103169-2A_3-03_MA5000VZ Reference Manual.p65

Model: Macro-Tech 5000VZSome models may be exported under the name Amcron.®

103169-2A3/03

©2003 by Crown Audio, Inc., P.O. Box 1000, Elkhart, IN 46515-1000 U.S.A. Telephone: 574-294-8000.Fax: 574-294-8329. Trademark Notice: PIP, SmartAmp and Grounded Bridge are trademarks andAmcron, Crown, Macro-Tech, IOC, ODEP, IQ System and P.I.P. are registered trademarks of CrownInternational, Inc. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Approved forTHX TheatreSystems

WORLDWIDESUMMARY OF WARRANTY

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 WestMishawaka Road, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you,the ORIGINAL PURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of eachNEW Crown1 product, for a period of three (3) years from the date ofpurchase by the original purchaser (the “warranty period”) that the newCrown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship, and wefurther warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason forfailure, except as excluded in this Crown Warranty.1 Note: If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for thename “Crown” in this warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTYThis Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown productwhich occurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any productwhich has been damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident,negligence, or loss which is covered under any of your insurancecontracts. This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crownproduct if the serial number has been defaced, altered, or removed.

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DOWe will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (exceptas excluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refundunless you agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, andrepair is not practical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, thenyou must make the defective or malfunctioning product available to usfree and clear of all liens or other encumbrances. The refund will be equalto the actual purchase price, not including interest, insurance, closingcosts, and other finance charges less a reasonable depreciation on theproduct from the date of original purchase. Warranty work can only beperformed at our authorized service centers. We will remedy the defectand ship the product from the service center within a reasonable timeafter receipt of the defective product at our authorized service center.

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICEYou must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety(90) days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must beshipped in a factory pack. Corrective action will be taken within areasonable time of the date of receipt of the defective product by ourauthorized service center. If the repairs made by our authorized servicecenter are not satisfactory, notify our authorized service centerimmediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGESYOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTALDAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWNPRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCTOR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT.

WARRANTY ALTERATIONSNo person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this CrownWarranty. This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of timewhich you are deprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs andreplacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shallcarry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty.

DESIGN CHANGESWe reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to timewithout notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes inproducts previously manufactured.

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASERNo action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later thanninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERSCONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

9/90

NORTH AMERICASUMMARY OF WARRANTY

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 West MishawakaRoad, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you, the ORIGINALPURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of each NEW Crown prod-uct, for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase by the originalpurchaser (the “warranty period”) that the new Crown product is free of defectsin materials and workmanship. We further warrant the new Crown productregardless of the reason for failure, except as excluded in this Warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTYThis Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product whichoccurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any product which hasbeen damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident, negligence, orloss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts. This CrownWarranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial numberhas been defaced, altered, or removed.

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DOWe will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except asexcluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refund unlessyou agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, and repair is notpractical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, then you must makethe defective or malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liensor other encumbrances. The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price,not including interest, insurance, closing costs, and other finance charges lessa reasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase.Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers or atthe factory. We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the servicecenter or our factory within a reasonable time after receipt of the defectiveproduct at our authorized service center or our factory. All expenses inremedying the defect, including surface shipping costs in the United States,will be borne by us. (You must bear the expense of shipping the productbetween any foreign country and the port of entry in the United States and alltaxes, duties, and other customs fees for such foreign shipments.)

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICEYou must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety (90)days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must be shippedin a factory pack, which, if needed, may be obtained from us free of charge.Corrective action will be taken within a reasonable time of the date of receiptof the defective product by us or our authorized service center. If the repairsmade by us or our authorized service center are not satisfactory, notify us orour authorized service center immediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGESYOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTALDAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWNPRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT ORPRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT. SOME STATES DONOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OREXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

WARRANTY ALTERATIONSNo person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this Crown Warranty.This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time which you aredeprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs and replacement partsprovided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpiredportion of this Crown Warranty.

DESIGN CHANGESWe reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to timewithout notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes inproducts previously manufactured.

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASERTHIS CROWN WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, YOUMAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later thanninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERSCONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

9/90Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301

THREE YEARFULL WARRANTY YEAR

3YEAR3

Macro-Tech 5000VZ Power Amplifier

Reference Manual

Important Safety Instructions

1) Read these instructions.

