1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

1.05 Understand the 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of functions and disorders of

the muscular systemthe muscular system

1.05 Understand the functions and 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the disorders of the muscular systemmuscular system

• What are the characteristics of muscles?• What are the functions of the muscular system?• What are common disorders of the muscular

system?• How are muscular disorders treated?• How does the muscular system relate to the

body’s support and movement?

1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular

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Characteristics of MusclesCharacteristics of Muscles

ContractibilityContractibility

ExcitabilityExcitability

ExtensibilityExtensibility

ElasticityElasticity


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Contractibility•muscle shortens thus reducing the distance between its parts (i.e. cardiac muscle contraction reduces area between blood chambers causing heart to pump; skeletal decreases distance between attachment points allowing bone to move)


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The sodium-potassium pump of the membrane of a muscle cell.

The purpose of this slide is to illustrate the complexity of the process of movement.


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ContractibilityContractibilityNeurotransmitter at site of muscle stimulus.


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Skeletal Muscle ContractionMYONEURAL STIMULATIONNeuron stimulates all skeletal muscles within a MOTOR UNIT (neuron & all muscle fibers that it stimulates) neuron’s axon sends impulse by releasing acetylcholine attaches to the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION allows the muscle fibers to become temporarily permeable to Na+ ions which go rushing into the muscle cells this excess of positive ions from the rush of sodium create the electrical disturbance to allow muscle contractionContracting Muscle ProteinsBasic energy source is GLUCOSE in the form of ATP and Phosphocreatnine (allows energy to be transferred to protein molecules in the muscle actin & myosin) runs the entire length of the muscle releasing Ca++ ions that are stored inside muscle cells that attach to muscle filaments ATP energizes these myofilaments to slide across each other allowing the muscle to shorten

Characteristics of MusclesCharacteristics of MusclesExcitability- both

muscle and nerve cells

(neurons) working

together

Respond to different

stimuli by producing

electric signals known

as

ACTION POTENTIALS

(impulses).


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Extensibility•Ability to be

stretched


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ElasticityUpon relaxing muscles

return to their original shape


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Contractibility

Excitability

Extensibility

Elasticity


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Muscle ToneMuscle Tone

Discuss muscle tone.

•Atrophy: a- _without_ -trophy :_development__

•Hypertrophy:

hyper- _excessive_ -trophy: _development__


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Muscle ToneMuscle Tone

John just got a cast off his leg. His calf muscle on the affected leg is 1” smaller in diameter than his other calf muscle.

• What happened?

• How do you explain this to him?


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Muscle ToneMuscle ToneExercise & TrainingExercise & Training

What are the advantages of exercise?

Are there any disadvantages of exercise?


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Functions of the Functions of the Muscular SystemMuscular System

What are the functions of the muscular system?


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Movement:Movement:Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle

• Receptors in muscles provide the brain with information about body position and movement.

• The brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle.


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MovementMovement

Discuss the mechanism of skeletal muscle movement to include:

Point of origin

Point of insertion

Identify the: Prime mover

Antagonist

Synergists


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Movement:Movement:Digestive SystemDigestive System

The nervous system regulates the speed at which food moves through the digestive tract.


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Movement:Movement:Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

HeartbeatHeartbeat

The nervous system and hormones regulate the speed at which the heart beats.


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PosturePosture

• How does the muscular system effect posture?


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Body HeatBody HeatWhat is the body’s response to cold? Why?

How is this response helpful?

How does the body respond to exercise? Why?


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Muscle fatigue: decline in ability of a muscle to generate forceCorrection of muscle fatigue:•Nutrition – Maintain a well-balanced diet that includes complex proteins, fruits, vegetables, and carbohydrates.•Eating Schedule – Eat a light meal or snack about two hours before working out. It is not recommended to work out on a full stomach or an empty stomach. Make sure to eat within one hour after you work out. This will help repair and refuel the muscles that were broken down during exercise. • Hydration – Drinking water throughout the day and drinking sports drinks during exercise is crucial to prevent dehydration, electrolyte loss, and muscle fatigue. •Endurance – Improve your aerobic capacity. As your respiratory muscles begin to fatigue, oxygen will be redirected from the muscles of your limbs to those of your diaphragm•Body Mechanics – Use correct form when exercising

• Rest/Recovery – Complete a warm up and cool down for 5 to 10 minutes each time you exercise.

