1061 Midterm Review

7/29/2019 1061 Midterm Review

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CMST 1061 Midterm Review

Introduction to Communication (What is CommunicationPowerpoint)Features of communication

o Communication is a processo Communication consists of creating and responding to messages

o Communication involves adapting to people and the environment

Visible aspects of communicationo People

o Symbols

o Technology

Invisible aspects of communicationo Meaning

o Subjectivity

o Learning

Communication modes

o Visual messagessight

o Tactile messagestouch

o Olfactory messagessmell

o Gustatory messagestaste

o Auditory messagessound

What is Comm Theory? (What is Communication Powerpoint)2 types of relationships (circumstance and choice)

o Relationship of circumstance

o Exists outside of your controlo Ex: family, teachers, classmates, etc.

o Relationship of choice

o People you choose to have a relationship with

o Ex: boyfriend/girlfriend, doctors, friends, etc.

3 dimensions of relationships (trust, intimacy, power)o Trust

o Intimacy

o We can be ourselves in front of other people, and they will

accept who we areo

Powero Getting a person to do what you want them to do

Areas of Comm Theoryo Intrapersonal communication

o Focuses on the individual and cognitive processing

o One person communication

o Interpersonal communication

o Focuses on two people interacting (usually) face-to-face,


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who are in some kind of relationship with one another,such as friends, romantic partners, family members, orcoworkers

o Interact simultaneously with another person

o Small group communication

o Focuses on small groups who are interacting in order toaccomplish a joint goal

o 3-5 people together for a common purpose

o Organizational communication

o Focuses on the communication that occurs in formal

organizations, such as business or government agencieso Businesses, employees, and how they function and

communicateo Health communication

o Occurs within the healthcare system

o Disclosing personal health related information to doctors,

family, etc.Contexts of Communication

o Psychological

o How your mood/state affects how you communicate

o Physical

o Your location, environment

o Social

o Status relationship between the participants

communicatingo Cultural

o Deals with what is acceptable or unacceptable in aparticular culture

o Temporal

o The time of day, week, month, year, etc., in which the

communication takes place

What is Rhetoric? (What is Communication Powerpoint)3 dimensions of rhetoric

o Human beings create messages

o Symbols are the medium for rhetoric

o Its goal is to persuade (influence) others

Social truthso As a common group, what we believe to be true

Aristotles 2 kinds of proofso Inartistic proof

o Physical evidence such that is brought into a courtroom

o Artistic proof

o Evidence created by the speaker to convey the audience


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o Ethoscharacter of us as a speaker; Logosrational proof;

Pathosuse of emotion to persuade the audienceStages of rhetorical criticism

o Description

o Describe whats done, seen, and said

o Interpretationo What does this mean?

o Evaluation

o Was it effective or ineffective?

What is Performance Studies? (What is CommunicationPowerpoint)Broad vs. Narrow definition of performance

o Broad definition

o View all human communication encounters as performative

in nature; all individuals who are engaging in dialogue are

performing; perform all of the different roles we play in oureveryday lives

o Narrow definition

o The art of communicating a message to an audience via

aesthetic or artistic texts; sending a message to anaudience artistically; highlights social, cultural, andaesthetic aspects

Key elements of performanceo Performer

o Text

o

Contexto Time, place, audience, composition

Burkes Pentad

o Actwhat happens?

o Agentby whom?

o Agencyhow?

o Scenewhere and when?

o Purposewhy?

Types/Genres of PerformanceEveryday life

o We role take (natural extensions of the self) and role play

Literaryo Take literary text engage with it and bring it to life for an

audienceStorytelling

o Tell oral histories: slave narratives, Holocaust survivors,

Katrina survivors, folk tales, stories passed down overgenerations, etc.


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Ethnographico You, as a researcher, interested in a particular cultural

group; study them and write about it; performer observes agroup of people, interviews them, and then scripts theinformation to perform

Culturalo Ex: weddings, football games, Mardi Gras, Macys

Thanksgiving Day Paradeo Performance within a community; scheduled, set up and

prepare for it in advance; framed temporally and specially;occasions for people to come together; aestheticallyelaborate

Postmodern/avant-garde/performance arto Non-traditional performances; involve art or artists; uses

performance as an instrument of change; through shock,disturbance; rebellion/objection of traditional theatrics

Section 1: The Agent

The Agent in Comm Theory

Perceptionthe way we see the worldo The active process of selecting certain stimuli from the wide

array of stimuli we are receiving and creating patterns andmaking sense out of those patterns