2) Keep these instructions.

3) Heed all warnings.

4) Follow all instructions.

5) Do not use this apparatus near water.

6) Clean only with a dry cloth.

7) Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions.

8) Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves,or other apparatus that produce heat.

9) Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding-type plug. Apolarized plug has two blades with one wider than the other. A grounding-type plug has two blades and a third grounding prong. The wide blade or thethird prong is provided for your safety. If the provided plug does not fit intoyour outlet, consult an electrician for replacement of the obsolete outlet.

10) Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched, particularly atplugs, convenience receptacles, and the point where they exit from the ap-paratus.

11) Only use attachments/accessories specified by the manufacturer.

12) Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for long peri-ods of time.

13) Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel. Servicing is required whenthe apparatus has been damaged in any way, such as power-supply cord orplug is damaged, liquid has been spilled or objects have fallen into the appa-ratus, the apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture, does not operatenormally, or has been dropped.

The information furnished in this manual does not include all of the details of design, production, or variations ofthe equipment. Nor does it cover every possible situation which may arise during installation, operation or mainte-nance. If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for the name “Crown” in this manual. If you needspecial assistance beyond the scope of this manual, please contact our Technical Support Group.

Crown Technical Support Group1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, Indiana 46517 U.S.A.

Phone: 800-342-6939 (North America, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) or 574-294-8200Fax: 574-294-8301 Fax Back (North America only): 800-294-4094 or 574-293-9200

Fax Back (International): 574-294-8100 Internet: http://www.crownaudio.com

DANGER: This amplifier can produce lethal levels ofoutput power! Be very careful when making connections. Donot attempt to change the output wiring unless AC power hasbeen removed from the amplifier for at least 10 seconds.

WARNING: This unit is capable of producing very highsound pressure levels. Continuous exposure to high soundpressure levels can cause permanent hearing impairment orloss. Caution is advised and ear protection recommendedwhen playing at high volumes.

WARNINGTO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC

SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THISEQUIPMENT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE!

Magnetic FieldCAUTION! Do not locate sensitive high-gain equip-ment such as preamplifiers or tape decks directlyabove or below the unit. Because this amplifier hasa high power density, it has a strong magnetic fieldwhich can induce hum into unshielded devices thatare located nearby. The field is strongest just aboveand below the unit.

If an equipment rack is used, we recommend locatingthe amplifier(s) in the bottom of the rack and thepreamplifier or other sensitive equipment at the top.

C A U T I O NRISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

DO NOT OPEN

TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DONOT REMOVE TOP OR BOTTOM

COVERS. NO USER SERVICEABLEPARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICINGTO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSON-NEL. DISCONNECT POWER CORDBEFORE REMOVING REAR INPUT

MODULE TO ACCESS GAIN SWITCH.

A V I SRISQUE DE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE

N’OUVREZ PAS

À PRÉVENIR LE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUEN’ENLEVEZ PAS LES COUVERCLES.

IL N’Y A PAS DES PARTIESSERVICEABLE À L’INTÉRIEUR. TOUSREPARATIONS DOIT ETRE FAIRE PAR

PERSONNEL QUALIFIÉ SEULMENT.DÉBRANCHER LA BORNE AVANT

D’OUVRIR LA MODULE EN ARRIÈRE.

The lightning bolttriangle is used to

alert the user to therisk of electric shock.

The exclamationpoint triangle is used

to alert the user toimportant operating

or maintenanceinstructions.


Reference Manual

CONTENTS1 Welcome ................................................................................. 8

1.1 Why So Much Power? ....................................................... 81.2 Unpacking ........................................................................ 81.3 Features ........................................................................... 9

2 Facilities ................................................................................ 10

3 Installation ............................................................................ 13

3.1 Mounting ........................................................................ 133.2 Cooling ........................................................................... 133.3 Wiring ............................................................................ 14

3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) Operation .......................... 143.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ....................................... 153.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation ...................................... 163.3.4 Input Connection ................................................. 173.3.5 Output Connection .............................................. 183.3.6 Additional Load Protection ................................... 20

