officially registered under the

Pesticide Act. The pesticides used should be appropriate for a particular crop

and specific targeted pest or disease and which have minimal effect on

populations of beneficial organisms, aquatic life, workers, consumers and the

environment. An anti-resistance strategy should be adopted to avoid reliance

on any one chemical. In other words, crop producers are encouraged to

practice alternate use of different types of pesticides. In selecting a pesticide for

a pest problem, it is important to choose the least hazardous product that is

cost-effective against the targeted pest. As a general guide, the larger the LD50

values, the least toxic the product is to the spraying operators (Table 1).


47

WHO pesticide classification and their associated mammalian toxicity values

Class Colour

coding Hazardous level

LD50 for rat (mg/kg body weight)

Oral Dermal

Solids* Liquids* Solids* Liquids*

1a Extremely hazardous 5 or less 20 or less 10 or less 40 or less

Ib Highly hazardous 5 - 50 20 - 200 10 - 100 40 - 400

II Moderately hazardous 50 - 500 200 - 2000 100 - 1000 400 - 4000

III Slightly hazardous 500 - 5000 2000 - 20000 1000 - 10000 4000 - 40000

IV Unlikely to present a

hazard Over 5000 Over 20000 Over 10000 Over 10000

* The term solids and liquids refer to the physical state of the active ingredient being classified

2 Advice on Pesticide Usage

Growers could seek advice on pesticide usage from agriculture officers and

other competent authorities. Perspective users of pesticides must identify their

pest or disease problem, in order to avoid unnecessary use of the products.

There may be circumstances where the use of pesticides would not be

appropriate, such as where cultural or biological methods of control are more

effective. IPM is the best option and using pesticides is the last resort.

3 Records of Application

Growers are advised to keep farm records for traceability purposes. The lists of

product that are used on the crops should be recorded. The record should also

include date of application, reasons for application, trade name of pesticide

used, dosage, method of application and name of operator.

4 Safety, Training and Instructions

Spray operators should be trained on safe and proper use of pesticides. Each

area of application should be field marked with appropriate warning signs.

5 Protective Clothing and Gears

In order to understand how to protect against the hazards of pesticides, it is

important to know how they might enter the body. There are three routes; via

the mouth (oral), the skin (dermal) and by breathing into the lungs via the nose

or mouth (inhalation). In most spraying operations, exposure to the skin is the

most likely route of contamination because of spillage, splashes or spray


48

contact. Thus, the emphasis is on how to minimise skin contact. The head is a

sensitive area due to a higher rate of absorption of products via the hair

follicles. The eyes are particularly sensitive and require special attention.

Spray operators should be equipped with suitable protective clothing and equipment,

in order to minimize health risk and safety. The minimum requirement includes the

wearing of long sleeve shirt, long pants, apron, cap, face mask, hand glove and long

boot (Fig. 5 a). Due to our humid environment, spraying activities should be carried

during the early morning or late evening. Protective clothing and gears should be

cleaned after use and stored separately from pesticides (Fig. 5 b). This is also to meet

the requirements for farm workers under the Occupational Safety and Health

regulations.

(a) Proper safety attire during spraying (b) Proper storage of aprons and face mask

OSHA model

(c) Protective clothing and gears


49

6 Pre-harvest Interval

Pre-harvest interval is the period of time which must elapse between the

application of a pesticide and the harvesting of a crop, to ensure that pesticide

residues on the produce are within permissible limits. Pre-harvest intervals as

prescribed on pesticide labels should be strictly adhered. This is very important

to avoid the pesticide residues on farm produce.

7 Spray Equipment

Spray equipment should be suitable for use on the crop and farm in question

and should be kept in good working condition (Fig. 7a). Calibration should be

carried out as and when necessary to ensure accurate delivery of the required

quantity of spray. When mixing pesticides, the correct quantity of spray mix for

the crop to be treated and the proposed treatment type should be calculated

and accurately prepared.

(a) Proper storage of sprayers, & Spray equipment

7.1 Measuring and Mixing

The recommended dose rates and dilutions on the labels should be adhered to.

Higher dosage will not produce better results while the lower dosage will be

less effective. The method adopted for measuring and preparation for use will

vary according to the product and the scale of use. Ready-to-use solid products,

such as dusts and granules, can be tipped or scooped from their packs directly

into the hoppers of the sprayers. Concentrates which mix easily with water, can

be measured out and then poured directly into sprayer tanks partly filled with

water. Wettable powders should be premixed with a little water before pouring

into a partly-filled sprayer tank. The tank should then be filled with water to the

correct level, and mixed well. Importantly, never use hands for mixing.


50

8 Disposal of Surplus Spray Mix

Surplus spray mix and tank washings should be sprayed over an untreated part

of the crop as long as the recommended dosage has not been exceeded or on

designated fallow land. Records should be kept of such spraying.

9 Pesticide Storage

Pesticides are valuable products which may deteriorate and become useless and

perhaps hazardous if they are not stored under proper conditions. There are

rules and regulations on storage of pesticides, be it at the sale outlet or at farm

level. Pesticides must be stored in a sound, secured, water resistant, well-

ventilated and well-lit location away from other materials. All shelvings should

be of non-absorbent material. The pesticide store should be able to retain

spillage. We should never place containers of pesticides directly on the floor.

Use bricks or timber under the containers so that leaks may be discovered

easily. Keys and access to the store should be limited to workers with adequate

training in the handling of pesticides. All pesticides should be stored in their

original packing and only those registered for use on the crops on the farm

should be stored. Pesticides in powder form are stored on shelves above those

in liquid form (Fig. 9 a). Herbicides are normally placed on the lowest shelf.

There is a need to place warning signs of potential danger on access doors (Fig.

9 b). There should be adequate facilities for measuring and mixing pesticides

and emergency facilities, e.g. plenty of clean water and bucket of sand (Fig. 9 c),

to deal with contamination and accidental spillage.

(a) Proper storage of pesticides


51

(b) Placing of a danger sign on door (c) Bucket of sand in store

of pesticide store

10 Disposal of Empty Pesticide Containers

Empty pesticide containers should not be re-used. They should be disposed in

a manner that avoids exposure to human and contamination of the

environment. There is a triple rinsing technique for the washing of these empty

containers. The three times rinsing with water is done in three positions each

(Fig. 10 a - c) and the washings are returned to the spray tank (Fig. 10 d). These

rinsed containers should be pierced to prevent reuse. They should also be

securely kept until disposal is possible (Fig. 10 e). In the absence of a collection

and disposal service for empty pesticide containers, these containers could be

buried in disposal pits away from dwellings, water sources and crops. These

disposal pits should be properly labeled.

(a) (b) (c)


52

(a) (e) (f)

Disposal of empty pesticide container

(a) Step 1 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container

(b) Step 2 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container

(c) Step 3 of triple rinsing of an empty pesticide container

(d) Return of washing from triple rinsing into the spray tank

(e) Proper storage of empty pesticide containers

(f) disposal pit, away from dwellings, water sources and crops and properly

labeled.

11 Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides

Obsolete pesticides should only be disposed through an approved chemical

waste contractor, in accordance with the standing environmental regulations.


53

Table 4. List of insecticides and molluscicides, which are allowed for use on

leafy and fruit vegetables

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Kailan Siput

Achatina fulica metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis ipsilon

chlorfluazuron Atabron 5EC

deltamethrin Decis Minitab

Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

cypermethrin

Cylex 16 EC, Deploy 5.5 EC,

Flick 5.5 EC, Garrison 5.5 EC,

Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600,

Omega 5.5 EC, Trounce 16 EC

dimethoate +

cypermethrin Cyperdim 220 EC

Kutu daun

Lipaphis sp. cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper 1600

Kutu daun

Myzus persicae cypermethrin Halex Cypermethrin

Ulat Hellula

Hellula undalis

chlorfluazuron Atabron

dimethoate +



trichlorphon Dipterex

Lintah bulan

Limax sp. metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox, Sluggo M-5

Kabuh lenting

Phyllotreta sp. deltamethrin Decis Minitab

Ulat inti daun

Phytomyza sp.

dimethoate +

cypermethrin

Cyperdim 220 EC

Ulat plutella

Plutella xylostella abamectin

Abatin 1.8 EC, Agrimec 1.9 EC,

Ancotin 018, Habamec 1.8 EC,

Halex Abamectin 1.8 EC, Mectin

1.8 EC, Mutant, Vegegard


54


Kailan Ulat plutella

Plutella

xylostella

fenvalerate AGR Fenrate 20 EC, AGR

Fenrate 35 EC

chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC

Bacillus thuringiensis

subsp.Aizawai

Betee 32K, Florbac, Protect

BT, Sentari WG, Xentari


subsp.kurstaki

(3A,3B)strain HD-1

Biobit

diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Pengasus 250 SC,

Agus 24SC

emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B

indoxacarb Steward, Tatum

Ulat ratus

Spodoptera

exigua


Ulat ratus

Spodoptera

litura

chlorfluazuron Atabron 5 EC



emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim B


Ulat ratus

Spodoptera sp.

spinosad Success 25 SC

Hamama merah

Tetranychus

urticae

abamectin Abatin 1.8 EC, Brightin,

Mectin 1.8 EC, Mutant,

Vegegard

flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC, Cascade 5.3

EC

profenofos Cleaver 45.0 EC, Clout 45.0

EC, Fenop, Seron

Hamama merah

Tetranychus

urticae

chlorfenapyr Kotetsu SC

quinalphos Minalphos

fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC

diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC

pyridaben Sanmite 20 WP


55


Kailan Hamama merah

Tetranychus

urticae

clarified hydrophobic

extract of neem oil +

d-limonene

Tripper

Kangkong

Siput

Achatina sp.

Lintah bulan

Limax sp.

metaldehyde Meta 5G

Brokoli Ulat plutella

Plutella

xylostella


subsp.kurstaki

B.tis, Bagone, Crymac


subsp.Aizawai

Betee 32 K

Ulat jengkal

Trichoplusia ni


subsp.kurstaki

B.tis, Bagone, Crymac

Bayam Siput

Achatina fulica

metaldehyde Elatus, Metarex 5G, Snail

Tox

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis ipsilon

fenvalerate Sumitower 303

Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

dimethoate Vita Dimethoate

Kutu daun

Myzus sp.

chlorpyrifos Mission 400

Lintah bulan

Deroceras sp.

Limax sp.

metaldehyde Elatus, Snail Tox

Ulat hellula

Hellula undalis


Pelombong

daun

Phyllocnistis

citrella


Ulat ratus

Spodoptera

litura

cypermethrin Salithion 16%


Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp.


Kutu trip

Thrips sp.

chlorpyrifos Mission 400



56


Kubis Cina Ulat pangkas

Agrotis ipsilon



Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

cartap

hydrochloride

Cartap 98 SP

Kutu daun

Brevicoryne

brassicae

permerthrin Arsato

Kutu daun

Myzus persicae

fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC

Ulat hellula

Hellula undalis deltamethrin

Decis, Decis 250, Decis

Minitab

fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP

abamectin Zabamec 20

Kabuh lenting


fenvalerate Sumicidin 10 WP

Ulat plutella

Plutella

xylostella

abamectin

Agrimec 1.9 EC, Habamec

1.8 EC, Halex Abamectin 1.8

EC

Bacillus

thuringiensis

subsp.Aizawai

Beetee 32K

deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis

Minitab

chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC

emamectin

benzoate

Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim

B

fenvalerate Sumicidin, Sumitower 303

Ulat ratus

Spodoptera

litura

carbaryl

Carbacide 85

Spodoptera

litura

cartap

hydrochloride

Cartap 98 SP, Tadan 50 WP


fenvalerate

Fenditox 20 EC, Sumicidin

10% WP, Sumitower 303

emamectin

benzoate

Proclaim 019 EC, Proclaim

B


57


Kubis bunga

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis ipsilon deltamethrin Action 250, Omelin 250

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis sp. deltamethrin

Lonsat

Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

dimethoate +

cypermethrin

Cyperdim 220 EC, Decor,

Konsep 550

cypermethrin Satria 5.5 EC

dimethoate Tamet 40

Kutu daun

Brevicoryne

brassicae

permethrin Arsato, Parasect 100

cypermethrin

Barrix 55, Bost 999, Chicop-

S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55,

Cypersan, Cypersect , Kontek,

Larvin, Oltex 55, Racer 55,

Unithrin 5 EC

chlorpyrifos +

cypermethrin

Gaya 505

Kutu daun

Lipaphis sp. dimethoate Fezmet, Fezmet 40

lambda-

cyhalothrin

Recca 280, Trekker 28

Kutu daun

Myzus persicae diazinon Basudin EW

dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400,

Roction 400

Kutu daun

Myzus sp.

dimethoate Rothion


58


Kubis bunga

Ulat

crocidolomia

Crocidolomia

binotalis

lambda-

cyhalothrin

Recca 280, Trekker 28

Ulat hellula

Hellula undalis deltamethrin Catch

dimethoate +


chlorpyrifos +

cypermethrin Decor, Gaya 505, Konsep 550

dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, Rocthion

400, Rothion

Kabuh lenting

Phyllotreta sp. diazinon Basudin EW

Ulat inti daun

Phytomyza sp.

dimethoate +


dimethoate Rothion

Ulat pieris

Pieris rapae

lambda-

cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28

Ulat plutella

Plutella

xylostella

deltamethrin Action 250, Catch, Lonsat,

Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC

Bacillus

thuringiensis

subsp.Aizawai

Beetee 32K

diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Agus 24SC

chlorpyrifos +

cypermethrin Konsep 550, Decor

lambda-

cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28


diflubenzuron +

alphacypermethrin

Trap

Ulat ratus

Spodoptera

exigua


Ulat ratus

Spodoptera

litura

deltamethrin

Action 250, Catch, Deltarin 280,

Omelin 250, Permit, Sonic 2.5 EC


59


Kacang panjang

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis ipsilon deltamethrin

Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC,

Deltafos 1.4 EC

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis sp. deltamethrin Lonsat

Lalat putih

Aleurodicus

dispersus


Lalat putih

Aleurodicus sp. dimethoate Dimeto 400, Roction 400

Lalat putih

Bemisia tabaci dimethoate Dimet 40

Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38 EC,

Lexide 400 EC

diazinon Mapa Diazinon 60

Pelombong daun

Chromatomyia

horticola

deltamethrin Action 250, Decis, Decis 250,

Decis Minitab, Omelin 250

cyromazine Trigard 75 WP

Pelombong daun

Liriomyza sp. deltamethrin

Decis, Decis 250, Decis

Minitab

Pelombong daun

Phyllocnistis citrella

diazinon

Mapa Diazinon 60


Pelombong daun

Phytomyza

atricornis

diazinon Basudin EW

Pelombong daun

Phytobia sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC

Lelompat daun

Empoasca fabae acetamiprid Mospilan 3% EW

Kumbang kura-

kura

Epilachna sp.

dimethoate Lexide 400 EC


60


Kacang panjang Pengorek kacang

Euchrysops cnejus carbaryl CH Carbaryl 85

cypermethrin

Chichop-S161, Cidoff 10,

Cidoff 55, Clik, Kemiron,

Salithion 16%, Satria 5.5 EC

deltamethrin

Desec 140, Desec 280

Pengorek kacang

Euchrysops sp. cypermethrin

Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan,

Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55

Pengorek buah

Euchrysops meruca cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC

Ulat kuntum/ Ulat

pengorek kacang

Helicoverpa

armigera

cyfluthrin Baythroid 5 EC


subs.kurstaki (3A,3B)

strain HD-1

Biobit

betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC

cypermethrin Chipthrin 5.5


subsp. kurstaki Dipel

lambda-chyalothrin Karate Zeon

lufenuron Match 050 EC

Ulat pengorek buah

Helicoverpa assulta cypermethrin Cypersing 550, Farmsect 550

lufenuron Exodus 5.1 EC

Ulat pengorek buah

Helicoverpa sp. cypermethrin

Kontek, Mythrin, Nong Dat

500

Ulat pengorek buah

Maruca sp. cypermethrin Kontex

Pengorek buah/

pucuk

Leucinodes sp.