Roleso A set of expected behaviors that are associated with a particular

situation and guide how we are expected to behave towardothers

o Identity scripts: guide us in how to behave so that others will

judge us in certain waysSelf-concept

o Describes who you are; how you view yourself; determines your

actions and the choices you make; everything we think and feelabout ourselves; our attitudes, beliefs, and values

o Attitudes

o

Likes and dislikeso Beliefs

o Believing in aliens, the sky is blue, the world is round

o Values

o Love, justice, honesty

Real selfo How we think about ourselves, who we think we are

Ideal self


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o What we want to be possible for ourselves and hold ourselves to

Public selfo What you let others see; how you appear to others

o When interacting with others, the self that we want to present

Private self

o Who we are in moments of quiet reflection, which we are at ourcore when were alone

Self esteemo The value you place on yourself; your feelings of self worth

Self-Awarenesso The ability to recognize and understand our own moods,

emotions, and drives, and how those feelings affect othersSelf-regulationSelf-monitoring

o Loware who they are in the world, do not change

o Highbeing really aware of people around them and how theyre

behavingSocial comparison theory

o Look at other people and compare/measure ourselves up to them

Looking glass self (reflected appraisal)o We look at other people and take in what we like or do not like

about them

Self-Disclosureo Communicating personal, self-revealing information to others

o Moves in small steps; from impersonal to personal

o Involved risk; needs to be reciprocalMatching

Prematuretoo much, too quick

Floodedsomeone at first meet just wants to tell you everythingThe Johari Window

Known to Self Not known to Self

Known to others OPEN BLIND

Not known toothers

HIDDEN UNKNOWN

The Agent in Rhetoric

Rhetorthe person doing the persuadingEthics

o Principles for acceptable and unacceptable behavior

o Guided by our societal value system (fairness, honesty, equality,

freedom, respect, etc.)


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o Your ethical value system is the basis for your communication

ethicsEthical Communication

o Those who conform to the moral standards a society establishes

for its communicators

o DOso Present the truth to the best of their ability

o Back up claims with facts, stats, or other information

o Give credit to the source of information when it is not

o DONTs

o Intentionally lie

o Expose the audience to half-truths that could cause

significant harmo Fabricate information (make up information and present it

as the truth)o Plagiarize information (present the words and ideas of

others as they were the speakers own without givingcredit to the original source)

Ethoso The persuasive potential of a speaker; personal credibility

o Speaker must exhibit: intelligence, virtue, and goodwill

Initial Ethoso The ethos the source has prior to the beginning of the speech or

communication acto Based on background, personal characteristics, position and/or

appearance

Derived Ethoso The ethos the source produces during the communication act

o Derived from the content and presentation of the message

o Content, distinction, presentation, temperament

Terminal Ethoso The ethos of the source at the completion of the communication

actConstraints (external and internal constraints)

o Those obstacles that must be overcome in order to facilitate both

the persuasive and practical effects desired by the speakero External constraints

o The objects, processes and events that may physicallyobstruct any productive action even if persuasion of anaudience has occurred

Objecta physical object whose characteristics orpresence (or lack thereof) imposes challenges on theundertaking of the recommended course of action

Processesthe bureaucratic and personal channels


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through which approval must be sought, plansrelayed, etc.

Eventsa recent occurrence that disrupts thesmooth operation of a planned productive action

o Internal constraints

o The beliefs, attitudes, and values of an audience that mustbe changed if persuasion is to occur

Ways credibility can be damagedo If your actions or behaviors contradict your message

o If the audience learns you have fabricated or plagiarized

informationo Poor delivery style

o Selfish motives

o Underestimating terminal ethos

Personao Generates or modifies a rhetors ethos

o Not the actual character or reputation of a speaker (ethos), buthow the rhetor constructs and presents an image of him orherself within a particular rhetorical text

o Like a mask or costume, it creates a public face that best suits

the immediate needs of the rhetoro Still used to establish credibility; credibility through image

o Creates favorable first impressions

o Used when addressing skeptical audiences in order to modify

their ethoso Ethos is acquired over time; persona is tied to a specific

discourse and always tied to that discourse

The Agent in PerformancePerformer/actor

Everyday life performancePerformer as role-taker/role-player

Literary performancePerformer as character or narrator

Avant-Garde performancePerformer as instrument for social change

Personal narrativePerformer as version of yourself

Ethnographic performancePerformer as other

Characterizationo Biological: human or animal; male or female

o Physical: age, size, posture, facial features, voice qualities,

habits, etc.o Social: economic status, profession, religion, what relationship is

likeo Positional: personality, mood


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o Psychological: emotional, intellectual aspects, desires,

motivationsQuestions to ask yourself to help develop a character

Whowho are they talking to?