3.4 AC Mains Power Requirements ...................................... 21

4 Operation .............................................................................. 22

4.1 Precautions ..................................................................... 224.2 Indicators ....................................................................... 224.3 Protection Systems ......................................................... 24

4.3.1 ODEP .................................................................. 244.3.2 Standby ............................................................... 244.3.3 Transformer Thermal Protection ........................... 254.3.4 Power Supply Fuses ............................................ 25

4.4 Controls .......................................................................... 264.5 Filter Cleaning ................................................................ 27

5 Technical Information ........................................................... 28

5.1 Overview ........................................................................ 285.2 VZ Power ........................................................................ 28

5.2.1 Background ......................................................... 285.2.2 The VZ Supply ..................................................... 29

5.3 Circuit Theory ................................................................. 295.3.1 Stereo Operation ................................................. 295.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ....................................... 325.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation ...................................... 325.3.4 Terminator Module ............................................... 325.3.5. Display Module .................................................... 32

6 Specifications ....................................................................... 33

7 AC Power Draw and Thermal Dissipation ............................ 39

8 Accessories .......................................................................... 40

8.1 PIP Modules ................................................................... 408.2 Level Control Security Kit ................................................ 42


Reference Manual

ILLUSTRATIONS1.1 Macro-Tech 5000VZ Amplifier ................................................... 82.1 Front Facilities ......................................................................... 102.2 Front Facilities behind the Filter Grille ...................................... 112.3 Rear Facilities .......................................................................... 122.4 International Output Binding Posts .......................................... 122.5 Output Cover .......................................................................... 123.1 Mounting Dimensions .............................................................. 133.2 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit ........................................... 133.3 Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet ........................................... 133.4 Stereo Wiring ........................................................................... 143.5 Bridge-Mono Wiring ................................................................ 153.6 Parallel-Mono Wiring ............................................................... 163.7 Unbalanced Input Wiring ........................................................ 173.8 Balanced Input Wiring ............................................................. 173.9 Balanced and Unbalanced Phone Plug Wiring ....................... 173.10 Loudspeaker Offset Integration Switch ................................... 183.11 Input Ground Lift Switch .......................................................... 183.12 Wire Size Nomograph ............................................................. 193.13 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph .............................................. 204.1 Indicators ................................................................................ 224.2 Macro-Tech 5000VZ Indicator States ...................................... 234.3 Input Sensitivity, LOI and Compressor Switches ..................... 264.4 Channel 1 VZ Mode Switch (Behind Filter) .............................. 275.1 A Typical Power Supply ........................................................... 295.2 Music Waveforms .................................................................... 295.3 VZ High-Current Mode ............................................................ 295.4 VZ High-Voltage Mode ............................................................ 295.5 Circuit Block Diagram ............................................................. 306.1 Minimum Power Matrix ............................................................ 356.2 Maximum Power Matrix ........................................................... 366.3 Typical Frequency Response .................................................. 376.4 Typical Damping Factor .......................................................... 376.5 Typical Output Impedance ...................................................... 376.6 Typical Phase Response ......................................................... 386.7 Typical Crosstalk ..................................................................... 387.1 Power Draw, Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation ............... 398.1 Installing a PIP Module ............................................................ 408.2 Installing MA-LOCK Level Control Shaft Locks ........................ 42

Printed onrecycled paper.

Contents continued...

9 Service .................................................................................. 43

9.1 Worldwide Service .......................................................... 439.2 North American Service .................................................. 43

9.2.1 Service at a North American Service Center ........ 439.2.2 Factory Service .................................................... 43


Reference Manual

*Minimum guaranteed standard 1 kHz power with 120 volt, 60 Hz AC mains. See Section 6 for other AC mains voltages and frequencies.

Fig. 1.1 Macro-Tech 5000VZ Amplifier

1 WelcomeCongratulations on your purchase of a Macro-Tech®

5000VZ.® You have selected one of the most reliable,powerful and cost-effective professional amplifiers evermade. From now on, you can enjoy the advantages ofhaving the highest level of innovation available in anyamplifier at any price.