Pengorek lengai

Maruca testulalis

cypermethrin ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM

Cyberthrin 5.5, Apture 5.5 EC,

Bina Cyper 10.5 EC, Bina

Cyper 5.5 EC, BL Cyper 10.5

EC, BL Cyper 5.5 EC, BM

Cythrin, Chipthrin 5.5,

Cyperact 10.5 EC, Cyper-Axe,

Cyper-EC, Cypersing 550,

Farmsect 550, Kemiron


61


Kacang panjang Pengorek lengai Maruca testulalis

deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC, Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC, BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Dentafos 2.8, Desec 140, Shieldmate 2.8 EC


flufenoxuron Cascade 2 EC

beta-cypermethrin Chix

imidacloprid + cyfluthrin

Confidor Matrix

lambda-cyhalothrin Karate


acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC, Mospilan 3% EC

Pengorek lengai Maruca testulalis

cypermethrin Mythrin, Nong Dat 500, Salithion 16%, Salithion 550

methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC


gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex

Kutu trip Megalurothrips usitatus

imidacloprid Admire 200 SL, Confidor, ConfIdor 200 SL, Indigo, Provado 200 SL

cypermethrin Bugster

Kutu trip Thrips palmi imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo

mercaptodimethur Mandate 50, Snapshot 50


Kutu trip Thrips sp.


dimethoate Lexide 400 EC, Vita Dimethoate

mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP

Lalat kacang Melanagromyza phaseoli

dimethoate Dimet 40

Ulat daun Omiodes sp.

diazinon WA Diazinon EC

Ulat inti daun Phytomyza sp.

diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon, WA Diazinon

dimethoate Lexide 400 EC


62

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN

AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Kacang

panjang

Hamama

Polyphagotarsonemus sp. diafenthiuron

Pegasus 250 SC

Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp.

sulfur Microthiol 80 WG

amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac

dimethoate Roction 400, Vita

dimethoate

Hamama merah

Tetranychus urticae diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC

Ulat ratus

Spodoptera exigua

lambda-

cyhalothrin Karate Zeon

Ulat ratus

Spodoptera litura

deltamethrin

Decis Minitab, Delta 1.4

EC, Delta 2.5 EC, Deltafos

1.4 EC, Fujita B

cypermethrin

Salithion 16%, Salithion

550


63


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Kacang

buncis

Lalat putih

Aleurodicus

dispersus


Lalat putih

Bemisia tabaci

abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018

dimethoate Dimet 40

Kutu daun

Aphis sp. dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38 EC

Pelombong daun

Chromatomyia

horticola

deltamethrin Action 250, Decis, Decis 250, Decis

Minitab, Omelin 250

cyromazine Brent 75 WP, Frontier 75 WP,

Trigard 75 WP

Pelombong daun

Liriomyza sp. deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab,

Pelombong daun

Phyllocnistis citrella dimethoate Vita Dimethoate

Pengorek kacang

Euchrysops cnejus cypermethrin

Chicop-S161, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55,

Clik, Kemiron, Salithion 16%,

Salithion 550

Pengorek kacang

Euchrysops sp. cypermethrin

Barrix 55, Bost 999, Cypersan,

Cypersect, Oltex 55, Racer 55

Pengorek buah

Euchrysops meruca cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC

Ulat kuntum/Ulat

pengorek

Helicoverpa

armigera


Bacillus

thuringiensis

subsp.kurstaki

(3A,3B)strain

HD-1

Biobit

Betacyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC

Pengorek lengai

Maruca testulalis

deltamethrin Action 250, Binadelta 1.4 EC,

Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL Delta 1.4 EC,

BL Delta 2.8 EC, Catch, Decis, Decis

250, Decis Minitab, Desec, Desec

280, Omelin 250, Shielmate 1.4 EC,

Shielmate 2.8 EC

lambda-cyhalothrin Vente 25


imidacloprid +

cyfluthrin

Confidor Matrix


64


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Kacang Buncis

Pengorek lengai

Maruca testulalis cypermethrin

Cypergard 10 EW,

Cyperway 10 EW,

Kemiron, Salithion 16%,

Salithion 550

Kutu trip

Megalurothrips usitatus

Thrips palmi

imidacloprid Confidor, Indigo

Kutu trip

Thrips sp.


dimethoate Logor, Logor Blu, Vita

Dimethoate

Lalat kacang

Melanagromyza phaseoli


diazinon Dianet, SH Diazinon


Dimethoate

trichlorphon Tritex 95 SP

Lalat kacang

Ophiomyia phaseoli dimethoate Dimet 40

Kabuh lenting

Phyllotreta sinuata deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250

Kabuh lenting


Ulat inti daun

Phytomyza sp. diazinon

Dianet, SH Diazinon

Ulat ratus

Spodoptera litura


cypermethrin Salithion 16%, Salithion

550

Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp.

amitraz

Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec

21.6, Mirax 216, Mitac,

Vintage 21.7 EC


Dimethoate


65


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Terung

Lalat putih

Aleurodicus dispersus thiamethoxam Actara 25WG

Lalat putih

Bemisia tabaci

thiamethoxam Actara 25WG

imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix

abamectin Dyna-Mec 19

buprofezin Lanmertin

diafenthiuron Pengasus 250 SC

Kutu daun

Aphis gossypii

cypermethrin CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperten

acetamiprid Dekker, Mospilan 3% EC

permethrin Mastin 88, Meothin 500,

Parasect 100

Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G

malathion

CH Malaxion 570E, CH

Malaxion 84.0, Teraxion

1000E

dimethoate

Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet

40, Lexide 400EC, Rogor L-

40

cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper

1600

fenvalerate Sumicidin 10%WP

Kumbang daun

Aulacophora sp. malathion

CH Malaxion 570E, Teraxion

1000E

Lelompat daun

Empoasca fabae

thiamethoxam Actara 25WG

imidacloprid

Fusilier 18.3SL, Imida 200,

Kendor, Nexus 18.3SL,

Pack-It 200

Lelompat daun

Empoasca sp. chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC

Hamama

Eotetranychus sp. propargite Omite 57EC

Kumbang kura-kura

Epilachna indica

trichlorphon CH Trichlorphon 95

deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250

dimethoate

Dimeto 400, Fezmet,

Fezmet 40, Roction 400,

Rogor L-40


66

TANAMAN PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF

NAMA DAGANGAN

Terung

Kumbang kura-kura Epilachna sp.

deltamethrin Decis Minitab, Permit

dimethoate Halex Dimethoate 38EC, Lexide 400EC

Ulat kuntum/ulat pengorek Helicoverpa armigera

cypermethrin Chicop-S161, Cypersect, Kontek, alithion 16%

deltamethrin Desec 140, Desec 280


permethrin Parasect 100

lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28


fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox 3.0

Pengorek buah/pucuk Leucinodes orbonalis

cypermethrin

ACM Cyberthrin 10.5, ACM Cyberthrin 5.5, Apture 5.5EC, Barrix 55, Bina Cyper 10.5EC, Bina Cyper 5.5EC, BL Cyper 10.5EC, BL Cyper 5.5EC, BM Cythrin, Bost 999, Chicop-S161, Chipthrin 5.5, Cidoff 110, Cidoff 55, Clik, Cylex 16EC, CyMac, Cym-H, Cyperact 10.5EC, Cyperin 550, Cypersan, Cypersect, Cypersing 550, Cyperten, E-Lita, Farmsect 550, Flick 5.5 EC, Garrison 5.5 EC, Ha Zhong Mah 50, Halex Cypermethrin, Kemiron, Kontek, Methrin 101, Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,


67


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Terung

Pengorek buah/pucuk

Leucinodes orbonalis

deltamethrin

Action 250, Binadelta

1.4EC, Binadelta 2.8EC, BL

Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8

EC, Catch, Decis, Decis

250, Decis Minitab,

Omelin 250, Permit,

Shieldmate 1.4EC,

Shieldmate 2.8 EC

permethrin

AGR Agflow 10 EC, AGR

Pilar 10 EC, AGR Porex 10

EC, Agrivo 10 EC, Arsato,

Binasect 10EC, BL-Met 10

EC, Kenbush, Kilsect 10EC,

Kilsect 20EC, Mastin 88,

Meothin 500, Parasect

100, Perkill

alpha-cypermethrin Alpha-Thrin, Atis, Orca

030 EC,

carbaryl

Avin 85, Boly 85% WP, CH

Carbaryl 85, Rebel 85%WP,

Wesco Carbaryl 85



subsp.aizawai strain NB20 Brightflo

beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 025 EC

thiocyclam-hydrogen

oxalate Evisect S

lambda-cyhalothrin Karate, Vente 25

carbofuran Pofer 3G



fenvalerate Sumicidin 200

diflubenzuron + alpha-

cypermethrin Trap

Pengorek buah/pucuk

Leucinodes sp.

carbofuran Campaign 3G, Carbosip 3G

cypermethrin Citrinex, Cyper 50 EC,

Slithion 16%



68

TANAMA

N PEROSAK BAHAN AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Terung

Kutu daun

Lipaphis sp. cypermethrin

Kencis 1600

Ken-Cyper 1600

Pengorek lengai

Maruca testulalis lufenuron Match 050 EC

Kabuh lentinf

Phyllotreta sp. cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC

Pelombong daun

Phytobia sp. dimethoate Lexide 400EC

Ulat inti daun

Phytomyza sp.

Hamama

Polyphagotarsonemus

latus

amitraz Amatic 20 EC


Hamama

Polyphagotarsonemus

sp.

sulfur Micrithiol 80WG

Kutu trip

Scirtothrips sp. fipronil Regain 500

Ulat ratus

Spodptera exigua methoxyfenozide Runner 240 SC

Ulat ratus

Spodptera litura

deltamethrin

Binadelta 1.4EC,

Binadelta 2.8EC, BL

Delta 1.4EC, BL Delta 2.8

EC, Decis Minitab,

Shieldmate 1.4 EC,

Shieldmate 2.8 EC,

Ulat ratus

Spodptera sp. deltamethrin

Catch, Deltarex 140,

Deltatox 140, FC Delta

140, Lonsat

cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC


Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp. bifenthrin Brigade 25 EC

malathion CH Malaxion 570E, CH

Malaxion 84.0

amitraz Comatec 21.6, Mitac


69


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Terung

Hamama merah

Tetranychus

urticae

dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400,

Roction 400

spirodiclofen Envidor

sulfur Microthiol 80WG

propargite Omite



Kutu trip

Thrips palmi

imidacoprid

Admire 200 SL, Confidor,

Confidor 100 SL, Confidor

200 SL, Confidor 70 WG,

Elektra, Fantasia, Indigo,

Mafidor, Mattador,

Provado 200 SL

chlorfluazuron „Atabron‟ 5EC

imidacloprid +

cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix

chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC

carbosulfan Marshal 20SC, Marsk


fipronil Regim 5SC

Spinosad Success 25SC

acetamiprid Tips

Kutu trip

Thrips sp.

malathion

CH Malaxion 570E, CH

Malaxion 84.0, SK

Malathion, Teraxion 1000E

acetamiprid Dekker

dimethoate Lexide 400EC


fipronil Regain 500, Regent 50 SC

Lalat putih

Trialeurodus

vaporariorum

abamectin Abamec 018, Avemec 018


70


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Cili

Kutu daun

Aphis gossyphii

cypermethrin Bugster

imidacloprid

Confidor, Fusilier 18.3 SL,

Imida 200, Indigo, Nascent

18.2 SL, Nexus 18.3 SL,

Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL,

RH Imidacloprid, SK

Imidacloprid

deltamethrin

Cothrin, Cracko, Deltam,

Destin 1.4 EC, Detin, Vancis,

Vanthrin 1.4 EC

chlorpyrifos +

cypermethrin

Dewana Cyperchlor 505,

Dragon 505, Energy 505,

Naga 505

chlorpyrifos Logic 75

esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28

Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

cypermethrin

AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma

10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC,

Chipthrin 5.5, Consult 5 EC,

Contest 50 EC, Cosmo 35,

Crescent 5 EC, Cyper 50 EC,

Cyperin 550, Cypersing 550,

Farmsect 550, Kencis 1600,

Ken-Cyper 1600, larvin,

Mythrin, Nong Dat 500,

Nullecide 10 EC, Unicide 5.5

EC, Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack

150

malathion

BM Malathion 84, Hextar

Malathion 57, Maladion 84

E, Mapa Malathion 57, WA

Malathion 84, ZA Malathion

84 EC

dimethoate

Dimet 40, Dimexion 40,

Fezmet, Fezmet 40, Halex

Dimethoate 38 EC, Kenlogo,

lexide 400 EC, Logor, Logor

Blu,

Vita Dimethoate

fenvalerate Sumicidin 10% WP, Sumitox

3.0


71


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Cili

Kutu daun

Lipaphis sp. cypermethrin

Kencis 1600, Ken-Cyper

1600

Kutu daun

Myzus persicae azadirachtin AZ, Fortune Aza 3%

Lalat buah

Bactrocera sp.

chlorpyrifos +

cypermethrin Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP

cypermethrin

AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR

Cyma 10 EC,

AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult

5 EC,

Cosmo 35, Cresent 5 EC,

Cyper 50 EC,

Nullecide 10 EC

chlorpyrifos Bodyguard

flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC

deltamethrin Lonsat

Lalat putih

Bemisia tabaci imidacloprid

Confidor, Fusilier 18.3

SL, Imida 200,

Indigo, Nascent 18.2 SL,

Nexus 18.3 SL,

Pack-It 200, Palisade

18.2 SL

Lalat putih

Trialeurodus sp. potassium oleate

Duxon Insecticide

Concentrate

Lalat putih

Trialeurodus vaporariorum abamectin

Abamec 018, Avemec

018

Kumbang kura-kura

Epilachna sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC

Kutu trip

Haplothrips floricola fipronil Regim 5SC

Kutu trip

Scirtothrips dorsalis

cypermethrin Chipthrin 5.5, Nong Dat

500

deltamethrin Deltatox 140

imidacloprid

RH Imidacloprid, SK

Imidacloprid


72


NAMA DAGANGAN

Cili

Kutu trip Scirtothrips sp.

fipronil Regain 500

Kutu trip Thrips palmi

imidacloprid

Admire 200 SL, Confidor, Confidor 100 SL, Confidor 200 SL, Elektra, Fantasia, Fusilier 18.3 SL, Imida 200, Indigo, Mafidor, Mattador, Nascent 18.2 SL, Nexus 18.3 SL, Pack-It 200, Palisade 18.2 SL, Provado 200 SL

minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC

imidacloprid + cyfluthrin Confidor Matrix

deltamethrin Cothrin, Detin, Vanthrin 1.4 EC

cypermethrin Cypercing 550


acetamiprid Mospilan 20% WSC


spinosad Success 25 SC

lambda-cyhalothrin ZA Lambda

Kutu trip Thrips sp. chlorpyrifos +

cypermethrin

Accurate-Ace, Pyriban SP, Agent 505, Dewana Cyperchlor 505, Dragon 505, Energy 505, Kayak 505, Naga 505, Starfos 505

cypermethrin

AGR Cylac 10 EC, AGR Cyma 10 EC, AGR Jola 10 EC, Consult 5 EC, Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC, Farmsect 550, Larvin, Nullecide 10 EC, Unithrin 5 EC, Zattack 150

Kutu trip Thrips sp.