Whatwhat is the character talking about?

Whenwhen is the speaker speaking?Wherewhere is the speaker speaking?

Howhow does the speaker speak?

Whywhy does the speaker speak?Certainties

o Definite answers supplied by the text

Probabilitieso Weighted likelihoods; probably

Possibilitieso Not definite, but kind of have a hint

Distortionso Given a known certainty but decide to perform against it

Section 2: Audience

The Audience in Comm TheoryTypes of relationships based on

o Number of people

o Dyads

o Groups

o Purpose

o Task relationshipso Social relationships

o Duration

o Short-term

o Long-term

o Level of intimacy

o Casual

o In-between

o Intimate

Social and personal relationshipso Social relationships are those relationships we have with others

that are based on our public selveso The audience members are the others who are involved in

the evento Personal relationships are those relationships with others with

whom we share more of our private selveso These are achieved through the process of self-disclosure

Social Exchange Theory


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o We work to sustain relationships that give us the greatest total

benefit:o Perceived relationship rewards Perceived relationship

costs = Perceived relationship benefits

o Rewardssecurity, affection, sharing activities, etc.

o Coststime, money, emotional involvement, lack ofautonomy, etc.

o Economic Model of Relationships

o Rewards > costs = continue

o Rewards = costs = continue

o Rewards < costs = terminate

Stages of the Ten-Stage Model of Relationshipso Stage 1: Initiating

o Decide whether to initiate interaction with the person

o Take notice of the other person, glance in their direction,

smileo Superficial communication (handshake, greeting,

insignificant topics like the weather)o Typically, communicators are simply trying to display

themselves as a person who is pleasant, likeable,understanding, and socially

o Stage 2: Experimenting

o Find out if the relationship is worth pursuing

o Gather information about the person (demographic

information, likes, dislikes, interest, background)o Trying to discover the unknown

o Stage 3: Intensifyingo Increasing self-disclosure

o Talk about more serious issues

o Spend more time together, share more activities

o Forms of address become more informal (nicknames,

terms of endearment)o Private symbols begin to develop (private language)

o Stage 4: Integrating

o Perceived by other people as a pair or a couple

o Become we instead of I and you

o

Begin to act, speak, and think more alikeo Social circles merge (since the two individuals become a

common packageone present, one letter, one invitation)o Intimacy trophies are exchanged (pictures, rings)

o May have common property (move in together, joint

bank account, our song)o Stage 5: Bonding

o A public ritual that announces to the world that


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commitments have been formally contractedo It is the institutionalized of the relationship

o E.g., getting engaged, getting married

o Stage 6: Differentiatingo To become more distinct or different in character

o Partners remind each other that they are separate

individualso The we and ours becomes I and mine and you

and yourso Stage 7: Circumscribing

o Communication is restricted in both amount (talk less

about fewer topics) and quality (reveal less and lesspersonal information and feelings)

o Begin to withdraw physically and mentally from the

relationshipo Stage 8: Stagnating

o The relationship becomes inactive; it no longer grows

o Interactions become very superficial, or communication

may stop altogethero Conversations become stilted and awkward

o Some couples linger at this stage because they hope that

they will eventually be able to revive the relationship, orthey want to avoid the pain of terminating the relationship

o Stage 9: Avoiding

o Take steps to avoid face-to-face interaction; stay awayfrom each other as much as possibleo Can include a trial separation, one person moves out,

different class schedules, etc.o Ex: I cant stay long. Or Im really busyI dont know

when Ill be able to see you.o Stage 10: Terminating

o The relationship is over

o Termination can occur immediately after a greeting or

after a 20 year relationshipo The end may be communicated face-to-face, over the

phone, in a letter, a legal notice, etc.o Depending upon the nature of the relationship and how the

participants feel about ending it, this stage can be short-lived or prolonged, cordial or bitter

Causes of interpersonal conflict in relationshipso Goals to be pursued

o Allocation of resources or scarcity of resources


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o Decisions to be made

o Inappropriate behaviors

o Individual differences

o Rivalry

o Definition of the relationship

Conflict resolution strategieso Non-assertivenot standing up for yourself, your needs or

desireso Avoidance

Choose not to deal with the conflict; withdraw fromconfrontation

Ignore it and it will go away; physically andemotionally separate themselves from the situation