The Macro-Tech 5000VZ is the most advanced ampli-fier to offer Crown’s patented Variable Impedance (VZ)power supply technology. New semiconductor technol-ogy is combined with superior VZ power supplies toenable the Macro-Tech 5000VZ to pack unprec-edented power levels into 5¼ inches (13.3 cm) of verti-cal rack space. And because it is a Macro-Tech, youhave the benefit of ODEP ® protection to keep the showgoing long after other amplifiers have failed—even un-der the most severe conditions. In addition, your ampli-fier provides enhanced PIP2 compatibility, whichmakes it easy to customize with a variety of popularinput modules (see Section 8.1 for a list of availablePIPTM and PIP2 modules).

This manual will help you successfully install and useyour new amplifier. Please read all instructions, warn-ings and cautions. Be sure to read Sections 3.3.2 and3.3.3 if you plan to use one of the amplifier’s two monomodes. Also for your protection, please send in yourwarranty registration card today and save your bill ofsale because it is your official proof of purchase.

1.1 Why So Much Power?The Macro-Tech 5000VZ can deliver up to 2,500 wattsper channel into 2-ohm stereo loads or 5,000 watts

bridged into a single 4-ohm load.* That’s a lot of powerfor a unit that is only 5¼ inches (13.3 cm) tall andweighs less than 80 pounds (36.3 kg).

There are many reasons to use amplifiers with an ex-tremely high power density. As more loudspeakers aredriven with fewer amplifiers, audio systems becomemore compact and efficient. If the system is used fortouring, this can reduce shipping costs and setup time.But concentrating so much power in one amplifier cre-ates potential hazards that can permanently ruin yourday. Your amplifier is capable of delivering enoughelectrical power at the output terminals to produce alethal shock. If used improperly, it can also drive loud-speakers to levels that will cause permanent hearingdamage. For these reasons, we have included appro-priate warnings and cautions in this manual.

1.2 UnpackingPlease unpack and inspect your new amplifier for anydamage that may have occurred during transit. If dam-age is found, notify the transportation company imme-diately. Only you, the consignee, may initiate a claimfor shipping damage. Crown will be happy to cooper-ate fully as needed. Save the shipping carton as evi-dence of damage for the shipper’s inspection.

Even if the unit arrived in perfect condition, as mostdo, save all packing materials so you will have themif you ever need to transport the unit. NEVER SHIPTHE UNIT WITHOUT THE FACTORY PACK.


Reference Manual

1.3 FeaturesThe Macro-Tech 5000VZ uses the very latest technologyand miniaturized design to provide the highest power andvalue for its size, weight and price. Its patented GroundedBridge™ circuitry offers many advantages over conven-tional designs. In Stereo mode, the amplifier’s separatehigh-voltage supplies and ultra-low crosstalk make it pos-sible to treat each channel as an independent amplifier.Here are some more of its impressive features:

� Patented Variable Impedance (VZ) power supplies foreach channel provide the best power matching to yourload. Three special modes are provided to control howand when the supplies shift impedance modes.

� Crown’s Grounded Bridge design delivers extreme volt-age swings without using easily stressed output transistorconfigurations like conventional amplifiers. The resultsare lower distortion and superior reliability.

� Patented ODEP (Output Device Emulation Protection)circuitry detects and compensates for overheating andoverload to keep the amplifier working when otherswould fail. In addition, ODEP can be used to control theVZ power supplies by shifting them into high-currentmode based on the requirements of the immediate con-ditions.

� IOC® (Input/Output Comparator) circuitry immediatelyalerts you of any distortion that exceeds 0.05%, providingdynamic proof of distortion-free performance.

� Enhanced PIP2 (Programmable Input Processor) designaccepts accessory modules that tailor the amplifier to suitindividual applications, including wide-band load currentmonitoring.

� Convenient front panel indicators include an Enable indi-cator for the low-voltage power supply, and an ODEP,Signal Presence/IOC and ILoad/ILimit indicator for eachchannel.

� Full protection against overvoltage, shorted outputs, mis-matched loads, general overheating, DC andhigh-frequency/RF overloads. Full internal fault protec-tion.

� “Standby” mode protects loudspeakers from low-frequency/DC output, turn-on/turn-off transients and othertransients that can occur during an AC brownout.Standby mode also provides overvoltage protection fromAC mains of more than 11% over the rated voltage.

� Innovative Loudspeaker Offset Integration (LOI) circuitryprevents asymmetrical audio waveforms from causingoff-center woofer cone movement.