carbosulfan Brightage 25 EC, Synton 25 EC

deltamethrin Delta 1.4 EC, Delta 2.5 EC, Deltafos 1.4 EC, Destin 1.4 EC, Fujita B, Lonsat, Wesilin 1.40


73


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Cili

Kutu trip

Thrips sp.

dimethoate

Dimeto 400, Dimexion 40,

Fezmet,

Fezmet 40, Lexide 400

EC, Roction 400,

Vita Dimethoate

chlorpyrifos Lorsban 40 EC

lambda-cyhalothrin Regain 500, Regent 50 SC

malathion SK Malathion

fenvalerate Sumitox 3.0

Ulat kuntum / Ulat

pengorek

Helicoverpa armigera

deltamethrin

Action 250, Binadelta 1.4

EC,

Binadelta 2.8 EC, BL

Delta 1.4 EC,

BL Delta 2.8 EC, Brightis,

Catch,

Craco, Decis, Decis 250,

Decis Minitab, Deltafos

2.8,

Deltam, Deltis 1.4 EC,

Desec 140, Desec 280,

FC Delta 140, Omelin

250,

Shieldmate 1.4 EC,

Shieldmate 2.8 EC,

Vancis, Wesilin 1.40

cypermethrin

AGR Cylac 10 EC,

AGR Cyma 10 EC,

AGR Jola 10 EC,

Bugster, Consult 5 EC,

Cosmo 35, Crescent 5 EC,

Cyper 50 EC, Cyper H20,

Cyper-axe, Cyper-EC,

Farmsect 550, Mythrin,

Nong Dat 500, Nullecide

10 EC,

Ripcord 505, WA Cyperin

100


74


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Cili

Ulat kuntum / Ulat

pengorek

Helicoverpa armigera


subsp. kurstaki

(3A,3B)

Bactospeine WG,

Dipel WG,

Lepicide WG



subsp.kurstaki

(3A,3B) strain HD-1

Biobit

chlorpyrifos Bodyguard, Lorsban

40 EC

fenpropathrin Danitol 10 SC


subsp.kurstaki Dipel

lamda-cyhalothrin

Karate, Karate

Zeon, Karate Zeon

B, Recca 280,

Siloco 280, Trekker

28, ZA Lambda


emamectin benzoate Pictor 019



Pelombong daun

Phytobia sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC

Pelombong daun

Liriomyza sp. fenpropathrin Scea Danitol 10 SC

Ulat inti daun

Phytomyza sp. dimethoate Lexide 400 EC

Pengorek lengai

Maruca testulalis lufenuron Match 050 EC

Ulat jengkal

Plusia chalcites esfenvalerate Sumi-Alpha 28

Hamama

Polyphagotarsonemus spirodiclofen Envidor

fenpyroximate Ortus 5% SC


75


NAMA DAGANGAN

Cili

Hamama merah Tetranychus sp.


fenpyroximate + propargite Scoremite

Sulfur Microthiol 80 WG

amitraz

Arthur 21.7 EC, Comatec 21.6, Mirax 216, Mitac, Vintage 21.7 EC

malathion

BM Malathion 84, Hextar Malathion 57, Maladion 84E, Mapa Malathion 57, ZA Malathion 84 EC

dimethoate Dimet 40, Dimeto 400, Roction 400

sulfur Microthiol 80 WG


flufenoxuron Cascade 2EC

diafenthiuron Kalos SC, Pegasus 250 SC

Ulat ratus Spodoptera exigua



Ulat ratus Spodoptera litura

deltamethrin Catch, Decis Minitab

cypermethrin Cypersing 550




gamma-cyhalothrin Vantex

Kutu trip Scirtothrips sp.

fipronil Regain 500


76


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Cili Ulat ratus

Spodoptera litura lambda-cyhalothrin Recca 280, Trekker 28

Cili manis

Kutu daun

Myzus persicae azadirachtin AZ, Fortune AZA 3%

Kutu trip

Thrips palmi

imidacloprid

Admire 200 SL,

Confidor 200 SL,

Provado 200 SL

carbosulfan Marshal 20 SC

Labu

Kutu daun

Aphis sp. dimethoate Tamet 40

Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp.

Jagung

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis ipsilon chlorpyrifos Embark 5G

Ulat pangkas

Agrotis sp. chlorpyrifos Logic 75

Kutu daun

Aphis sp.

Lipaphis sp.

cypermethrin Kencis 1600, Ken-

Cyper 1600

Jagung

Ulat kuntum/

Ulat pengorek

Helicoverpa

armigera



subsp. kurstaki

(3A,3B)

Dipel ES

Ulat kuntum/

Ulat pengorek

Helicoverpa

assulta

cypermethrin Kemiron

Ulat pengorek

buah

Helicoverpa sp.


Ulat pengorek

tongkol

Ostrinia furnacalis

emamectin benzoate Proclaim 019 EC,

Proclaim B


77


NAMA DAGANGAN

Jagung

Ulat pengorek batang Ostrinia salentialis

chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri



profenofos Selecron 500 EC, Vegecron

Ulat pengorek Ostria sp.



Ulat pengorek batang Sesamia inferens

profenofos Selecron 500 EC


chlorpyrifos Adex, Daisai, Direct, Perri

cypermethrin Kemiron

quinalphos Relay, Relay 250, Zephos 250

profenofos Selecron 500 EC

Ulat ratus Spodoptera sp.

cypermethrin Cyper 50 EC

quinalphos Rid-Off

Timun

Ulat pangkas Agrotis ipsilon


Ulat pangkas Agrotis sp.

deltamethrin Lonsat

Kutu daun Aphis gossypii

acetamiprid Amani, Dekker

dimethoate Rogor L-40

Kutu daun Aphis sp.

malathion CH Malaxion 570E

dimethoate Dimet 40, Fezmet, Fezmet 40, Kenlogo, Logor, Logor Blu, Tamet 40



78


NAMA DAGANGAN

Timun

Kumbang daun Aulacophora sp.


cypermethrin Cyper 50EC

deltamethrin Decis, Decis 250, Decis Minitab, Desec 140, Desec 280


Lalat buah Bactrocera cucurbitae

fenvalerate Fenditox 20EC

Lalat buah Bactrocera sp. fenthion

Ch Fenthion 50, Lebaycid 550EC, Split 50EC

cypermethrin Cyper

Lalat putih Bemisia tabaci.

abamectin

Abamec 018, Abatin 1.8 EC, Attic, Avemec 018, Brightin, Mectin 1.8 EC

Lalat putih Trialeurodus vaporariorum

minyak bawang putih Bralic 12.5 EC

Ulat timun Diaphania sp.

carbaryl Carbacide 85

Ulat kuntum Helicoverpa assulta


Ulat gulung daun Margaronia indica

acetamiprid Mospilan 20%WSC

Ulat jengkal Plusia chalcites


Hamama Polyphagotarsonemus

diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC

Hamama merah Tetranychus sp.


dimethoate Dimet 40, Kenlogo, Logor, Logor Blu, Tamet 40


79


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Timun

Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp. dicofol Meto

propargite Omite 30W

Hamama merah

Tetranychus truncatus dicofol Trithane

Hamama merah

Tetranychus urticae diafenthiuron Pengasus 250SC

Ulat ratus

Spodoptera litura deltamethrin Decis Minitab

Kutu trip

Thrips palmi chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC

mercaptodimethur Mandate 50

carbosulfan Marshal 20SC


Kutu trip

Thrips sp. malathion

CH Malaxion 570E,

SK Malathion

mercaptodimethur Mesurol 50 WP

Lelompat daun

Empoasca sp. chlorfenapyr Kotetsu, Kotetsu SC

Kacang tanah

Kutu daun

Aphis sp. dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction

Ulat akar

Diabrotica sp. carbofuran Furadan 3G

Pelombong daun

Liriomyza sp.

diflubenzuron +

alphacypermethrin Trap

Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp. dimethoate Perfekthion, Suction

Tebu

Kutu daun

Aphis sp. carbofuran

Cafuran 3G, Serbaco

G33, Tri-Furan 3G

Kutu daun

Oregma sp. carbofuran

Kenfuran, Kenfuran

3G


80


AKTIF NAMA DAGANGAN

Tebu

Pengorek batang

Eucosma

isogramma carbofuran

Carboran, Furatox 3G,

Kenfuran, Kenfuran 3G,

MM Furan 3G, Naga 3G,

Pofer 3G, Serbaco G33,

Systemic 3G

Pengorek batang

Eucosma sp. carbofuran

Cafuran 3G, Campaign

3G, Carbosip 3G, Tri-

Furan 3G

Anai-anai

Macrotermes sp. fipronil Regim 3G

Lelompat daun

Perkinsiella sp. carbofuran

Cafuran 3G, Kenfuran,

Kenfuran 3G, Serbaco

G33, Tri-Furan 3G

Pengorek batang

Phragmataecia sp. carbofuran Furadan, Serbaco

Pengorek batang

Proceras

sacchariphagus

carbofuran Agritox 3G, Furadan 3G

Pengorek batang

Proceras sp. carbofuran Cafuran 3G, Tri-Furan 3G

Tikus

Rattus

argentiventer

chlorophacinone Drat Bait

diphacinone Yasodion

warfarin Yasomin

Tikus

Rattus diardii chlorophacinone Drat Bait

Tikus

Rattus sp. warfarin

Tikumin 1000, Tikumin

500

Hamama merah

Tetranychus sp. tetradifon Tedion V-18

Tanaman

Ladang

Siput

Achatina fulica metaldehyde

Racun siput berbutir,

Siputox, Snail Pellet

Lintah bulan

Deroceras sp. metaldehyde

Racun Siput Berbutir,

Snail Pellet


81

Diseases Control

Type of Vegetables Symptoms Disease Control measures

rucifers

Infected leaves collapse,

turning dull grey-green

Leaf blight

Causal organism:

Rhizoctonia solani

Remove and burn infected

leaves. Thin out to reduce

humidity and leaf contact. When

planting in the nethouse, try to

avoid water and heat stress.

Pathogen usually attacks

leaves and young stem. Area

infected is covered with grey

sporangiosphores with black

heads.

Leaf rot

Causal organism:

Choanephora

cucurbitarum

Similar as above.

Dark brown spots with

concentratic rings (with darker

colour) on leaves.

Leaf spot

Causal organism:

Corynespora

casiicola

This disease is of minor

importance, but can reduce the

cosmetic value of vegetables. If

necessary, spray with fungicides.

Irregular yellow spots on

upper surface with

corresponding brown spots on

under surface of leaves.

Downy mildew

Causal organism:

Peronospora

parasitica

If necessary, spray with

fungicides.

Crucifers (cauliflower or brocolli)

Leaves rot till the entire plant

dies

Soft rot

Causal organism:

Erwinia caratovora

Practise crop rotation. Avoid

crop injury. Mulching would

reduce rain splashing and

damage on leaves. Insect control

reduces infection.


82


Crucifers

(cabbage)

V-shaped lesions on the leaves

and blackening of veins,

extending to the core.

Black rot

Causal organism:

Xanthomonas

campestris

Practise crop rotation. Remove

infected leaves. Disease is seed

borne, therefore, treat seeds

before sowing with hot water at

52oC for 30 minutes. Remove

plant residues to reduce

infection in the next season.

Core of cabbage rots, due to

soft or black rot

Heart rot

Causal organism:

Erwinia caratovora

or Xanthomonas

campestris

Similar as above.

Amaranths and

kangkung

Small, white blister on under

surface of leaf.

White blister /

white rust

Causal organism:

Albugo sp.

Remove and burn infected

leaves. Problem is more serious

during rainy season. If necessary,

spray undersides of leaves with

copper fungicides.

Amaranths

Infected leaves rot

Leaf rot

Causal organism:

Rhizoctonia sp.

Avoid over-crowding and over

watering. Plants should be spaced

properly.

Cangkok manis

On ratoon crop, shoots turn

yellow and defoliate. Necrosis

usually occurs on one side of

shoot.

Shoot dieback Remove all infected plants and

burn. Use separate knife for new

crop and ratoon crop, after

harvesting, sterilise knife in 10%

Chlorox. Select for resistant

varieties.

Cangkok manis

Dark brown target spots with

yellow halo

Target leaf spot

Causal organism:

Corynespora

cassiicola

If necessary, use fungicides.

Cucurbits

Numerous light brown spots

occur on leaf, leading to

leaves drying up

Downy mildew

Causal organism:

Pseudoperonospor

a cubensis

Use resistant or tolerant varieties.

If necessary, protect leaves with

fungicides.


83


Mosaic leaves patterns on

leaves and growth is stunted.

Fruits are malformed

Zuccini Yellow

Mosaic Virus

Destroy affected plants. Use

disease free seeds. Control of the

aphids (vector) is important.

White powdery spots on both

upper and lower surface of

leaves. When majority of

foliage is infected, plant is

weakened and fruit ripens

prematurely.

Powdery mildew

Causal organism:

Erysiphe

cichoracearum

Avoid over applying of Nitrogen.

In big planting, examine 5 mature

leaves once a week for powdery

mildew infection, and apply

fungicide when a single spot of

powdery mildew is first seen.

Bitter Gourd Irregular brown spots with

yellow margins on leaves

Leaf spot

Causal organism:

Corynespora sp.

Use fungicide if necessary.

Legumes

Plants become stunted and

wilt. The xylem tissues and

roots become discoloured

brown

Wilt

Causal organism:

Fusarium

oxysporum

Avoid planting long beans at

the same place where disease

was detected. Use only

tolerant varieties.


84


Circular, reddish brown

spots occur on leaves.

Leaf spot

Causal organism:

Cercospora sp.

Spray with fungicide if

necessary.

Affected leaves rot Leaf rot

Causal organism:

Rhizoctonia sp.

Spray with fungicide if

necessary

Brown pustules surrounded

by yellow halo develop on

leaves. The affected leaves

wither prematurely.

Leaf rust

Causal organism:

Uromyces

phaseolii

Use fungicide if necessary.

Legumes (Winged-bean)

Yellow-orange pustules on

undersurface of leaves and

pods. This disease is most

common on mature plants

False rust

Causal organism:

Uromyces

phaseoli

Remove affected plants.


85


Malvaceous (Lady’s Fingers)

Black mould occurs on

undersurface of leaf which

later turning yellow and

drying up

Leaf mould

Causal organism:

Cercospora

fuligena

Remove affected older leaves.

Maintain good growth.

Solanaceous Pale brown rot on fruit, stem and branches. Infected branch wilts

Blight Causal organism: Phomopsis sp.

Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Use seeds from disease-free plants. Practise crop rotation. Prune, remove and burn infected fruits and branches. Spray with copper fungicides.

Chilli

Sunken lesions are found on stalk and fruit and fungal spores are produced in concentric rings

Anthracnose Causal organism: Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes or C. capsici

Remove and burn infected fruits. Spray with fungicides if necessary.

Circular dark brown spots on leaves. When severely infected, the leaves can drop

Leaf spot Causal organism: Cercospora sp.

Maintain healthy plant growth.

Young leaves show mottling along veins with mosaic patterns. The leaves are stunted and crinkled

Virus Aphids are the vector. Control aphids. Use disease-free seeds. Intercrop with other crops such as maize as barriers.

Tomato and brinjal Sudden wilt occurs while leaves are still green.

Bacterial wilt Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Avoid planting at the places already infected with disease. Practise crop rotation. Sterilise soil before planting, if possible.


86


Tomato

Irregular crackling of skin near the fruit stalk

Regulate water and calcium uptake in plant. Use varieties that have less tendency to crack.

The blossom end of the fruit rots.

Regulate water and calcium uptake in plant.

Small brown spots are seen on leaves

Leaf spot Causal organism: Corynespora sp.

Maintain healthy plant growth.

Brinjal Sunken lesions can be seen on fruits. Fungal spores develop in concentric circles

Anthracnose Causal organism: Colletotrichum sp.