Act as if they dont care, change the subject; attemptto joke it away

o

Accommodation Give in to others; self-sacrificing

Typically overvalue the relationship and undervaluetheir own goals, needs, desires

Favor harmony; attempt to smooth things over

A win-lose approacho (Compromising)

o Aggressivedominating others, or violating the rights of others,

to get your own wayo Competitive

Strive to force their position on the other person

Overwhelming need to win; win at all costs

Maximize their own needs while diminishing theneeds of others

A win-lose approach

o Assertivestanding up for your own rights without damaging

otherso (Compromising)

Try to find a middle ground

Give and take; both parties get some degree of whatthey want

Leaves the individuals only partially satisfied A lose-lose approach

o Integration/Collaboration

The needs of both parties are integrated into thesolution

Both parties get what they want

A win-win approach


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Situational constraintso What is considered appropriate and effective communication

depends on the situation; the situation includes the social andphysical environment

o Social environment consists of not only the individuals that

are present, but also the roles that they are playingo Physical environment includes the setting or place of the

interaction

The Audience in RhetoricTarget audience

o The specific audience that the rhetor wishes to address

Empirical audienceo The audience that physically exists in a particular place and time

and hears a speech when it is given

Evoked audienceo The textual constriction of the audience created by the rhetor for

the purpose of persuasionAudience adaptation

o Rhetorical discourse forges a link between the rhetors views and

those of an audienceo To be successfully persuasive, the rhetor must attend to the

audiences values, experiences, beliefs, social status, andexpectations

o The rhetor must consider what an audience accepts as true,

probable, or desirableo This constant pursuit of audience approval in rhetoric had led to

the criticism that rhetors decide what to say or write solely onthe basis of what they believe their audience wants to hear

Audience analysisDemographicsPsychographics

RhetorographicsIdentification

o We identify with someone when we see ourselves as sharing

some quality or experience with another person or group

Polarizationo Us vs. them

Distinctiono The characteristic of being separate and often superior to the

group to which an audience belongso Credibility from expertise

o The persona of the rhetor stands apart from the evoked audience


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The Audience in Performance StudiesLiterary Performance

o Speakers audience

o The person(s)/listener(s) to whom the speaker of the text is

speakingo The relationship between the speaker and the speakers

audience is usually described as either open or closed,depending upon whether the listener is outside the text orwithin the situation of the text itself

o Performers audience

o Those who are watching the performance

Open situationo The speaker of the text addresses the audience directly

o Breaking the fourth wall

Closed situationo The speaker of the text addresses a listener or listeners within

the world of the text; the audience simply overhearso Speaking behind the fourth wall

Aesthetic distanceo Important in literary performance

o The audience must believe that Snow Whites apple is

poisoned, yet aesthetic distance lets the audience know that thisis a performance

o Prevents the audience members from rushing to the stage to

grab the apple from Snow Whites hand

Spectatorso Passive audience members who simply view the performance

Spect-actorso Active audience members who, in some way, participate in the

performanceIntegral audience

o One where people come because they have to or because the

event is of special significance to them; necessary to accomplishthe performance; surest evidence that the performance is aritual

o Often knows what is going on and members of the audience

often know one anothero Integral-aesthetic: people who have received a special

invitationo Integral-ritual: audiences at weddings, funerals,

graduations, etc.Accidental audience

o A group of people who, individually or in small clusters, go to

performances that are publically advertised and open to all;


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comes to see the showo They attend voluntarily and have often paid to attend

o Each individual or small group is a stranger among strangers

o Accidental-aesthetic: commercial productions, publically

advertised performances

o Accidental-ritual: tourists watching a ceremony in whichthey are not a part of, simply observing

Festivalo Considered to be more pagan, secular, or recreational; more

relaxed in tone; more public (accidental audience); experimentswith meaning; structure is more loose, less fixed or rigid

o Ex: Mardi Gras, Woodstock, etc.

Ritualo Includes both words and acts; a partial fusion of performer and

audience; often associated with an official religion or religiouspractice; more privatized (integral audience); more serious in

tone; attempts to control meaning; structure is more or less fixedo If there is no performance, there is no ritual

o Ex: weddings, funerals, communions, bar mitzvahs, etc.

1061 Midterm Review

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