� Each channel has an independent, error-driven com-pressor that can be set for fast or slow attack and releasetimes.

� Two custom toroidal power transformers (one per chan-nel) provide maximum power transfer with minimumelectromagnetic fields.

� The soft-start feature slowly brings the power supplies upto full voltage to avoid tripping the breaker that protectsyour AC wiring.

� Universal power supplies can be easily reconfigured fordifferent AC mains voltages, making the amplifier conve-nient for use around the world.

� Low harmonic and intermodulation distortion give thebest dynamic transfer function in the industry.

� Superior damping factor delivers maximum loudspeakermotion control.

� Balanced inputs for each channel have independentthree-way input sensitivity switches.

� The factory-installed PIP2-FXQ includes a ground liftswitch that can be used to isolate the AC (chassis)ground from the XLR and phone jack input grounds.

� Internal test ports provide rapid manufacturing and ser-vice diagnostics.

� Internal diagnostics LEDs make it easy to identify internaloperating conditions in the field.

� Modular design makes service and maintenance muchmore convenient.

� The super-efficient cooling system features front-to-backair flow with cutting edge heat sinks and proportional on-demand forced-air cooling to prevent overheating andprolong component life.

� New touring chassis is extremely rugged and has beentorture-tested with over 100,000 miles of simulated roadabuse—even passing mil. spec. shock and vibrationtesting.

� Extruded aluminum front panel provides extra strength toresist physical damage.

� Rack mountable in a standard 19-inch (48.3-cm) equip-ment rack (the back of the amplifier should be supported)or units can be stacked directly on top of each other.

� Three year “No-Fault” full warranty completely protects yourinvestment and guarantees its specifications.


Reference Manual

Fig. 2.1 Front Facilities2 FacilitiesA. Dust FiltersThe dust filters remove large particles from air drawn inby the cooling fans. Check the filters regularly to pre-vent clogging (see Sections 3.2 and 4.5).

B. Level ControlsThe output level for each channel is set with these con-venient front panel level controls. Each control has31 detents for precise adjustment (see Section 4.4). Asecurity option is also available to prevent tampering(see Section 8.2).

C. ILoad/ILimit IndicatorsThe flow of current to the loudspeakers (“load current”)and the maximum current limit of the amplifier (“limitcurrent”) are monitored by these two-color front panelindicators. Normally, the ILoad/ILimit indicators glowgreen to show that load current is flowing. They turn offwhen there is no significant load current. This happenswhen there is no input signal, the input signal is at anextremely low level, or there are no loads connected tothe amplifier’s outputs. They turn red if the amplifier hasreached its maximum output current capacity.

The ILoad/ILimit indicators are very useful when loadingthe amplifier for maximum output. Just continue to con-nect additional loudspeakers in parallel with each outputuntil the ILoad/ILimit indicator turns red under normal op-erating conditions. The optimum load is achieved just be-fore the indicator turns red (see Section 4.2).

D. Signal/IOC IndicatorsThese green multifunction indicators show both signalpresence and distortion for each channel. As signalpresence indicators, they flash synchronously with theamplifier’s audio output. As IOC (Input/Output Com-

parator) indicators, they flash brightly with a 0.1 sec-ond hold delay if there is a difference of 0.05% or morebetween the input and output audio waveforms. IOC“errors” occur most commonly when a large input sig-nal causes an input overload or output clipping. TheIOC function is also provided as proof of distortion-freeperformance (see Section 4.2).

E. ODEP IndicatorsDuring normal operation of the ODEP (Output DeviceEmulation Protection) circuitry, these amber indicatorsglow brightly to show the presence of reserve thermal-dynamic energy. They dim proportionally as energyreserves decrease. In the rare event that energy re-serves are depleted, the indicators turn off and ODEPproportionally limits output drive so the amplifier cansafely continue operating even under severe condi-tions. These indicators also help to identify more un-usual operating conditions (see Section 4.2).

F. Enable IndicatorThis indicator lights when the amplifier has been turnedon (enabled) and has AC power (see Section 4.2).