Use fungicides if necessary.

Lobak putih Tuber rots and leaves eventually wilt Practise crop rotation. The rot is more evident when plant is injured. Mulching would reduce rain splash and damage on leaves. Insect control reduces infection.

Ginger Affected plants wilt and leaves turn yellow and dry up, finally dying

Bacterial wilt Causal organism: Ralstonia solanacearum

Plant resistant or tolerant varieties. Practise crop rotation. Avoid planting in the same infected area.

Yam Disease begins as purple-brown water-soaked lesions on the leaf. Lesions then enlarge, join together and eventually destroy the entire leaf in 10-20 days.

Leaf blight Causal organism: Phytophthora colocasiae

Use clean planting materials, avoid planting at high density, practise crop rotation and intercropping.


87


Tapioca Small brown spots occur on upper leaf surfaces. Under severe attack, the infected leaves become yellow, dry and die prematurely.

Brown leaf spot Causal organism: Cercospora sp.

Select healthy stem cuttings for planting.

Maize

Appearance of elongated spots on older leaves. Unlikely to cause severe damages unless it attacks during seedling or immature stage.

Leaf blight Causal organism: Drechslera maydis

Before sowing new crops, remove old maize debris. Practise crop rotation. Grow resistant or moderately resistant varieties.

The first symptom is occurrence of elongated and grey lesions on leaf sheaths. The lesions will then enlarge, the colour turn lighter and develop blackish-brown margins. On the parts attacked, brown and seed-like sclerotia will from. In severe infections, the rotting spreads to inner leaf sheaths. Disease is often serious during the first crop.

Sheath blight Causal organism: Rhizoctonia solani

Remove and burn infected leaves. Thin out to reduce humidity and leaf contact. Avoid water and heat stress. Spray with fungicides if necessary.

Gall-like swelling on the cobs and other above ground parts of the plant. Initially, the galls are silver white in colour, later it split to produce masses of dark brown to black spores.

Boil smut Causal organism: Ustilago maydis

Avoid heavy applications of nitrogenous fertilisers. Avoid physical damage to plants. As soon as the smut appears, remove and burn the galls.


88


Initially, light, chlorotic areas appear on leaf surface, then become light orange-brown lesions, consisting of individual small cone-shaped pustules. When mature, they appear as bright-orange, always in clusters.

Leaf rust Causal organism: Puccinia graminis

The only practical control measure is through planting resistant varieties. Sweetcorn hybrids tend to be most susceptible.

Greyish, elongated lesions appear on leaf surfaces, and may also develop on sheaths, stalks, husks, ears and cobs.

Leaf blight Causal organism: Helminthosporium maydis

Plant resistant varieties. If necessary, use protective fungicidies.

Pale yellow to white stripes or streaks appear at the base of the 3rd to 6th oldest leaves. Plants may be distorted with small, poorly filled ears with mis-shapen tassels. Zinc deficiency predisposes plants to infection.

Downy mildew Causal organism: Peronosclerospora sacchari

Remove affected plant debris. Spray fungicide, if necessary.


89

The chemical control for each individual crop listed above is as follows:

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient

of Chemical Trade Name of Chemical

Crucifers

(Sawi Hijau)

Leaf blight

Rhizoctonia solani difenoconazole

Citara 10SC, Response 250,

Zesco 250

hexaconazole Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC

flutolanil Moncut 15%EC

Leaf spot

Alternaria brassicae copper hydroxide

Camp DP

Leaf spot

Alternaria sp. difenoconazole

Citara 10SC, Respon 250,

Zesco 250

Crucifers

(Sawi Putih)

Leaf spot

Curluvaria sp. propineb

Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700

Downy mildew

Peronospora

parasitica

metalaxyl-M + mancozeb

Ridomil G MZ 68 WP

Amaranths

(Bayam)

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum sp.

mancozeb Dithane GR

maneb CH Maneb

Downy mildew

Peronospora

parasitica

maneb

CH Maneb

Downy mildew

Peronospora sp. mancozeb

Agrozeb 80WP, Dithane GR,

D-Tane 80WP, Magamex M-

45, Mancozeb M-45,

Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP

Leaf blight

Rhizoctonia solani hexaconazole

Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC

Leaf spot

Corynespora casiicola mancozeb

BM Mancozeb

White rust

Albugo occidentalis ziram

UCB Thionic WG

Leaf spot

Cercospora sp.

mancozeb

Agrozeb 80WP, BM

Mancozeb, Dithane M45,

Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow

SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC,

Halex Mancozeb 80WP, HM

Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80,

Karbomate 80WP,

Mancozan M45, Miller M-

45, Nufarm Mancozeb

80WP, Penncozeb 80WP,

Spiro M-45, Trimanoc

80WP, Vondozeb 420

metalaxyl + mancozeb Teem 648


90

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


maneb Trineb 80WP

Crucifers

(Kailan)

Leaf spot

Cercospora

brassicicola

propineb Antari 007, Antracol 70 WP

Leaf spot

Alternaria brassicae propineb

Antracol 70WP

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum sp.

Seedling blight

Phytophthora sp.

Downy mildew

Peronospora

parasitica

propineb Antracol 70 WP, Audix 70

WP, Vesta 700

Leaf blight

Rhizoctonia solani

hexaconazole

Conza 50, Hexacon 5 SC

Crucifers

(Brocolli)

Leaf spot

Alternaria brassicae

copper hydroxide Camp DP

Downy mildew

Peronospora

parasitica

Bacterial leaf spot

Xanthomonas

campestris

Chilli

Alternaria blight

Altenaria solani propineb Antracol 70 WP

Fruit rot

Altenaria sp. mancozeb Dithane GR

Botrytis rot

Botrytis cinerea iprodione Rovral

Leaf spot

Cercospora capsici propineb

Ancom propineb, Audix 70

WP, Foyer 70 WP, Haneb

70 WP, Vesta 700

difenoconazole

Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC,

Boulder 25.0 EC, Coral 25.0

EC, Dawat, Fena 250,

Score, Sikor 250


Leaf spot

Cercospora

cucurbitarium

chlorothalonil

Halex Thalonil 50 WP

Leaf spot

Cercospora sp. mancozeb

Agrozeb 80 WP, Blue

Manzeb 80, BM Mancozeb,

Dithane M45, Dithane M45,


91

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane

80 WP, Euro SC, Grozeb

80WP, Karbomate 80WP,

Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP,

Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb

80

carbendazim Benzim SC, Kazim SC,

Mero 50D, Myzim SC,

Occidor 42.5 SC, Vimax

50D, Zimlate SC

copper hydroxide Blue Shield

difenoconazole Citara 10 SC, Resspon 250,

Tekno 23.8EC, Zesco 250

chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil S,

Delcotac 500, Ke An Nin,

Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS,

Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac

SC, Rover 500 FW, Sar-Tek

23 SC, Teconil 500, Viro 75

WG

thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70

maneb Trineb 80WP

Shoot blight

Choanephora

cucurbitarum

copper hydroxide Bluemax, Humibox GX37,

Kocide 101, Kocide 2000,

Kocide 4.5 LF, Parasol

chlorothalonil Delconac 500, Roconil 500,

Rovaltac 50 WP, Rovaltac

SC, Rovaltac SPS

trifloxystrobin Flint

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum capsici

mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, CH

Mancozeb, Comet M45,

Dithane Yellow SC, D-Tane

80WP, Euro SC,

Mancothane 80WP,

Mancothane M-75WG,

Mancozeb M45, Manzate

200, MZ-45, Nufarm

Mancozeb 80WP, Sabero

M-75WG, Trimanoc 80 WP,

Vondozeb 420

azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva


92

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


propineb

Ancom propineb, Antari

007, Antraneb, BCS

Propineb 70WP, Catalyst

70WP, Lontari, Pineb,

Sabre 70WP

chlorothalonil

Anconil, Daconil WP,

Daconil 500, Daconil S,

Delcotac 500, Etanil WP,

Odyssey 500, Roconil 500,

Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac

SC, Rovaltac SPS, Rover

500 FW, Sar-Tek 23 SC,

Spectus 500, Teconil 500

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum capsici copper hydroxide

Blue shield, Bluemax,

Kocide 2000, Parasol

prochloraz zinc complex Carabin 50 WP

maneb CH Maneb

tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL

difenoconazole Dawat, Fena 250, Score,

Sikor 250

mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200

trifloxystrobin Flint

tebuconazole Folicur

thiophanate-methyl

Funong, Thiosin M-70,

Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70,

Topsin M

cupric hydroxide Kocide 101

copper sulphate Nufarm Mancozeb 80WP


extract of neem oil + d-

limonene

TripperAntracol WG

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

gloeosporioides

propineb Antracol WG

mancozeb

Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb

80WP, Red Mancozeb,

Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80

carbendazim Derosal 50D

Powdery mildew

Leveillula taurica sulfur Uniflow sulfur

Fruit rot mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-


93

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Phytophthora capsici 45, Blu Manzeb 80, BM

Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb,

Comet M45, Cozeb-MZ,

Dithane M45, Dithane NT,

Dithane Yellow SC,

Emthane M-45, Encozeb M-

45, Euro SC, Grozeb 80WP,

Insure 80, Kencozeb M45,

Magamex M-45,

Mancothane 80WP,

Mancozan M45, Mancozeb

M45, Miller M-45, MZ-45,



80, Socozeb, Spiro M-45,

Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb

420

propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700

propamocarb

hydrochloride

Bricur, Mocarb

copper hydroxide Camp DP, Humibox Gx37

chlorothalonil Conil 50 FW, Delcotac 500,

Odyssey 500, Roconil 500,

Rover 500 FW, Spectus 500


Phytopthora blight

Phytopthora sp. propineb Antracol 70WP

Seedling blight

Pythium sp. captan ACM captan 50%WP

propamocarb

hydrochloride Previcur N

Seedling blight

Pythium ultimum

propamocarb

hydrochloride Bricur, Mocarb

Root rot

Rhizoctonia sp. carbendazim Vimax 50D

Stem rot

Sclerotium rolfsii

Stem rot

Sclerotium sp. tolclofos-methyl Rizolex 50WP

Bacterial leaf blight

Xanthomonas

campestris

copper hydroxide Bluemax, Camp DP, Kocide

2000

Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF


94

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Xanthomonas sp. cupric hydroxide Kocide 101

Maize

Leaf blight

Helminthosporium

maydis tebuconazole Folicur

Rust

Pucciana sorghi

Seedling blight

Pythium sp.,

Rhizoctonia sp.

thiram Imas-Thiram 80

Lady’s Fingers

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe

cichoracearum

sulfur Uniflow sulfur

Cucurbits (Cucumber)

Leaf spot

Altenaria sp.

mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Grozeb

80WP, Insure 80, Miller M-

45, Nufarm Mancozeb

80WP, Redmancozeb 80,

Redozeb 80, Spiro M-45

iprodione Rovral

carbendazim Vimax 50D

Leaf spot

Alternaria citrullina mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC

carbendazim D-Shield

Leaf spot

Alternaria cucumerina copper hydroxide Camp DP

Leaf spot

Cercospora citrullina

carbendazim Bastin 50WP, Crop-care

500 SC, Difotan 50, D-

Shield, Vimax 50D

mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, Dithane

Yellow SC, Euro SC,


Redmancozeb 80, Redozeb

80

thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70

Leaf spot

Cercospora sp.

mancozeb Agrozeb 80WP, D-Tane

80WP

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

lagenarium

mancozeb Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-

45, Blu Manzeb 80, CH



Encozeb M-45, Euro SC,

Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80,

Magamex M-45, Mancozeb


95

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm

Mancozeb 80WP, Red

Mancozeb 80, Redozeb 80,

Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420,

Disan 45, Dithane GR,


Mancozeb 80WP,

Karbomate 80WP,

Penncozeb 80WP,

Sancozeb 80WP

propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP,

Lontari, Vesta 700

carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim

50WP, Halex Carbendazim

50WP

maneb BM Maneb, Trineb

copper hydroxide Camp DP, Kocide 4.5 LF

chlorothalonil Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787,

Daconil 500, Delcotac 500,

Dynam 500, Falcon 700,

Passport, Roconil 500,

Rovaltac 50WP, Rovaltac

SC, Rovaltac SPS, Teconil

500


thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70,

Topcide M70, To-Plaz M70,

Top-Plus M70

difenoconazole Score

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum

mancozeb Cozeb-M45

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum sp.


80WP

maneb CH Maneb

difenoconazole Respon 250, Zesco 250

chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG

Leaf spot

Corynespora citrulina chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Teconil 500

Powdery mildew hexaconazole Anvest, Anvil, Rostigo,


96

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Erysiphe

cichoracearum

Samprol, Vantil, Xzole 50

carbendazim Bavistin FL, Cropdazim

50WP, Derosal 50D, Halex

Carbendazim 50WP, D-

Shield, Vimax 50D

tridemorph Calixin

difenoconazole Dawat, Fena 250

thiophanate-methyl Rally, Thiosin M-70, Topsin

M, Funong

sulfur Kumulus DF, Uniflow Sulfur

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe sp. carbendazim Mero 50D

Fusarium wilt

Fusarium oxysporium carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP

Root rot

Fusarium sp. chlorothalonil Passport, Rovaltac 50WP

Downy mildew

Peronospora cubensis trifloxystrobin Flint

cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706

Seedling blight

Phytophthora sp.


45, Blu Manzeb 80,


Encozeb M-45, Euro SC,

Grozeb 80WP, Insure 80,


M45, Miller M-45, Nufarm

Mancozeb 80WP, Red


Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420,



Mancozeb 80WP,

Karbomate 80WP,

Penncozeb 80WP, Cozeb-

M45, Dithane Yellow SC,

Mancozan M45, Red

Mancozeb 80, Trimanoc

80WP


maneb Trineb 80WP

Bacterial leaf spot copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF, Kocide 2000,


97

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Pseudomonas

slachrymans

Bacterial leaf spot

Pseudomonas sp. copper hydroxide Camp DP

Downy mildew

Pseudomonas

cubensis

azoxystrobin Amistar, Ortiva

chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Daconil 2787,

Delcotac 500, Dynam 500,

Falcon 700, Passport,

Roconil 500, Rovaltac SPS,

Brightconil 75WP, Cha

Othanil, Daconil 720,

Daconil S, Ke An Nin,

Macconil 75WP

propineb Antracol 35WP, Audix

70WP, Vesta 700

carbendazim Benzim SC, Carflo 42 SC,

Kazim SC, Meizim 50WP,

Myzim SC, Zimec SC,

Zimlate SC

mancozeb Blue Manzeb 80, CH




Dithane Yellaw SC, Euro SC,

Grozeb 80WP, Magamex

M-45, Halex Mancozeb

80WP, Insure 80,

Karbomate 80WP,

Mancozan M45, Mancozeb

M-45, Manzate 200, Miller

M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb

80WP, Penncozeb 80WP,


80, Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro

M-45, Trimanoc 80WP,

Vondozeb 420, HM

Mancozeb 80WP

copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp

DP, Funguran-OH,

Humibox GX37, Kocide

2000, Kocide 4.5 LF,

Parasol


98

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


maneb BM Maneb, CH Maneb,

Trineb 80WP

metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ, Galaxy

58WP, Ridozeb 58WP,

Serbamil MZ 58WP, Teem

648

metalaxyl-M + mancozeb Ridomil GMZ68WP

copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper 85WP,

Coc 85


cymoxanil + mancozeb Edition 72WP, Vamos,

Pingo, Spaco

famoxadone + cymoxanil Equation

metalaxyl-M +

chlorothalonil

Folio G


copper sulphate Nufarm Cuproxat Flowable

zineb Perosin 800

propamocarb + fosetyl Previcur 840

propamocarb

hydrochloride

Previcur N, Proplant

benalaxyl + mancozeb Tairel-M

Downy mildew

Pseudoperonospora

parasitica

zineb Zinacol

Downy mildew

Pseudoperonospora

sp.


