10434579 10 UV Protection by Clothing Fabrics 22
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Transcript of 10434579 10 UV Protection by Clothing Fabrics 22
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Transmittance or Blocking of Transmittance or Blocking of
Erythemally WeightedErythemally Weighted
Ultraviolet Radiation ThroughUltraviolet Radiation Through
FabricsFabrics
AATCC Test Method 183-2004
The OzoneThe Ozone
What is it?
Naturally occurring gas in the earth’s
stratosphere which shields the Earth
from harmful UV radiation
What does it do?
Filters sun’s UV radiation and serves as
a buffer that protects humans, crops,
and marine life
Is the ozone depletingIs the ozone depleting?
Carbonfluorocarbons (CFCs)
used in refrigeration & air conditioning (freon)
Halons
used in fire extinguishers
Methyl Bromide
used in pesticides
Methyl Chloroform
a solvent used in industrial processes
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How do we know theseHow do we know thesesubstances are the cause?substances are the cause?
Balloons, aircraft, & satelliteshave the ability to measure theamount of ozone-depletingsubstances (ODS) present in thestratosphere; these substancesreact chemically with the sunwhich results in the destructionof ozone gases
Why is important to know about
UV radiation & the ozone?
Since the ozone is depleting,overexposure to UV rays canlead to things such as:
melanoma
cataracts & conjunctivitis
photodermatosis
erythema (abnormal redness of the skin
due to capillary congestion/inflammation)
Why should we beWhy should we be
concerned?concerned?
There are NO ‘healthy suntans’
Any change in color of the skin is aresult of sun damage
More than 1 million people arediagnosed with skin cancer in the USeach year
Statistics show that 1 in 2 Australianwomen will have skin cancer within
their lifetime
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UVA UVB UVCWavelength 315-400nm 280-315nm 100-280nm
Health Aspect Less dangerousspectrum of UVradiation
More dangerousthan UVA, cancause DNAdamage.
Very dangerousto the skin &eyes.
GeneralImplication
UVA rays aremost abundant atthe earth’ssurface.
Only a smallamount of UVBreaches theearth’s surfacedue to absorptionby theatmosphere.
No UVC reachesthe earth’ssurface due toabsorption in theatmosphere.
Effects UVA penetratesinto the corium of skin. The skinprotects itself byinstantpigmentation &thickening of outer layer.
UVB penetratesless deeply intothe epidermisthan UVA. Highdoses can causeDNA damage.
Medical Aspect Results intanning &acceleration of skin aging &wrinkling
Results in skinreddening(erymema), or sunburn, cancer,& cataracts
UV Radiation,the GOOD & the BAD
GOOD: Small doses (315 to 400 nm)
beneficial to humans because the sun
stimulates the production of vitamin D in our
skin
BAD: Large doses (less than 315 nm)
these have detrimental effects on humans
and are the ones we need to worry about
Factors that influence the effect of
UV radiation on the human body
wavelength of light
geographic location
width of stratospheric ozone layer
time of day (10AM-2PM, 60% exposure)
season of year
skin properties
sensitivity to sunlight
environmental conditions at the time of
exposure
UV IndexUV Index
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Sun Protective ClothingSun Protective Clothing
Definition
Apparel items for which a claim of
protective advantage against solar
ultraviolet radiation is made
Origin of Sun ProtectiveOrigin of Sun ProtectiveClothingClothing
Australia was first country toformalize UV protection claims forclothing
Developed a standard lab procedure for
measuring
Established an Ultraviolet Protection
Factor (UPF)
Labeling guide for UPF rated clothing
UPF Rating SchemeUPF Rating Scheme
40, 45, 50,50+< 2.5Exce llent40 - 50,50+
25, 30, 354.1 - 2.6Very
Good
25 - 39
15, 206.7 - 4.2Good15 - 24
UPF RatingEffective
UVR
Transmissi
on, %
ProtectionCategoryUPF Rang e
Reference: UPF Rating Scheme from AS/NZS 4399, “Sun Protective
Clothing” (1996).
• Sun Protective Clothing is aselling point driven inoutdoor items
• Often seen in golf apparel,swimwear, sportswear,skiwear, hats, etc.
• Merchandise will have ahang tag to educate & attractcustomers
Retailers and manufacturers areresponsible to providedocumentation to support their UVclaim
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Sun Protective ClothingSun Protective Clothing
ExamplesExamples
Coolibar
Masque Rays
Physicians Endorsed
Solar Eclipse
Sun Precautions
Sun Solutions
96.7% UV blocked
Coolibar Coolibar
98% UV
blocked
polyester
Sun PrecautionsSun Precautions
nylon microfiber
Garment Properties thatGarment Properties that
Influence UV TransmissionInfluence UV Transmission
Fabric construction porosity; density of weave or knit
Fiber type Cotton - highly permeability
Unbleached cotton - increased ability to absorb UV
Wool - high permeability
Polyester - high permeability
Nylon - fairly permeable
Color Darker color absorb more UV than lighter colors
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Garment Properties thatGarment Properties thatInfluence UV TransmissionInfluence UV Transmission
Presence of optical brighteners, dyes, &chemicals added during processing Many dyes absorb UVR and therefore improve UPF rating
UVR absorbers added to fabrics that have a naturally lowresistance to UVR will increase UPF rating
White w/ optical brighteners improve UPF rating
Treatment with a UVR inhibitor during manufacturingresults in a higher UPF rating
Fabric wetness UV transmission ↑ when fabrics are wet because the
scattering of UV is ↓ 30 – 50% reduction in UPF rating
Fabric Stretch 10% stretch results in 40% reduction of UPF rating
Conditions That Can Affect aGarment’s UV Protection
• Garments w/out UV protective treatment,may improve their UV protectionperformance after shrinkage
• Old worn and faded garments may looseprotective value
• Repeated washings may reduce the UVprotection performance of UVR treatedgarments
• UV finishes can reduce fading and fabricdeterioration
How can the textile industry
help?