G. Enable SwitchThis push button is used to turn the amplifier on andoff. When turned on, the output is muted for about fourseconds to protect your system from start-up tran-sients. This is why a power sequencer is rarely neededfor multiple units. (The length of the turn-on delay canbe changed. Contact Crown’s Technical SupportGroup for details.)

H. VZ Mode SwitchesA four-position switch is used to control the switching


Reference Manual

Fig. 2.2 Front Facilities behind the Filter Grille

mode for each power supply. The switches are locatedbehind the top dust filter about 1.75 inches (4.5 cm)behind the front panel. Always turn off the power be-fore changing either switch. To access the VZ modeswitches, remove the top dust filter and reach upwardthrough the grille opening with a long narrow noncon-ductive object like a plastic pen. The switches are easyto locate with the aid of a flashlight. The switch forChannel 1 is located to the left side of the amplifier,while the switch for Channel 2 is located to the right.

From left to right, the four switch settings are VZ-ODEP,Lock Low, VZ and VZ (the third and fourth switch posi-tions are identical). The first switch position sets thepower supply to the VZ-ODEP switching mode, whichis the default setting from the factory. The VZ-ODEPmode automatically shifts between high-current andhigh-voltage modes as needed, except when ODEPactively limits output drive, in which case the powersupply is locked in its high-current mode. The secondswitch position is called “Lock Low.” It locks the powersupply in high-current mode so the amplifier will alwaysbe ready to deliver maximum current to low-impedanceloads. The third and fourth switch positions set thepower supply to standard VZ mode. Standard VZ modeautomatically switches between high-current and high-voltage modes as needed, but is not affected by ODEP(see Section 4.4).

I. Stereo/Mono SwitchThis switch is used to select one of three output modes.Stereo mode is used for normal two-channel operation,Bridge-Mono mode is used to drive a single channelwith a load impedance of at least 4 ohms, and Parallel-Mono mode is used to drive a single channel with aload impedance less than 4 ohms. WARNING: The

amplifier should be off for at least 10 seconds be-fore changing this switch (see Section 3.3).

J. Compressor SwitchesA three-position back panel switch is provided to con-trol each channel’s “error-driven” input compressor. At-tack and release times can be set to either “fast” or“slow,” or compression can be turned off for output clip-ping errors. The “fast” setting yields a 4-millisecond at-tack time and 300-millisecond release time. The “slow”setting yields a 12-millisecond attack and 600-millisec-ond release (see Section 4.4).

K. Loudspeaker Offset Integration SwitchesEach channel has a two-position back panel on/offswitch used to control the Loudspeaker Offset Integra-tion (LOI) circuitry. LOI compensates for asymmetricalaudio waveforms that cause off-center woofer conemovement (see Sections 3.3.4, 3.3.5 and 4.4).

L. Input Sensitivity SwitchesThese three-position back panel switches are used toselect the input sensitivity for each channel. Availablesettings include 0.775 volts or 1.4 volts for standard1 kHz output power, or a 26 dB voltage gain (see Sec-tion 4.4).

M. Power CordUnits configured for 100 to 120 VAC have a 10-AWG,30-amp line cord, while units set up for 200 to 240 VAChave a 12-AWG, 20-amp line cord. North Americanunits configured for 120 VAC, 60 Hz power are shippedwith a grounded 125-volt, 30-amp NEMA TT30P plug;units shipped outside North America are provided with-out a plug. See Sections 3.4 and 7 for AC requirements.


Reference Manual

Fig. 2.3 Rear Facilities

N. Output ConnectorsThis high-current output block is provided for outputconnection. Its connectors accept banana plugs,spade lugs or bare wire. The detachable output cover(S) shown in Figure 2.5 is used to protect against acci-dental short circuits and dangerous electrical shock.DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal energylevels! Do not change the output wiring unless theamplifier has been off for at least 10 seconds.

Some international models include high-current bind-ing posts for output connection rather than the outputblock shown in Figure 2.3. The international bindingposts are shown below in Figure 2.4:

Fig. 2.5 Output Cover

P. Balanced Phone Jack InputsA balanced ¼-inch (6.35-mm) phone jack for eachchannel is provided on the PIP2-FXQ. These phonejacks can be used for signal input, or for “daisy-chained” output to other amplifiers. The phone jacksmay be used with either balanced (tip, ring and sleeve)or unbalanced (tip and sleeve) wiring (see Section 3.3).Note: The Channel 2 input is bypassed in either monomode.