80WP

chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter

cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M

chlorothalonil Rover 500FW, Teconil 720,

Viro 75WG

Downy mildew

Pseudoperonospora

syringae


Stem rot

Rhizoctonia solani carbendazim

Bastin 50WP, Difotan 50,

Vimax 50D

benomyl Benex, Besuto, Mendate

50WP


99

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Stem rot

Sclerotium rolfsii


Powdery mildew

Sphaerotheca fuligena trifloxystrobin Score

Powdery mildew

Sphaerotheca sp.

difenoconazole Reexpon 250, Zesco 250

Cucurbits

(Pumpkin)

Leaf spot

Altenaria sp

mancozeb Insure 80, Miller M-45,

Spiro M-45

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

lagenarium

maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80WP

mancozeb Euro SC, Insure 80,

Mancozan M45, Miller M-

45, Penncozeb 80WP,

Spiro M-45, Vondozeb 420

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe

cichoracearum

tridemorph Calixin

maneb Trineb 80WP

Root rot

Phytophthora sp.

mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45,

Miller M-45, Penncozeb

80WP, Spiro M-45,

Trimanoc 80WP


maneb Trineb 80WP

Downy mildew

Pseudoperonospora

cubensis

maneb BM Maneb

mancozeb Insure 80, Mancozan M45,

Miller M-45, Penncozeb

80WP, Manzate 200,

Trimanoc 80WP


Brinjal

Leaf spot

Alternaria solani

copper hydroxide

Camp DP

Leaf spot

Cercospora capsici

Fruit rot

Phytophthora capsici

Phytophthora blight

Phytophthora

parasitica

Phytophthora blight

Phytophthora sp.

maneb CH maneb, Trineb 80WP

Leaf spot propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700


100

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Curvularia sp.

Legumes (Long bean)

Ascochyta blight

Ascochyta

phaseolorum

maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP


Leaf spot

Cercospora canescens

mancozeb


Euro SC, Halex Mancozeb

80 WP, Karbomate 80 WP,

Mancozan M45, Nufarm

Mancozeb 80 WP,

Penncozeb 80 WP,

Trimanoc 80 WP,

Vondozeb 420

carbendazim Vimax 50 D

Leaf spot

Cercospora sp

propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700

difenoconazole Dawat


Shoot blight

Choanephora sp. copper hydroxide

Funguran-OH, Parasol

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

lagenarium

mancozeb

Encozeb M-45, Vondozeb

420

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum

mancozeb

Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb

M-45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane

M45, Dithane NT, Euro SC,

Insure 80, Karbomate

80WP, Mancozan M45,

Miller M-45, Nufarm

Mancozeb 80 WP,

Penncozeb 80 WP, Spiro

M-45

propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700

metiram BASF Metiram,

Polyram WG

maneb BM Maneb

carbendazim Derosal 500, Mero 50 D,

Vimax 50 D

zineb Lonacol 75 WP, Perozin

800, Zinacol

copper oxychloride Oxytox 84, Pipertox 84.0


101

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


chlorothalonil

Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS,

Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum sp. mancozeb

Agrozeb 80 WG, Dithane

GR, D-Tane 80 WP,


M-45, Sancozeb 80 WP

difeconazole Dawat

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe poligoni

tridemorph Calixin

difenoconazole Dawat

Powdery mildew

Oidium sp.

sulfur Uniflow Sulfur

Seedling blight

Pythium sp.

mancozeb Halex mancozeb 80 WP,

HM Mancozeb 80 WP

Rust

Uromyces

appendiculates

mancozeb Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob MX

80, Blucozeb M-45, Cozeb-

M45, Dithane GR, Dithane

M45, Dithane NT, D-Thane

80 WP, Encozeb M-45,

Euro SC, Insure 80,

Karbomate 80 WP,

Magamex M-45, Mancozan

M45, Manzate 200, Miller

M-45, Nufarm Mancozeb

80 WP, Penncozeb 80 WP,

Sancozeb 80 WP, Spiro M-

45, Trimanoc 80 WP,

Vondozeb 420

propineb Antracol 35 WP

difenoconazole Barb 23.0 EC, Bond 25.0 EC,

Boulder 25.0 EC, Caral 25.0

EC, Dawat, Perano 250,

Score

metiram BASF Metiram, Polyram

WG

copper hydroxide Bluemax, Funguran-OH,

Kocide 2000, Parasol

copper oxychloride Coc 85, Copcide


chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Rovaltac SC,

Rovaltac SC, Teconil 500



102

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


800, Zinacol


oxycarboxin Plantvax

trifloxystrobin Score

Rust

Uromyces sp.

propineb Audix 70WP, Vesta 700

maneb BM Maneb

difenoconazole Resppon 250, Tekno 23.8EC,

Zesco 250

chlorothalonil Rover 500 FW, Viro 75WG

myclobutanil Systhane

Rust

Uromyces vignae hexaconazole Anvil

mepronil Basitac


Legumes (French bean)

Ascochyta blight

Ascochyta

phaseolorum

maneb BM Maneb, Trineb 80 WP

Leaf spot

Cercospora canescens

mancozeb Euro SC, Karbomate 80 WP,

Pencozeb 80 WP, Trimanoc

80 WP, Vondozeb 420,

Mancozan M45

carbendazim Vimax 50 D

Leaf spot

Cercospora sp. propineb Audix 70 WP, Vesta 700

difenoconazole Fena 250


Shoot blight

Choanephora sp. copper hydroxide Funguran-OH

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

lagenarium

mancozeb Vondozeb 420

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum

mancozeb Ancob MX80, Bluecozeb

M-45, Cozeb-M45, Euro

SC, Insure 80, Karbomate

80WP, Mancozan M45,

Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80

WP, Spiro M-45, Encozeb

M-45

chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Etarul WP,

Rovaltac SC, Rovaltac SPS,

Rover 500 FW, Viro 75 WG


103

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


propineb Antraneb, Audix 70 WP,

Pineb, Vesta 700

maneb BM Maneb

carbendazim Derosal 50 D, Mero 50 D,

Vimax 50 D,


800, Zinacol

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe poligoni difenoconazole Fena 250

Powdery mildew

Oidium sp. sulfur Uniflow Sulfur

Phytophthora blight

Phytophthora

phaseoli copper hydroxide Camp DP

Downy mildew

Pseudoperonospora

syringae

Bacterial blight

Pseudomonas

phaseolicola

copper hydroxide Kocide 4.5 LF

Bacterial blight

Pseudomonas sp. copper hydroxide Kocide 101

Rust

Uromyces

appendiculates

mancozeb

Agrozeb 80 WP, Ancob

MX80, Blucozeb M-45,

Cozeb M-45, D-Tane 80

WP, Encozeb M-45, Euro

SC, Insure 80, Karbomate

80 WP, Mancozan M45,

Miller M-45, Penncozeb 80

WP, Spiro M-45, Trimanoc

80 WP, Vondozeb 420

propineb Antracol 35 WP

copper hydroxide

Bluemax, Funguran-OH,

Humbox GX37, Kocide

2000, Kocide 4.5 LF

copper oxychloride Coc

difenoconazole Fena 250, Perano 250,

Score

zineb Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800,

Zinacol

oxycarboxin Plantvax

Rust tebuconazole Folicur


104

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Uromyces vignae

Bacterial leaf spot

Xanthomonas

campestris

copper hydrocide Camp DP

Bacterial blight

Xanthomonas

phaseoli

cupric hydroxide Kocide 101, Kocide 4.5 LF

Tomato Brown spot

Alternaria alternata chlorothalonil Kenconil 500

Alternaria blight

Alternaria solani

captan ACM Captan 50%WP,

Criptan 50WP

mancozeb

Agrozeb 80WP, Ancozeb,

BG Ancozeb 80, Blue


CH Mancozeb, Comet M45,

Disan 45, Dithane M45,

Dithane NT, Dithane Yellow

SC, D-Tane 80WP, Euro SC,

Grozeb 80WP, Halex

Mancozeb 80WP, HM

Mancozeb 80WP, Insure 80,

Carbomate 80WP,

Kenkozeb, Kenkozeb M45,

Ken-Manco, Miller M-45,


Procozeb Code 45, Red


Socozeb, Spiro M-45

propineb

Ancom Propineb, Antari

007, Antracol 35WP,

Antracol 70WP, BCS

Propineb 70WP, Catalyst

70WP, Lontari, Sabri 70WP

difenoconazole Attila, Dawat, Fena 250,

Sikor 250, Sonata

copper hydroxide

Blue Shield, Blumax, Camp

DP, Kocide 101, Kocide

2000, Kocide 4.5LF, Parasol,

Humibox GX37, Funguran-

OH

maneb BM Maneb, Trineb


105

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


chlorothalonil

Cha Othanil, Daconil 2787,

Daconil 720, Daconil S,

Dynam 500, Falcon 700,

Farmconil 500, Farmon 500,

Halex Thalonil 50WP,

Passport, Proconil 500,

Rovoltac 50WP, Rovoltac

SC, Rovoltac SPS, Rover

500FW, Spectus 500, Viro

75WG, Odyssey 500

chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter

copper oxychloride Coc 85, Copside, Copper

85WP, Coppertol 870


tebuconazole Fulicur

zineb Lonacol 75WP, Perozin 800,

Zinacol


flutriafol Pointer

iprodione Rovral

trifloxystrobin Score

ziram Thionic 80WP, Thionic WDG


extract of neem oil + d-

limonene

Tripper


Alternaria blight

Alternaria sp. metiram BASF Metiram, Polyram WG

maneb CH Maneb

difenoconazole Citara 10SC, Zesco 250,

Resspon 250, Tekno 23.8EC

cymoxanil + mancozeb Curzate M, Pingo, Vamos

mancozeb

Dithane GR, Magamex M-

45, Mancozeb M-45,

Sancozeb 80WP

chlorothalonil Teconil 720

cymoxanil + mancozeb Vamos


106

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


Botrytis rot

Botrytis cinerea carbendazim

Bastin 50WP, Carben-50,

Cropdazim 50WP, Derosal

50D, D-Shield

thiophanate-methyl Funong, Rally, To-Plaz M70,

Top-Plus M70, Topsin M

iprodione Rovral

Botrytis rot

Botrytis sp.

carbendazim

Bavistin FL, Crop-Care

500SC, Difotan 50, Halex

Carbendazim 50WP, Mero

50D, Occidor 42.5SC, Vimax

50D

Leaf mildew

Cercospora fuligena chlorothalonil Brightconil 75WP, Macconil

75WP

carbendazim Halex Carbendazim 50WP

mancozeb Karbomat 80WP

Leaf spot

Cercospora sp. mancozeb

Ancob MX80, Blucozeb M-

45, Cozeb-M45, Encozeb M-

45, Vitazeb 88

Leaf mildew

Cladosporium fulvum carbendazim

Bastin 50WP, Cakera 50WP,

Derosal 50D, Difotan 50,

Rapture 50WP, Vimax 50D

mancozeb Dithane Yellow SC

Leaf mildew

Cladosporium sp. carbendazim D-Shield, Mero 50D

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum capsici

mancozeb

Blue Manzeb 80, BM

Mancozeb, CH Mancozeb,

Comet M45, Dithane M45,

Dithane Yellow SC, Euro SC,

Grozeb 80WP, Halex

mancozeb 80WP, HM

Mancozeb 80WP, Karbomat

80WP, Mancothane 80WP,

Mancozan M45, MZ-45,


Penncozeb 80WP, Red


Trimanoc 80WP, Vondozeb

420

carbendazim Carben-50, Cropdazim

50WP, D-Shield, Halex

Carbendazim 50WP


107

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


chlorothalonil Delcotac 500, Proconil 500,

Roconil 500

copper hydroxide Parasol

metalxyl + mancozeb Teem 648

Thiophanate-methyl Thiosin M-70, Topcide M70

maneb Trineb 80WP

Fruit rot

Colletotrichum

phomoides

mancozeb Blue Manzeb, BM

Mancozeb, Grozeb 80WP,


Red Mancozeb 80, Redozeb,

carbendazim Cakera 50WP, Rapture

50WP

chlorothalonil Odyssey 500, Spectus 500

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum sp.


45, Cozeb-M45, Dithane GR,

Encozeb M45, Insure 80,


M-45, Miller M-45,

Sancozeb 80WP, Spiro M-

45, Vitazeb 88

propineb Antracol 70WP

carbendazim Bavistin FL, Derosal 50D,

Occhidor 42.5SC, Vimax

50D

Leaf spot

Corynespora casiicola

chlorothalonil Daconil 500, Daconil 720,

Delcotac 500, Roconil,

Teconil 500

Leaf spot

Corynespora sp. chlorothalonil Teconil 720

Fusarium wilt

Fusarium oxysporum carbendazim Cropdazim 50WP

Downy mildew

Peronospora sp. cymoxanil + mancozeb Keeper 706

Phytophthora blight

Phytophthora

infestans

captan ACM Captan 50%WP,

Criptan 50WP,

mancozeb

Agrozeb 80WP, Ancob

MX80, Blucozeb M-45, Blue


CH Mancozeb, Comet M45,

Cozeb-M45, Disan 45,

Dithane Yellow SC


108

Type of

Vegetables

Disease and Causal

Organism

Active Ingredient


azoxystrobin Amistar

chlorothalonil Anconil 500, Brightconil

75WP, Conil 50 FW, Daconil

500, Daconil 720, Daconil S,

Delcotac 500,

propineb Antari 007, Audix 70WP,

BCS Propineb 70WP,

Metiram BASF Metiram

Copper hydroxide Blue Shield, Bluemax, Camp

DP

maneb BM Maneb

Metalaxyl + mancozeb BM Metalaxyl MZ,

Chlorothalonil + oxadixyl Cleanhitter

Copper oxychloride Copcide, Copper

85WP,Coppertol 870,

Coprantol 870,

Tribasic copper sulphate Cuproxat FL

Mancozeb + carbendazim Delsene MX-200


109

Section IV – Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting

1.0 Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting

Project implementation involves not only field supervision but also includes

monitoring and reporting, evaluation and record-keeping. The responsibility for

project supervision lies at all levels of the DOA organization, starting from the

project level, through to the Station, Subdistrict, District, Divisional and HQ

levels. The centres for monitoring and reporting at the HQ, Divisional and

District levels of DOA organization are their respective Unit Perolehan dan

Bekalan (UPB). The UPB is expected to perform the role of Scheme/project and

Project Secretariat, coordinating the management of project and scheme

information at their respective levels.

An effective monitoring and reporting system is a critical part of

scheme/project supervision Regular reports on physical and financial progress

are essential. The monitoring formats are specific and format below are

recommended to be used:

a) Monthly Work Reports of Project Supervisor

b) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Project/Scheme by

Project Supervisor (PS)/Area Staff (AS)

c) Monthly Progress Reports of Crop Development Program by District and

Divisional UPB

d) Annual Assessment Reports by SAAO/AAO

Proper records must be maintained and updated for the implementation of

schemes and projects. The detailed records are to be kept at the District level.

The PS/AS will have the primary responsibility for keeping the current

scheme/project records. The main records to be maintained at the

District/Sub-District level include.

a) Register of Project/Scheme Application

b) Schedule of Recommended/Approved, Reserve and Rejected list

c) Project File

d) Project/Scheme record card

The individual Project File shall be used to keep copies of the following

records:

a) Project application form

b) Letter of approval, Letter of Acceptance by the participant

c) Project development plan

d) Project Annual Operational Plan (AOP) & budget


110

e) Reminder and warning notice

f) Certificate of Withdrawal, transfer and cancellation

g) Project Record Card

h) Acknowledgment Receipts of project materials

i) Other correspondence relating to specifically to the project.