By developing standards to measure
the transmittance spectrum by using
spectrophotometers with integrating
spheres for the assessment of UV
protective properties of textiles and
clothing
From this data, the UV ProtectionFactor (UPF) can be determined
Global Standards DrivenGlobal Standards Driven
After 1996, both America &
Europe implemented standards
for Ultra-Violet Radiation
Transmission of Textiles
AATCC TM 183
ASTM D6544 and ASTM D 6603
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AATCC TM 183AATCC TM 183
Purpose
To determine the ultraviolet radiation
blocked or transmitted by textile fabrics
intended to be used for UV protection
AATCC TM 183AATCC TM 183
Principle The transmission of UV radiation (UVR) through a
specimen is measured on a spectrophotometer or spectroradiometer at known wavelength intervals
The UV protection factor (UPF) is automaticallycomputed as the ratio of the erythemally weighted UVRirradiance at the detector with no specimen present tothe erythemally weighted UVR irradiance at the detector with a specimen present
% blocking of UVA & UVB radiation is also calculated
General PrincipleGeneral Principle
Detector
Light ⏐ Ο ComputerSample Integrating sphere
The higher the percentage of transmittance the less protection it offers.
TerminologyTerminology
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
Invisible radiant energy for which the
wavelengths of the monochromatic
components are smaller than those for
visible radiation and more than
approximately 100 nm; UVR range is 280 to
400 nm
% UV Blocking
100 minus the UV transmission
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TerminologyTerminology
UVA Rays that penetrate deep into the skin causing
tanning, premature aging, and burning;wavelengths 315 to 400 nm
UVB Shorter than UVA rays; generally absorbed by
the skin’s surface & may cause malignancies;wavelengths 280 to 315 nm
Note: UVB exposure causes 1,000 times the damage as the same amount of UVA exposure
Ultraviolet WavelengthsUltraviolet Wavelengths
Wavelength SpectrumWavelength Spectrum More TerminologyMore Terminology
UV Protection Factor
(UPF)
ratio of the average
effective UVR irradiance
transmitted & calculated
through air to the
average effective UVR
irradiance transmitted &
calculated through
fabric
400 nm
∑ Eλ x Sλ x Δλ
280 nm
UPF =
400 nm
∑ Eλ x Sλ x Tλ x Δλ
280 nm
where:E
λ
= erythemal spectral effectivenessS
λ= solar spectral irradiance in W.m-2.nm-1
Tλ = spectral transmittance of the specimen
Δλ = wavelength interval in nm
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Uses & LimitationsUses & Limitations
Used to determine the UPF of wetand/or stretched fabrics
Stretched fabric is not yet included in the
method, however, AATCC Committee RA106
is working on this option for inclusion in the
2007 or 2008 AATCC Technical Manual
Wetting or stretching may change theUPF properties
ApparatusApparatus
Spectrophotometerorspectroradiometerequipped with anintegrating sphere
Filter, Schott GlassUG11
Instrumental CalibrationInstrumental Calibration
The spectrophotometer orspectroradiometer must becalibrated according the themanufacturer’s instructions
SpecimensSpecimens
Test minimum of 2 specimensfrom each sample
Each specimen should be at least50 mm x 50 mm (2 in x 2 in), or 50mm (2 in) in diameter
For fabrics with multiple colors orstructures, each color or structure
should be tested separately
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ConditioningConditioning
Dry specimens should beconditioned according to ASTMD1776, Conditioning Textiles for Testing , for at least 4 hr prior totesting
21 ± 1° C (70 ± 2° F ) & 65 ± 2% RH
Dry Specimen ProcedureDry Specimen Procedure
Place specimen flush against sampletransmission port opening in thesphere
Measure & rotate specimen 45° Take 2nd measurement & rotate 45° Take 3rd measurement Multicolored specimens
determine area of highest UV transmission& make all 3 measurements in thatparticular area
Wet Specimen ProcedureWet Specimen Procedure
Weigh dry specimen Place specimen flat in bottom of a
beaker & pour distilled water intobeaker until specimen is covered tothoroughly wet out the specimen
Submerge for 30 min while pressingand moving it from time to time toensure a good and uniformpreparation
Prepare only 1 specimen at a time
Wet Specimen ProcedureWet Specimen Procedure
Ensure wet pick-up of 150 ± 5% bysqueezing wet specimen betweenblotting paper through hand wringeror similar means (if fabric has lowmoisture absorption, repeat soakingand wringing steps)
Note: some samples may not be capable of
achieving the specified wet pick-up such as
tightly woven synthetic fabrics
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Wet Specimen ProcedureWet Specimen Procedure
Take measurements in samemanner as the dry specimenmeasurements Use plastic wrap to protect instrument from
water when placing specimen to be
measured
ReportReport
UPF, Ultraviolet Protection Factor
UVA transmittance
UVB transmittance
% blocking UVA
% blocking UVB
ReferencesReferences
Assessment Method for UV-Protective Properties of Textiles , Melliand International, Vol. 7, June 2001,Djani, Rosinskaja, Kizil, Weinberg, Shenkar Collegeof Engineering and Design, Ramat-Gan/Israel.
The Effect of Wetness on the UVR Transmission of Woven Fabrics , Patricia Cox Crews, Unv. ofNebraska-Lincoln, Ying Zhou, Maytag Corp.(AATCC IC&E Conference 2003).
UV Protective Clothing & Recent Trends , LouannSpirito, SGS, Fairfield, NJ, (AATCC Creativity 2 Communication Symposium, April 7-8, 2005,Fashion Institute of Technology, New York City).