Anaerobic Exercise:


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Aerobic Exercise:Requires energy. When we exercise aerobically our bodies use glycogen and fat as fuel. This low to moderate level of exertion can be sustained over long periods. As you breathe more heavily with exertion carbon dioxide is expelled from your body. Lactic acid is not produced as it is with anaerobic exercise. Benefits of Aerobic Exercise It is difficult to overstate the benefits of aerobic exercise. It not only improves overall health and quality of life, but may also extend your life. Aerobic exercise burns fat, improves mood, strengthens the heart and lungs and reduces your risk of diabetes

Anaerobic exercise uses glycogen as well which is usually depleted in 2 hours (i.e. muscle fatigue). Your body builds up lactic acid, which causes discomfort and fatigue at sustained levels. For this reason anaerobic exercise or high intensity exercise happens in short bursts. It may be helpful to consider the difference between a sprinter (anaerobic) and a marathoner (aerobic).

Benefits of Anaerobic Exercise

Anaerobic exercise helps build lean muscle mass. Calories are burned more efficiently in bodies that have more muscle. Anaerobic exercise is especially helpful for weight management in that it helps to burn more calories even in a body at rest. Anaerobic exercise can also help build endurance and fitness levels.


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FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia

Discuss the pictures and how they relate to fibromyalgia.

Cause

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis


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Fibromyalgia


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My- muscle -algia: pain

Chronic muscle pain lasting longer than 3 months

Symptoms:•Fatigue•Headache•Numbness/tingling•Joint pain

Treatment Goal:Pain Relief No Cure

Treatment Modalities:Massage Chiropractor StretchingSleep/Rest Relaxation techniques Pain Meds

HerniaHernia

Discuss hernias.

Causes

Locations

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention


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Hernia: organ protrusion out of a weak muscleTypes:1.abdominal: organs protrude through the abdominal wall2.Inguinal: organs protrude in the inguinal area3.Hiatal: stomach pushes through the diaphragm

Causes:Anything that exerts increased pressure in the abdomen(overweight, carrying or pushing heavy objects, persistent coughing or sneezing)In addition, obesity, poor nutrition, and smoking, can all weaken muscles and make hernias more likely

Treatment:Surgical repair

Muscle SpasmsMuscle Spasms((Involuntary hypertonicity)Involuntary hypertonicity)

Discuss muscle spasms.Causes

Locations

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular

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A muscle spasm, or muscle cramp, is an involuntary contraction of a muscle. Muscle spasms occur suddenly, usually resolve quickly, and are often painful. Often due to dehydration or or overuse of the muscle.Treatment:Prevention is key. Drink plenty of fluids and stretch prior to any strenuous activity or exercise. Once the spasm occurs stretching it out will usually alleviate the symptoms.

Muscular DystrophyMuscular Dystrophy

• Discuss the picture and how it relates to muscular dystrophy.Cause

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis


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Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic diseases in which muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage. These damaged muscles become progressively weaker. Most people who have muscular dystrophy will eventually need to use a wheelchair.

Duchenne muscular dystrophyAbout half of all muscular dystrophy cases are the Duchenne variety, which most commonly occurs in boys. Signs and symptoms typically first surface when the child begins to walk and may include:

Frequent fallsDifficulty getting up from a lying or sitting positionTrouble running and jumpingWaddling gaitLarge calf musclesLearning disabilities


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Myasthenia GravisMyasthenia Gravis

Discuss the picture and how it relates to myasthenia gravis.

Cause

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis


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Autoimmune diseaseMyasthenia gravis is caused by a breakdown in the normal communication between nerves and muscles.

There is no cureSymptoms: weakness of arm or leg muscles, double vision, drooping eyelids, and difficulties with speech, chewing, swallowing and breathing.

Most common in women younger than 40 and in men older than 60.