Regular checks must be carried out by the UPB at District, Divisional and HQ

levels on the project/scheme Record Cards.

Details of Supervision, Monitoring and Reporting are as spelt out in the Operation

Manual for Crop Planting Programmes.

Section V – Farm Inputs Procurement and Delivery

To follow procedures designed by the Procurement and Supply Unit (PSU) HQ.


111

Appendices

Appendix 1

BENEFITS OF THE PROGRAMME

Based on the funds allocated in the year 2011 (taking the allocation in year 2011 as

yearly average figure), a total of about 3,080 participants from various categories of

the industry are expected to benefit from the Agricultural Diversification Programme

in the 10 MP.

The benefits of the Agricultural Diversification Programme are as follows:-

(1) Create direct investment opportunity to agropreneurs & private sectors

interested in the food production programme

(2) Optimise land use for food production

(3) To maximize food production by adopting modern agricultural technology, such

as nethouse vegetable production system.

(4) The nethouse system will ensure a continuous supply of quality pesticide-safe

vegetables for the local market.

(5) This program is expected to benefit about 480 vegetables farm families. This

can increase farmers net income to RM 2,000 per ha per month (nethouse

crucifer vegetable).

(6) This program will help to ensure a stable price of fresh vegetables for the

consumers

(7) The volume of imported vegetables will be reduced and at the same time the

export value of indigenous vegetables will contribute to the State economy.

(8) Uplifting of the socio-economic status of ADP participants and at the same time

contributing towards stable income.

(9) Provide direct and indirect employment opportunities for farming community

(10) With the Federal assistance, the Department Of Agriculture Sarawak will be able

to increase its food production programme in the State. In the 10 MP, the Dept.

will accelerate the process of agriculture transformation from its present small

scale production to that of market oriented commercial food production in

order to stay competitive.

(11) This ADP is one of the strategies to diversify the economic base of the small

holder farmers. This will help to reduce the poverty rate in the State. This can

be achieved by providing opportunities for them to be involved in the

commercial planting of vegetable, field crops, perennials and herbs & spices.


112

Summary of the Details of Expected Participants, Physical Target & Budgeting for

different components

No. Components

Value

per ha

(RM)

Expected no

of

participants

Expected

physical

target (ha)

Location

Expected

budget

(RM)

1 Nethouse 168,000 75 7.5 1,260,000

2 Organic

vegetables 32,000 25 25 800,000

3 Open system

(VCS / SALM) 21,000 40 20 420,000

4 Open system

(non-VCS/

SALM)

13,500 300 200 2,700,000

5 Open system

(indigenous) 15,000 40 20 300,000

6 Field crops 5,000 800 410 2,050,000

7 Perennial

crops 5,000 800 440 2,200,000

8 Herbs and

spices 3,700 1,000 540 1,998,000

Total 3080 1,662.5 11,728,000


113

Appendix 2

Summary of Project Size

The maximum and minimum project size entitled for each applicant is very much

influenced by the types of programme components. The general guidelines are as

indicated in the table below:

Minimum and Maximum of Project Size:

No Programme Components Eligibility per participant (Ha)

Minimum Size Maximum Size

1

Vegetables Planting Projects

(i) Nethouse Production System

{(33m x 33m) = 0.1 ha.} 0.1 0.2

(ii) Organic Vegetables (SOM) 0.5 2.0

(iii) Open System (VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0

(iv) Open System (non VCS/SALM) 0.5 2.0

(v) Open System (Indigenous

vegetables) 0.5 2.0

2 Field Crop Planting Project 0.5 2.0

3 Perennial Planting Project 0.5 2.0

4 Herbs and Spices Planting Project 0.5 1.0


114

Appendix 3a

Drawing Design of Compost Shed


115

Appendix 3b

Sketch Drawing of Nethouse


116


117

Appendix 3c

Nethouse Specifications

A) Materials

1. Net mesh transparent/ colourless net

Mesh sizes; 16 x 16; 24 x 24; 32 x 32

2. Recommend HDPE with UV resins stabilized

3. Net length 100 ft/200 ft x 12 ft wide HDPE

4. HDPE Black Cord 1.8 mm, 4 mm (or steel cable of equivalent strength)

5. Sawn hardwood posts: 3-4” x 4” x 12 ft or equivalents eg: pepper post

6. 3-4 ft x 3-4 “ x 3-4” wooden stakes for reinforcement slanting net at sides

7. Used plastic containers for covering post-ends

B) Nethouse Standards

1. Unit size: Box shape : Height x width x length of nethouse – 10 ft (H) x 96 ft (W)

x 100 ft (approx. 30 m x 30 m) (Sarawak standard)

2. Slanting net at sides with ends buried 1 ft in grounf

3. Doors: Double net door 3-4 ft x 3-4 ft: open outside for exterior dooe and open

inwards for interior door –Stitching

4. Siting: well drain flat to gentle hill slope with friabe soils

5. Net mesh: 16 x `6; 24 x 24; 32 x 32

6. Strainer peg: 3-4” x 3-4” x 3-4 ft wooden peg

7. Drain: Open drains 1ft x 0.5-1 ft

8. Bed size: 1.2 m wide x 16 m long

9. Stitch net using 1.8 mm black cord as in sewing

10. Irrigation: sprinkler / tape / mist / spray

11. Cropping system: All in all out (All/none system)

12. Crop rotation and fallow: rotational with resting/ fallow period: 14 days or more

13. Cultivation: To comply with MS-GAP

C) Installation of Structure Netting

1. Erect and position of the post according to plan as in figure 1 below

2. Tie and tighten all the supporting UV wire for all the post structures before

install the netting (Fig. 2,3, & 4)

3. Tie and tighten PV rope (4mm) across the top roofing with 25 ft distance

4. Use 8 roll netting for roofing, 1.8 mm PV rope for sewing netting before install

to the top roofing.

5. Use 4 roll netting for wall and door, bury the end of the netting into the

ground.


118

Appendix 4

FARM ACCREDITED SCHEME OF MALAYSIA

Skim Amalan Ladang Baik Malaysia ( SALM )

INTRODUCTION

SALM is a national program implemented by Department of Agriculture to recognize

and accredited farms which adopts good agricultural practices (GAP), operated in an

environmentally friendly way and yielding products that are of quality, safe and

sustainable for human consumption.

The SALM Standard on GAP is a document that sets out performance levels of

agricultural production, which must be achieved and are encouraged among the

producers. It is designed to encourage producers to go through the following

practices: (a) understand the current situation on the ground relative to the

performance levels they are required to meet, (b) planning how to get from the

current to the future situation, (c) implementing the plans to conform to the

requirements of the standard, (4) monitoring whether the plans are being

implemented and whether they are working. The rules of the standard are not

prescriptive approaches to manage agricultural production but rather an approach

which combines defined performance targets with the freedom for users to decide

themselves how to achieve the target.

The SALM Standard of GAP is essentially based on the Malaysian Standard MS 1784 :

2005 Crop Commodities – Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). In addition, the SALM

Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are derived from: (a) specific legal

provisions of national laws to control the hazards that impact the environment, food

safety and worker‟s health and safety, and (2) EurepGAP Protocol for Fruits and

Vegetables that are not defined in MS-GAP.

PROCESS OF ACCREDITATION

Accreditation is achieved through visitations by inspectors/auditors to the participating

farms. The inspectors/auditors inspect the farms and evaluate the farming practices

carried out by the farmer to manage his farms. All the farming practices must conform

to the stipulated conditions imposed by standards, guidelines and regulations currently

in place under SALM Standard.

FORMS OF RECOGNITION

The inspectors/auditors make recommendation to the State/National SALM Committee

which farms are eligible be given recognition on the GAP. Farms conforming to the


119

stipulated conditions will receive a certificate of official recognition. In other words,

the producers are allowed to affix seals of quality (SALM) on their products destined

for domestic and international markets.

SCOPE OF EVALUATION

During their visit to the farms, inspectors/auditors will evaluate three major aspects,

covering different conditions of conformance before a farm is accredited. Most of the

conditions evaluated are similar to those listed under MS 1784 Crop Commodities-

Good Agricultural Practices, EUREGAP Protocol for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and the

CODEX Code of Hygienic Practices for Primary Production and Packaging of Fresh

Fruits and Vegetables.

The three aspects are conditions relating to (a) the environmental setting of a farm, (b)

farmer‟s adherence to good agricultural practices and (c) safety of the produces. Data

and information required for the purpose of this evaluation are sourced from site

investigations, farm records, field observations, interview the farmer, and through

sampling of products for analysis.

ELEMENTS EVALUATED UNDER SALM STANDARD

1. Environmental Setting of the Farm

- Legality of the farm

- Altitude above sea level

- Previous use or history of the land

- Soil type and suitability of the farm

- Slope and terrain of the farm

- Soil erosion risk factor

- Source and quality of irrigation water and farm use

- Source and distances from pollution centers.

2. Verifications of Farm Practices

- Farm records of activities undertaken

- Soil and substrate preparation and management (including soil fumigation, if

any)

- Selection of planting materials (variety, root stock, clones, etc)

- Crop nutrition or fertilizer program

- Crop pest management system (pesticides usage, IPM, etc)

- Harvesting techniques and field transport

- Post harvest treatment, grading and packaging

- Storage of farm inputs and products


120

- Farm waste disposal system (empty pesticide containers and other non-

degradeble products)

- Farm workers legal status, welfare and safety training of farm operatives

3. Safety of Farm Products

Physical and chemical analysis of ex-farm gate produces covering:

Physical quality of produce such as appearance, infestation from pests and

taste.

Levels of pesticide residue in the produce covering groups such as

dithiocarbamates, organo-chlorine, organo-phosphates and synthetic

pyrethroids

Contamination of heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium

THE MAJOR MUST OF ACCREDITATION FOR A FARM UNDER SALM STANDARD

The minimum standards of conditions that must be fulfilled before accreditation is

given to the farm are as follows:

1. The farm is a legal entity.

2. The farm has a soil inspection report.

3. The soil and terrain is suitable for the intended crop.

4. The farm is situated at an elevation less than 1000 meters above sea level.

However, exemption is given to the farms operated before 2002.

5. The farm practices sound soil conservation measures.

6. The farm maintains up-to-date records of activities (17 types, using forms JP

BEST 4(1-17).

7. Sewage or industrial sludge is not permitted for fertilization.

8. Genetically modified planting materials are not permitted.

9. The pesticides used are legally registered by the Pesticide Boards.

10. The farm practices integrated pest management (IPM).

11. The farm possesses a proper storage area for pesticides and fertilizers.

12. The farm workers use personal protective clothing when applying pesticides.

13. The farm possesses a proper waste disposal plan.

14. The farm practices good harvesting techniques, handling and transport.

15. The farm employs worker that are legal, with ages more than 16 years.

16. Pesticide residues in the farm produce are less than the Maximum Residue

Limits (MRL) of Schedule 16 of the Food Act 1983.

17. Contents of heavy metal below the permissible limits of Schedule 14 of the

Food Act, 1983.


121

Appendix 5

MALAYSIAN ORGANIC SCHEME (SOM)

Introduction

Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program implemented by

Department of Agriculture to recognize farms which cultivate crops organically

according to the criteria and requirements spelt out in SOM Standard.

The Standard of Organic Agriculture for SOM is essentially based on the Malaysian

Standard, MS 1529:2001 – The production, proc essing, labeling and marketing of plant

based organically produced foods.

In addition to this, the SOM Standard also encompasses rules or criteria which are

derived from specific legal provisions of national laws to control the hazards that

impact the environment, food safety, workers‟ health and safety.

Basis for certification of organic farm.

The SOM Standard applies to farms of unprocessed plants and plant products which

are intended to carry a descriptive labeling referring to organic production methods. It

does not cover the downstream processed products which are derived from

unprocessed plants and plant products.

Certification for organic production under SOM is attained if the farm confirms to the

requirements of SOM Standard. The requirements of the SOM Standard are listed

below.

1. Traceability

Organic produce shall be traceable to the farm where it has been originally

produced. In other words, the produce shall be tagged and labelled prior to the

delivery to the marketing outlets.

2. Record keeping

All records kept by the farm shall be up to date and maintained, with all

esswential elements captured. The farm record shall include:

Area palted and types of crops

Purchased and usage of farm inputs

Maintenance of machine and equipment

Crop yield, total production and sale


122

3. General production management

Cultivation shall be carried out in accordance to land, soil, water, fertility and

pesticide management to avoid a negative impact on crops, land quality and the

environment.

4. Responsibility for organic integrity

Operators are responsible for the integrity of their organic production and

products throughout the entire chain of custody within the scope of their

management.

5. Conversion period from conventional farming to organic farming

Farms must undergo a conversion period at least two years of organic

production from conventional farming and at least one year for virgin jungle

and organic farming.

6. Buffer crop and buffer distance

Operators shall take action to prevent or minimize the risk of contamination of

prohibited or undesirable materials used on lands next to registered organic

fields or crops.

7. Land and soil management

Farm layout should be prepared for the farm, which can then be used to plan

rotations, planting and growing programs. Operators shall take reasonable and

appropriate measures to minimize loss of topsoil through minimal tillage,

contour plowing, crop selection, mainrenance of cover crops and other

management practices that conserve soil.

8. Water management

Operators shall take reasonable and appropriate measures to prevent the

pollution of ground and surface water. Organic handlers shall install systems

that permit the responsible use and recycling of water without pollution or

conatamination either by chemicals, or b animal or human pathogens.


123

9. Crop production

Use of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and products thereof is

prohibited in all aspects of organic production and handling without exception.

Seeds and vegetative reproductive material should be from plants grown in

accordance with the provisions of this standard for at least one generation or in

the case of perennial crops, two growing seasons.

10. Handling, packaging, transporting and storage of produce

Waste from handling shall be managed so as to have minimum effect on the

environment. Where appropriate, organic waste shall be used for nutrient

recycling in production fields. Organic producde shall not be kept in containers,

packaging or wrapping material in which conventional produce have previously

been kept, unless these have been carefully cleaned. Transportation of organic

products shall not be done together with non-organic products unless they can

be clearly identified and labelled, separated and adequate measures are in place

to prevent contamination or mixing. Operators shall be responsible for all

storage and handling within and outside the operator‟s unit up to the time of

sale. Organic products must be protected and labelled at all times from co-

mingling with non-organic products.

11. Workers’ health, safety and welfare

Workers and operators should receive basic training in hygiene requirements

for the handling of organic produce. First Aid Box shall be available at

permanent sites on the farm. Workers shall have access to clean toilet and

washing facioities in the viinity of their work. They shall be made aware of the

requirement should they contract any tranferable diseases, which may render

them unfir to work in the vicinity of produce destined for human consumption.

12. Analysis of produce

All products shall be analysed for pesticide residue and heavy metal content.

Similarly, water for irrigation and post harvest washing shall be analysed for

contamination.

13. Waste management

Having identified wastes and pollutants, a plan shoul;d be developed and

implemented to avoid or reduce wastage and pollution. Whenever possible,

avoid land filling or burning, the wastes should be recyled through composting.


124

14. Record of complaints

Records of complaints on all produce not in compliance with the requirements

in the SOM Standard and their remedial actions shall be made avcailable on the

site.

Benefits of SOM

Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labelled as

organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM)

on all of his products. Labelled as such, the products may be marketed as organic

produce at appropriate prices.

The scheme give assurance the consumers that organic products purchased are

actually organically produced and do not contain unwanted chemical residues. In the

absence of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in organic farming, contamination to

environment and cases of worker poisoning are drastically reduced.

Who can participate?