Treatment:Corticosteroids.Immunosuppressants.Plasmapheresis (plaz-muh-fuh-REE-sis). This procedure uses a filtering process similar to dialysis. Your blood is routed through a machine that removes the antibodies that block transmission of signals from your nerve endings to your muscles' receptor sitesIntravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). This therapy provides your body with normal antibodies, which alters your immune system response.

StrainStrain• What happened here?• What symptoms is this man having? Why?• How will he treat them?• What is his prognosis?


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A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. A tendon is a fibrous cord of tissue that connects muscles to bone.

A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments — the tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect one bone to another in your joints.

SprainsPainSwellingBruisingLimited ability to move the affected jointAt the time of injury, you may hear or feel a "pop" in your joint

StrainsPainSwellingMuscle spasmsLimited ability to move the affected muscle

Medications: over-the-counter pain reliever such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).Therapy: apply ice to the area as soon as possible to minimize swelling. In cases of severe sprain or strain, your doctor may immobilize the area with a brace or splint.Surgery. If you have a torn ligament or ruptured muscle, surgery may be an option.

TendonitisTendonitis

Discuss the pictures and how they relate to tendonitis.

Cause

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis


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Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon If tendinitis is severe and leads to the rupture of a tendon, you may need surgical repair. But most cases of tendinitis can be successfully treated with rest, physical therapy and medications to reduce pain.Symptoms:Pain, often described as a dull ache, especially when moving the affected limb or jointTendernessMild swelling, possiblyCauses:repetition of a particular movement over timeTreatment:CorticosteroidsPain relieversTherapy program of specific exercise designed to stretch and strengthen the affected muscle-tendon unit

TetanusTetanus

Discuss the picture and how it relates to tetanus.

Cause

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis


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Tetanus is a serious bacterial disease that affects your nervous system, leading to painful muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus can interfere with your ability to breathe and, ultimately, threaten your life. Tetanus is commonly known as "lockjaw.“There's no cure for tetanus. Treatment focuses on managing complications until the effects of the tetanus toxin resolve. Fatality is highest in individuals who haven't been immunized and in older adults with inadequate immunization.Signs and symptoms of tetanus may appear anytime from a few days to several weeks after tetanus bacteria enter your body through a wound. The average incubation period is seven to eight days.

Common signs and symptoms of tetanus, in order of appearance, are:

•Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles•Stiffness of your neck muscles•Difficulty swallowing•Stiffness of your abdominal muscles•Painful body spasms lasting for several minutes, typically triggered by minor occurrences, such as a draft, loud noise, physical touch or light•Fever•Sweating•Elevated blood pressure•Rapid heart rate


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Causes:The bacteria that cause tetanus, Clostridium tetani, are found in soil, dust and animal feces. It enters the body generally through a flesh wound.Treatment:Since there's no cure for tetanus, treatment consists of wound care, medications to ease symptoms and supportive care.

•Wound care Cleaning the wound is essential to preventing growth of tetanus spores. This involves removing dirt, foreign objects and dead tissue from the wound.

•Medications

1. Antitoxin: Tetanus immune globulin. However, the antitoxin can neutralize only toxin that hasn't yet bonded to nerve tissue.

2. Antibiotics: Either orally or by injection, to fight tetanus bacteria.3. Vaccine: Having tetanus once doesn't make you immune to the bacteria afterward. So

you'll need to receive a tetanus vaccine in order to prevent future tetanus infection.4. Sedatives: Use powerful sedatives to control muscle spasms.5. Other medications: such as magnesium sulfate and certain beta blockers, may be

used to help regulate involuntary muscle activity, such as your heartbeat and breathing. Morphine may be used for this purpose as well as sedation.

6. Supportive therapies: Tetanus infection often requires a long period of treatment in an intensive care setting. Since sedatives may result in shallow breathing, you may need to be supported temporarily by a ventilator.

1.05 Understand the functions and 1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the disorders of the muscular systemmuscular system

• What are the characteristics of muscles?• What are the functions of the muscular system?• What are common disorders of the muscular

system?• How are muscular disorders treated?• How does the muscular system relate to the

body’s support and movement?


system

45

1.05 Understand the functions and disorders of the muscular system

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