The scheme is open to all growers who are engaged in the primary production of fresh

organic produce. The APLICATION FORM and the SOM Standard may be obtained

from:

Secretariat,

Malaysian organic Scheme (SOM),

Agriculture Research Centre Semonggok

Department of Agriculture

Kuching, Sarawak


125

Appendix 6

Organic Farming

Introduction

The environmental cost incurred through modern, chemical-intensive farming are no

longer acceptable. Rampant pesticide use, soil depletion and genetic homogenization

of crops threaten the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land we depend on

for food and habitat. Organic, sustainable agriculture is a realistic and necessary

alternative to those practices.

Organic farming is production system which evades the use of synthetic (inorganic)

fertilizers and pesticides. Apart from this, the farmer also takes steps to protect the

environment and conserve biodiversity. Compost, animal wastes, leguminous plants,

green manure and organic fertilizers are used to improve soil fertility and plant

growth. Mechanical and physical methods as well as cultural practices including

rotational cropping and biological control are used to tackle the problem of pests,

diseases and weeds. Therefore, the products from systematic organic farms are safe

from undesirable chemical pesticide residues.

In the supermarkets, you can see that there are fruits and vegetables labeled “organic”.

Both the organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables look fresh and plump, but the

organic food costs almost twice as much. Then, you ask a question, can I trust the label

“organic food”? Only the fruits and vegetables which have been produced by a

certified organic farm can be labeled as organic.

Certification of Organic Farm

Malaysian Organic Scheme (SOM) is a certification program which is implemented by

DOA Sarawak, to accredit the farmer who operates his farm in compliance with the

standard conditions set by the national organic standard, MS 1529:2001. The standard

sets out guidelines concerning:

suitability of planting site,

transition period from conventional to organic system production,

pesticide residue and heavy metal,

crop buffer and buffer zone

soil fertility management,

good water management,

use of seed and plant materials,

use of fertilizers, soil conditioners, and pest and disease control measures,


126

management of weeds, pests and diseases,

wrapping, storage and transport of farm products,

direct sale, and

record keeping.

Farm inspection is carried out by the inspector from DOA and the decision to certify

whether a farm is organic or not is made by a Certification Committee comprising of

members from various government departments/agencies.

Organic Products

Products which have been produced by a certified organic farm can be labeled as

organic. The producer is entitled to use the logo of Organik Malaysia on all of his

products. Labeled as such, the products may be marketed as organic products at

appropriate prices.

The consumer is assured that organic products that he buys are truly organic and safe

from undesirable chemical residues as they have been produced in compliance with

the national organic standard (SOM).


127

Appendix 7

Bayam (Chinese Spinach) - Kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Anggaran kos pengeluaran bayam/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 8 cm x 10 cm Kepadatan : 166 667 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 28-30 hari selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos

bahan/susut nilai (RM)

(RM) Hari tenaga* Kos (RM)

Biji benih1 280.00 - - 280.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Menanam - 4 100.00 100.00

Membaja2 2 132.00 6 150.00 2 282.00

Merumput - 10 250.00 250.00 Menjarang - 14 350.00 350.00

Mengawal musuh, penyakit3 390.59 4 100.00 490.59

Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air4 100.00 - - 100.00

Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 50.00 - - 50.00

enjin pam air5

Memungut hasil - 60 1 500.00 1 500.00

Jumlah kecil 3 652.59 98 2 450.00 6 102.59

Cukai tanah6 1.52 - - 1.52

Susut nilai** Sistem pengairan pemercik 116.67 - - 116.67

Pam air 6.67 - - 6.67 Enjim pam air 43.33 - - 43.33 Penyembur galas 3.33 - - 3.33

Cangkul 1.20 - - 1.20 Stor dan bangsal 41.67 - - 41.67

Jumlah kecil 214.39 - - 214.39

Jumlah besar 3 866.98 98 2 450.00 6 316.98 Nota: 1Benih 7kg @ RM40.00/kg 2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM 1220.00/t) Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t Baja daun 4 L @ RM10.00/L Kapur (GML) 4 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @ RM28.00/1000g 41 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan


128

51 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 61 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00 Pendapatan

Anggaran pendapatan daripada bayam/ha/musim

Hasil Pendapatan Pendapatan pada 3 peringkat harga jualan di ladang

RM0.80 kg RM0.85/kg RM0.90/kg

Rendah Kasar 9600.00 10200.00 10800.00

(12 000) Bersih 3283.02 3883.02 4483.02

Buruh keluarga 5733.02 6333.02 6933.02

Sederhana Kasar 11200.00 11900.00 12600.00

(14 000) Bersih 4883.02 5583.02 6283.02

Buruh keluarga 7333.02 8033.02 8733.02

Tinggi Kasar 12000.00 12750.00 13500.00

(15 000) Bersih 5683.02 6433.02 7183.02

Buruh keluarga 8133.02 8883.02 9633.02


129

Appendix 8

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung sayur/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 30 cm x 11 cm Kepadatan : 160 000 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 50 hari selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga

Tenaga keluarga Jumlah

kos (RM) Hari tenaga*

Kos (RM)

Biji benih1 78.00 - - 78.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Mengapur 420.00 1 25.00 445.00

Menanam (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00

Membaja2 1802.00 9 225.00 2027.00

Merumput3 160.00 8 200.00 360.00




enjin pam air6 Memungut hasil,mengupas,memotong dan membungkus - 20 500.00 500.00

Jumlah kecil 3860.50 63 1575.00 5435.5

Cukai tanah7 2.53 - - 2.53

Susut nilai** Sistem pengairan pemercik 194.83 - - 194.83 Pam air 11.13 - - 11.13

Enjim pam air 72.37 - - 72.37 Penyembur galas 5.57 - - 5.57

Cangkul 2.00 - - 2.00 Stor dan bangsal 69.58 - - 69.58 Jumlah kecil 358.01 - - 358.01

Jumlah besar 4218.51 63 1575.00 5793.51 Nota: 1Benih 65kg @ RM1.20/kg 2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg +TE 12:12:17+ TE), 0.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t) Tahi ayam, 5 t @ RM200.00/t Urea 0.26 t @ RM700.00/t Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 11L @ RM58.00/4L (RM14.50/L) 4Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit), thiram 21 g @ RM28.00/1000g 51.67 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan 61.67 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 71.67 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00


130

Anggaran pendapatan daripada jagung sayur/ha/musim



Rendah Kasar 37500.00 48 750.00 60 000.00

(15 000) Bersih 31 706.49 42 956.49 54 206.49

Buruh keluarga 33 281.49 44 534.49 55 781.49

Sederhana Kasar 50 000.00 65 000.00 80 000.00

(20 000) Bersih 44 806.49 59 206.49 74 206.49

Buruh keluarga 45 781.49 60 781.49 75 781.49

Tinggi Kasar 62500.00 81 250.00 100 000.00

(25 000) Bersih 56 706.49 75 456.49 94 206.49

Buruh keluarga 58 281.49 77 031.49 95 781.49


131

Appendix 9 Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Bendi/ha/musim Jarak penanaman : 100 cm x 100 cm Kepadatan : 12 500 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 45 hari selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos


(RM) Hari tenaga* Kos (RM)

Biji benih1 180.00 - - 180.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00 Menanam - 15 375.00 375.00

Menjarang - 2 50.00 50.00

Membaja (4 kali) dan mengapur2 2660.00 6 150.00 2810.00

Merumput3 116.00 18 450.00 566.00



Penyelenggaraan sistem pemercik dan 250.00 - -

enjin pam air6 250.00 Memungut hasil - 120 3 000.00 3000.00

Meratun - 32 800 800.00

Jumlah kecil 4 695.80 208 5 200.00 9 895.80

Cukai tanah7 7.58 - - 7.58

Susut nilai** 1.52 Sistem pengairan pemercik 583.33 - - 583.33 Pam air 33.33 - - 33.33

Enjim pam air 216.67 - - 216.67 Penyembur galas 16.67 - - 16.67

Cangkul 6.00 - - 6.00 Stor dan bangsal 208.33 - - 208.33 Jumlah kecil 1 071.91 - - 1 071.91

Jumlah besar 5 767.71 208 5 200.00 10 967.71 Nota: 1Benih 6kg @ RM30.00/kg 2Nitrophoska green (NPK 15:15:15) 0.6t @ RM61.00/50kg (RM1220.00/t) Tahi ayam, 5 t @ RM200.00/t Kapur (GML) 3 t @ RM 140.00/t 3Racun rumpai (diikuti dengan tangan) gramoxone 8L @ Rm58.00/ 4L 4 Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh dan penyakit), thriam 18 g @ RM 28.00/1000g 5 5bulan @ RM100.00/bulan 6 5 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan 75 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun *1 hari tenaga = RM25.00


132

Anggaran Pendapatan Daripada Bendi/ha/musim



Rendah Kasar 16 800 19 200 21 600.00

(12 000) Bersih 5832.29 8 232.29 10 632.29

Buruh keluarga 11 032.29 13 432.29 15 832.29

Sederhana Kasar 25 200.00 28 800.00 32 400.00

(18 000) Bersih 14 232.29 17 832.29 24 432.29

Buruh keluarga 19 432.29 23 032.29 26 632.29

Tinggi Kasar 33 600.00 38 400.00 43 200

(24 000) Bersih 22 632.29 27 432.29 32 232.29

Buruh keluarga 27 832.29 32 632.29 37 432.29


133

Appendix 10 Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Jagung Manis di Tanah Mineral Jarak penanaman : 60 cm x 60 cm Kepadatan : 166 667 pokok/ha Masa memungut hasil : 60-75 hari selepas menanam Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kuantiti Kos (RM)

(i) Kos bahan input

(a) Benih 10 kg @ 1kg/RM83.30 - Hybrid

no.5 833.00*

10 kg @ 1kg/RM11.60 - Super

sweet corn 116.00

(b) Baja NPK 12:12:17:2 600kg@ 50 kg/RM 63.00 756.00 Dolomite 1000kg @ 50 kg/Rm12.00 240.00

(c) Racun Kimia

Gramozone 8 liter @ 4 liter/ RM51.95 103.90 Endosulfan 5 liter @ 1 liter/ RM 18.80 94.00 Benlate 500 gm @ 500 gm/RM 26.60 26.60

Gesaprim 8 liter @ 1 liter/ RM35.00 280.00 Jumlah kecil (i) 2,333.50*

1,616.50 (ii) Kos input tenaga hari (t.h) @ RM15.00

(a) Penyediaan tanah Kontrak 500.00 (b) Menanam 15 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 225.00 (c) Meracun/menyembur 30 t.h @ RM 15.00/t.h. 450.00

(d) Membaja 11 t.h @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 165.00 (e) Memungut hasil 10 t.h. @ RM 15.00/ t.h. 150.00

Jumlah kecil (ii) 1,490.00

Jumlah Kos pengeluaran (i+ii) 3,823.50* 3,106.50

mailto:600kg@%2050%20kg/RM%2063.00


134

Anggaran pendapatan dari jualan tongkol jagung segar

Butir-butir Tenaga upah (RM)

(a) Pendapatan kasar @ RM 0.40/tongkol jagung besar 6920.00

(b) Kos pengeluaran tongkol jagung sehektar 3823.50

3106.50

(c) Kos pengeluaran/tongkol jagung 0.22*

0.18

Pendapatan bersih (a-b) 3096.50

3,813.50

Nota : Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan pendapatan ini dibuat pada tahun 2002. Ianya

akan berubah mengikut keadaan semasa.


135

Appendix 11

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Sehektar Bagi Tanaman Roselle (T.Bris) (11,000 pokok/ha)

Bil. Item Kuantiti RM

Jumlah kos

Harga/kg/mt/liter

(A) Pendapatan Kasar

1 Hasil/kg @ RM0.80 12,000 0.80 9600.00

(B) Bahan

1 Benih 1.2 kg 35 42.00

2 Baja Organan 7.5 mt 140 1050.00

3 Baja Kimia

15:15:15 300 kg 1.12 336.00

12:12:17:2 1000kg 1.20 1200.00

Urea 150kg 2.00 300.00

4 Kapur GML 1 mt 200 200.00

5 Racun Perosak 136.00

6 Racun Rumpai 136.00

7 Minyak diesel 300 liter 0.70 210.00

8 Pelbagai 10% dari kos bahan 361.00

Jumlah Kecil 3971.00

(C) Tenaga Kerja

1 Penyediaan Kawasan Kontrak 15.00 180.00

2

Penyediaan Semaian dan

mengerek 8 15.00 120.00

3 Mengapur dan membaja 6 15.00 90.00

4 Meyediakan batas Kontrak 180.00


136

5 Menggali lubang tanaman 5 15.00 75.00

6

Menanam/pindah anak

pokok 16 15.00 240.00

7 Kawalan perosak 10 15.00 150.00

8 Pembajaan tambahan 40 15.00 600.00

9 Memungut hasil 160 15.00 2400.00

Jumlah Kecil 4035.00

Kos tetap 160.00

Kos kontigency 200.00

Jumlah Kos pengeluaran 8366.00

Pendapatan Bersih @

Rm0.80 1234.00


137

Appendix 12

Production Cost Estimates ( Groundnut )

Variety : -

Density : 148,148 points/ha.

Planting distant : 0.45 m X 0.15 m

Production acreage : 1 hectare

Maturing : 100 – 110 days

Type of preparation/

material

Cost ( RM ) Family labour Total cost

( RM ) Man Day*** Cost ( RM )

Planting material

( 150 kg/ha )

600.00 - - 600.00

Site preparation and beds - 20 300.00 300.00

Planting - 15 225.00 225.00

Lime* 1,000.00 4 60.00 1,060.00

Manuring** 600.00 8 120.00 720.00

Weedicide & weeding 200.00 20 300.00 500.00

Chemical (Insecticide &

fungicide ) 300.00 5 75.00 375.00

Harvesting - 40 600.00 600.00

Total Production Cost 2,700.00 112 1,680.00 4,380.00

*Dolomite @ RM400.00 per ton

** NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton

***1 man day = RM15.00


138

Appendix 13

Production Cost Estimates of Sugar Cane

Variety : Tebu Kuning (sugarcane juice )

Density : 5,000 cuttings or setts/ha.

Planting distant : 1 m X 2 m


Maturing : 8 – 10 months


material



Planting material* 1,000.00 - - 1,000.00


Planting - 30 450.00 450.00

Manuring** 2,600.00 12 180.00 2,780.00

Weeding and removing

leaves 30 450.00 450.00

Chemical ( weedicide,

insecticide & fungicide ) 200.00 6 90.00 290.00

Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00


*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings

**Sulphate of ammonia/Nitrophoska Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton

***1 man day = RM15.00


139

Appendix 14

Production Cost Estimates ( Sweet potato )

Variety : Gendut, Cina and Unggu

Density : 33,333 cuttings /ha.



Maturing : 4 months


material


( RM ) Man Day** Cost ( RM )

Planting material - - - -


Planting - 16 240.00 240.00

Manuring* 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00

Weedicide & weeding 200.00 10 150.00 350.00

Chemical (Insecticide &

fungicide )

300.00 10 150.00 450.00

Harvesting - 60 900.00 900.00


* NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton

**1 man day = RM15.00


140

Appendix 15

Production Cost Estimates Tapioca

Variety : Sawah & Putih

Density : 10,000 points/ha.

Planting distant : 1 m X 1 m




material




Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00

Dolomite**** 400.00 2 30.00 430.00

Planting - 10 150.00 150.00

Manuring** 2,000.00 6 90.00 2,090.00

Weed control

( Weedicide ) 300.00 6 90.00 390.00

Chemical ( insecticide &

fungicide ) 300.00 10 150.00 450.00

Harvesting - 55 825.00 825.00


*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 cuttings

**NPK Blue @ RM2,000.00 per ton

***1 man day = RM15.00

****If necessary


141

Appendix 16

Production Cost Estimates - Taro

Variety : Thailand

Density : 18,518 suckers/ha.





material




Site preparation and beds 80 1,200.00 1,200.00

Planting - 20 300.00 300.00

Manuring** 2,300.00 10 150.00 2,450.00

Weeding, mulching and

removing suckers - 127 1,905.00 1,905.00

Chemical ( weedicide,

insecticide & fungicide ) 500.00 10 150.00 650.00

Harvesting - 48 720.00 720.00


*Planting material @ RM200.00/1,000 suckers

**NPK Green @ RM2,000.00 per ton

***1 man day = RM15.00


142

Appendix 17

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran Halia Muda/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 45 cm x 25 cm

Kepadatan : 29 333 pokok/ha

Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 – 6 bulan selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga/ Tenaga keluarga Jumlah kos

Bahan/susut Hari Kos (RM)

Nilai (RM) tenaga*

Biji benih1 6250.00 - - 6

250.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - -

700.00

Menanam - 20 500.00

500.00

Membaja (3x) dan mengapur2 3360.00 20 500.00

3860.00

Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah3 116.00 48 1200.00

1316.00

Mengawal musuh, penyakit4 520.00 30 750.00

1270.00

Minyak diesel dan pelincir untuk enjin pam 530.00 - -

530.00

air5

Penyelenggaraan system pemercik dan 265.00 - -

265.00

enjin pam air6

Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1

000.00

Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - -

250.00


143

Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3950.00

15941.00

Cukai tanah7 8.04 - -

12.89

Susut nilai**

Sistem pengairan pemercik 618.33 - -

991.67

Pam air 35.33 - -

56.67

Enjin pam air 229.67 - -

368.33

Penyembur galas 17.67 - -

28.33

Cangkul 6.36 - -

10.20

Stor dan bangsal 220.83 - -

354.17

Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1

136.23

Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17

077.23

Nota:

1Benih 2500kg @ Rm2.50/kg

2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ Rm62.00/50kg (RM1 240.00/t)

Tahi ayam, 4t @ RM200.00/t

Kapur (GML-guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5t @ RM140.00/t


144

i. Pendapatan Halia muda

RM2.00/kg Rm2.15/kg RM2.25/kg

Rendah (14 000)

Kasar 16 000.00 28 000.00 18 000.00

Bersih -1077.23 9 756.74 922.77

Buruh keluarga 2 872.77 13 706.74 4 872.77

Sederhana (16 000)

Kasar 20 000.00 32 000.00 22 500.00

Bersih 2 922.77 13 756.74 5 422.77

Buruh keluarga 6 872.77 17 706.74 9 372.77

Tinggi (20 000)

Kasar 24 000.00 40 000.00 27 000.00

Bersih 6 922.77 21 756.74 9 922.77

Buruh keluarga 10 872.77 25 706.74 13 872.77


145

Appendix 18

Anggaran kos pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Halia/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 45 cm x 25 cm

Kepadatan : 29 333 pokok/ha

Masa memungut hasil : 4.5 - 6 bulan selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga Keluarga

Jumlah kos


(RM) Hari tenaga*

Kos (RM)

Biji benih1

6 250.00 - - 6 250.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00

Menanam - 20 500.00 500.00

Membaja (3x) dan mengapur2

3 360.00 20 500.00 3860.00

Merumput (3x) dan menimbun tanah3

116.00 48 1200.00 1316.00

Mengawal musuh, penyakit4

520.00 30 750.00 1270.00

Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5

530.00 - - 530.00


enjin pam air6

250.00

Memungut hasil - 40 1 000.00 1 000.00

Memikul dan mengangkut (kontrak) 250.00 - - 250.00

Jumlah kecil 11 991.00 158 3 950.00 15 941.00

Cukai tanah7

8.04 - - 12.89

Susut nilai**

Sistem pengairan pemercik 618.33 - - 991.67

Pam air 35.33 - - 56.67

Enjim pam air 229.67 - - 368.33


146

Penyembur galas 17.67 - - 28.33

Cangkul 6.36 - - 10.20

Stor dan bangsal 220.83 - - 354.17

Jumlah kecil 1 136.23 - - 1 136.23

Jumlah besar 13 127.23 158 3 950.00 17 077.23

Nota:

1Benih 2500kg @ RM2.50/kg

2Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17+TE), 1.5t @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)

Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t

Kapur (GML - guna berasaskan pH tanah) 5 t @ RM 140.00/t

3Racun rumpai (gramoxone) 8L @ RM58.00/4L

4Racun musuh dan penyakit (mengikut jenis musuh & penyakit)

55.3 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan

65.3 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan

75.3 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun

*1 hari tenaga = RM25.00


147

Anggaran pendapatan daripada halia/ha/musim


RM1.60/kg RM2.00/kg RM2.30/kg

i.Halia tua

Rendah (14 000)

Kasar 22 400.00 28 000.00 32 200.00

Bersih 4 156.74 9 756.74 13 956.74

Buruh keluarga 8 106.74 13 706.74 17 906..74

Sederhana (16 000)

Kasar 25 600.00 32 000.00 36 800.00

Bersih 7 356.74 13 756.74 18 556.74

Buruh keluarga 11 306.74 17 706.74 22 506.74

Tinggi (20 000)

Kasar 32 000.00 40 000.00 46 000.00

Bersih 13 756.74 21 756.74 27 756.74

Buruh keluarga 17 706.74 25 706.74 31 706.74


148

Appendix 19

Anggaran Kos Pengeluaran dan Pendapatan Serai/ha/musim

Jarak penanaman : 0.5 m x 1 m

Kepadatan : 20 000 rumpun/ha

Masa memungut hasil : 28-30 hari selepas menanam

Jenis kerja/bahan/harta tetap Kontrak/harga Tenaga Keluarga Jumlah kos


(RM) Hari tenaga*

Kos (RM)

Biji benih1

1 600.00 - - 1 600.00

Penyediaan tanah dan batas (kontrak) 700.00 - - 700.00

Mengapur2

420.00 1 25.00 445.00

Menanam. - 20 500.00 500.00

Membaja3

835.00 20 500.00 1335.00

Merumput - 20 500.00 500.00

Mengawal musuh, penyakit4

78.00 4 100.00 178.00

Minyak diesel untuk enjin pam air5

700.00 - - 700.00


enjin pam air6

Memungut hasil - 100 2 500.00 2500

Jumlah kecil 4 683.00 165 4 125.00 8 808.00

Cukai tanah7

10.62 - - 10.62

Susut nilai**


149

Sistem pengairan pemercik 816.67 - - 816.67

Pam air 46.67 - - 46.67

Enjim pam air 303.33 - - 303.33

Penyembur galas 23.33 - - 23.33

Cangkul 8.40 - - 8.4

Stor dan bangsal 291.67 - - 291.67

Jumlah kecil 1 500.69 - - 1 500.69

Jumlah besar 6 183.69 165 4 125.00 10 308.69

Nota:

1Benih 40 000 batang @ RM0.40/10 batang

2Kapur (GML- guna berasaskan pH tanah) 3 t @ RM7.00/beg 50 kg (RM 140.00/t)

3Tahi ayam, 4 t @ RM200.00/t

Nitrophoska blue special (NPKMg+TE 12:12:17) 250 kg @ RM62.00/50kg (RM 1240.00/t)

Urea 130kg @ Rm 35.00/beg 50kg (RM700.00/t)

4Racun perosak dan penyakit (mengikut jenis perosak dan penyakit)

57 bulan @ RM100.00/bulan

67 bulan @ RM50.00/bulan

77 bulan @ Rm18.20/ha/tahun

*1 hari tenaga = RM25.00


150

Anggaran pendapatan daripada serai/ha/musim



Rendah (12 788.46)

Kasar 8 951.92 12 788.46 18 543.27

Bersih -1356.76 2 479.77 8 234.58

Buruh keluarga 2 768.24 6 604.77 12 359.58

Sederhana (13 461.54)

Kasar 9 423.08 13 461.54 19 519.23

Bersih -885.61 3 152.85 9 210.55

Buruh keluarga 3 239.39 7 277.85 13 335.55

Tinggi (14 431.62)

Kasar 9 894.23 14 134.62 20 495.19

Bersih -414.45 3 825.93 10 186.51

Buruh keluarga 3 710.55 7 950.93 14 311.51


151

ADP - Work Flow Chart Appendix 20

Schedule Activities Authority Responsible

April District PS/AS

April - October DsPDC

November S/AAO District

December DvPDC

December/January DAO / S/AAO

February -December S/AAO / PS / AS

February -December S/AAO District / PS/ AS

February -December PS / AS/ PMU Dist/

PMU Div

January-February Annual Workshop

Received Application Form

Screening of Application

Field investigation

Field investigation

Submit recommendation List

to Divisional Office

Approved

Endorsement

Approval List received

by District

Project Implementation

Supervision, T & V, Monitoring

Work Progress Report &

Achievement

Evaluation


152

Appendix 21

Borang JP/2010/1

JABATAN PERTANIAN SARAWAK

PERMOHONAN PROGRAM PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN

BAHAGIAN :____________________________DAERAH :________________ Sila tandakan kotak yang berkenaan ()

Tanaman Perikanan Darat

Ternakan Industri Asas Tani

I : MAKLUMAT PEMOHON Nama : ______________________ Kaum : _____________________ No.KP Baru : ______________________ Pekerjaan (Gaji bulanan): ____________ PPK (No.Ahli) : ______________________ No. Tel : _______________________ Alamat Rumah:________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Maklumat Projek Sedia ada/Kegiatan Aktiviti Utama Masa Kini:

Bil Jenis Aktiviti Keluasan/Unit

(ha) Keluaran/hasil (Kg/Bil/tahun)

Purata Harga Jualan

(RM/Kg)

Purata Pendapatan

Tahunan (RM)

Maklumat Lesen/Permit/Syarikat: ____________________________________________


153

Bantuan Kerajaan yang pernah diterima(dalam tempoh 5 tahun):

Bil Jenis bantuan Tahun Nilai Bantuan (RM) Nama Agensi

II. Maklumat Projek Yang Dipohon : Jenis Projek : ____________________ Keluasan/Unit :__________________

Nilai Bantuan (RM) : ____________________ Jenis Tanah :__________________

Senaraikan Keperluan Bantuan: _________________________________________

_________________________________________

Status Tanah

Sila () Bergeran Sistem Perlaksanaan Individu

TOL Berkelompok

PL (Provisional Lease) Estet Mini

NCR

Tanah Sewa

Alamat Lokasi Projek : _______________________________________________________________________ Saya mengakui bahawa semua maklumat di atas adalah benar. Jika diluluskan, saya akan patuh kepada semua arahan, syarat/peraturan serta kaedah/Prosidur perlaksanaan pembangunan pertanian Jabatan Pertanian Sarawak. Tandatangan : ____________________ Tarikh : _________________ III : PERAKUAN KETUA KAMPUNG/TUAI RUMAH (jika berkenaan) Saya memperakukan yang pemohon serta keluarga adalah penduduk kampung/rumah panjang ini dan telah mengusahakan kawasan tanah/projek pertanian yang dipohon. Tandatangan : _____________________ Tarikh : ________________________

Nama : _____________________

Cop Rasmi Ketua Kampung/Tuai Rumah

Nama Kampung/Rh.Panjang: ______________________________ ______________________________


154

UNTUK KEGUNAAN PEJABAT PERTANIAN DAERAH

COP TERIMAAN BORANG: Tindakan: Tanaman

Perikanan Darat

Ternakan

IATM

Tandatangan(OIC): _______________________

Nama : _______________________ Tarikh : _______________________

Rujukan Pejabat : ________________________

Saranan Tadatangan:______________________________

Tidak disokong Nama:___________________________________

Tindakan lanjut Jawatan:_________________ Tarikh: _________

Borang yang lengkap diisi hendaklah dikembalikan ke Pejabat Pertanian/Veterinar terdekat pada atau

sebelum 30 April.

1

Appendix 22

Fertigation Structure of 6 m (wide) x 30 m (long) and 2.5 m (high) and Fertigation System. 1.0 Fertigation structure – see diagram 1 for overall structure

A. Post and frame

- To use 2” x 2” square hollow metal post. - To use galvanise pipe of 2” for all top frame as in diagram 2. - To use 1 ½” x 1” and 1” x 1” hollow metal for all support as in diagram - Installation of post and top frame, please refer to diagram 2. - all joint to use spring clip and plastic clip. Plastic clip to be installed at 12”

interval. Please refer to diagram 3a and diagram 3b. B. Footing.

- 2’ x 2’ x 2 1/2’ deep R.C footing. - 1 : 2 : 4 mixed concrete footing R/w BRC 65 on 2 nos 3” diameter belian

post for 6’ deep. Refer to diagram 3. C. Drip system.

Using Loop system/trap/close system- where all joint to use T joint or L joint. Please refer to diagram 4 and, diagram 5a and 5b - Flexible hose - micro tubing 1 mm with yellow stripe - 20 mm LDPE tubing blue stripe - 1 roll - pH meter - Digital timer (battery operated). - 1 inno - Weed suppressor black (100%) - 1 roll

D. EC Meter (Conductivity tester)

- Refer to diagram: - Specification:

1 Measure range 0 2. Resolution 1 3. Accuracy 4 Power supply 2 x 3 v (CR 2030 Battery) 5 Operated Temperature 6. Calibration 7. Dimension 8. Weight: 46 g

2

2.0 Water system

A. Pump Area Structure

Please refer to diagram

- Size of 20’ x 10’

- Cement Floor

E. Water pump system

- 200 gallon water Tank c/w Brass Float Valve - 2 innos (untuk air bersih)

- 180 Litre Nutrient tank - 2 innos (For Fertilizer)

- 1 hp Electric pump (60 litre/min) - 1 no

- Digital timer - 1 inno

- 1 “ Disc filter - 1 inno

- 25 mm HDPE pipe - 1 roll

- Ball valve, Tee, elbow, tank adapter, PVC pipe etc for the installation of the

water pump system.

3

Diagram 1

6 m (W)

2.5 m (H)

30 m L

2” galvanise

pipe

Green coated wire

interval of 2’

1. The structure is 30 m long, 6 m wide and 2.5 m

height. With 12 piling. The top is covered with

UV transparent plastic sheet. The UV transparent

plastic sheet should be installed very firm, so that

the plastic wouldn’t hold any water.

2. To install green coated wire at every 2’ interval

of the galvanise frame.

4

Diagram 2

30 m

2.5 m (H)

30 m 12 nos footing

1’ x 1 ½” hollow metal

Front View

2” galvanise pipe

2” x 2”

hollow metal

1” x 1 ½” hollow metal

Side View

To Diagram 3

5

Diagram 3

2” x 2” square hollow metal

Belian post

-2 innos 3” diameter

and

6’ long

2.5 m (H)

60

cm 1:2:4 mix

concrete

footing

BRC 65

Ground level

6

Diagram 3A

Diagram 3B

Spring clip

Plastic clip

7

Diagram 4

Loop/ close/trap system using T joint.

8

Diagram 5A

Diagram 5B

Paip pembahagi

20 mm LDPE

Water Tank system

A

Paip Tertier

20 mm garis

pusat

Arrow dripper

Tiub spageti 1

mm garis pusat

9

Costing

The costing is spread over 3 years as illustrated in table below:

Items Rate (RM/unit) Total (RM)

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Rain shelter structure complete with irrigation system

25,000 0 0 25,000

Pump house complete with tanks and system parts

10,500 0 0 10,500

Inputs for: Chili Tomato Melon

2,200 1,600 3,200

2,200 1,600 3,200

2,200 1,600 3,200

6,600 4,800 9,600

Total (RM) for: Chili Tomato Melon

37,700 37,100 38,700

2,200 1,600 3,200

2,200 1,600 3,200

42,100 40,300 45,100

10MP CROP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME MECHANICS

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