Q. Balanced XLR InputsA balanced 3-pin female XLR connector is provided onthe PIP2-FXQ for input to each channel, or for “daisy-chained” output to other amplifiers. Note: The Chan-nel 2 input is bypassed in either mono mode.

R. Input Ground Lift SwitchThis ground lift switch is located on the PIP2-FXQ. It isused to isolate the input signal grounds from the AC(chassis) ground to help prevent ground loops that canresult in unwanted hum and noise.

S. Output CoverThis protective cover is provided to prevent an electri-cal shock or short circuit at the output terminals.

O. PIP ModuleThe standard PIP2-FXQ is included with your amplifier.It provides female XLR and ¼-inch (6.35-mm) phonejack input connectors. Each pair of XLR and phone jackconnectors is wired in parallel, so the unused connec-tor can be used as a “daisy chain” output to connect asource to multiple amplifiers. Other PIP and PIP2 mod-ules can be used in place of the PIP2-FXQ to provideadditional features that customize the amplifier for dif-ferent applications. Your amplifier is a PIP2 amplifier,which means it can take advantage of the many ad-vanced features found in PIP2 modules. In addition,your amp can also use standard PIP modules (withoutthe PIP2 logo). See Section 8.1 for available PIP andPIP2 modules.

Fig. 2.4 International Output Binding Posts


Reference Manual

3 Installation3.1 MountingThe Macro-Tech 5000VZ is designed for standard19 inch (48.3 cm) rack mounting and “stack” mountingwithout a cabinet. For optimum cooling and rack sup-port, multiple units should be stacked directly on top ofeach other.

Important: Always support the back of the unit. Pro-vide extra support if the unit will be transported.

Fig. 3.2 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit

per unit. Additional air flow may be required when driv-ing low-impedance loads at consistently high outputlevels. Refer to Section 7 for detailed information onthermal dissipation.

When mounting the amplifier in a rack cabinet, the backwall of the rack should be at least 3 inches (7.6 cm)away from the back of the amplifier chassis as shownin Figure 3.2.

Tip: An easy way to verify adequate cooling is to ob-serve the ODEP indicators while the amplifier is operat-ing under worst-case conditions. If the indicators dim,additional cooling is recommended.

If your rack has a door that could block air flow to theamplifier’s air intakes, you must provide adequate airflow by installing a grille in the door or by pressurizingthe air behind the door. Wire grilles are recommendedover perforated panels because they tend to causeless air restriction. A good choice for pressurizing theair behind the rack cabinet door is to mount a “squirrelcage” blower inside the rack (Option 1 below). At thebottom of the rack, mount the blower so it blows out-side air into the space between the door and front ofthe amplifiers, pressurizing the “chimney” behind thedoor. This blower should not blow air into or take air outof the space behind the amplifiers. For racks without adoor, you can evacuate the rack by mounting theblower at the top of the rack so that air inside the cabi-net is drawn out the back (Option 2 below).

Fig. 3.1 Mounting Dimensions

3.2 CoolingNEVER block the air vents in the front or back of theamplifier. Macro-Tech amplifiers do not need to bemounted with space between them. If you must leaveopen spaces in a rack for any reason, close them withblank panels or recirculation will result. Allow for air flowof at least 75 cubic feet (2.1 cubic meters) per minute

If the air supply is unusually dusty, you might want topre-filter it using commercial furnace filters to preventrapid loading of the unit’s own air filters. When needed,the unit’s filters can be cleaned with mild dish deter-gent and water (see Section 4.5).

BLOWER(OPTION 2)

BLOWER(OPTION 1)

WARMEXHAUST

FRONTOF

RACK

DOOR

COOL AIRINLET

EQUIPMENTRACK

(SIDE VIEW)

Fig. 3.3 Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet


Reference Manual

3.3 WiringThe following instructions describe the most commonways to install your amplifier in a sound system. Theinput and output terminals are located on the backpanel. Please use care when making connections, se-lecting signal sources and controlling the output level.The load you save may be your own! Crown assumesno liability for personal injury or damaged loads fromcareless amplifier use or deliberate overpowering. Allunits include an output cover to prevent accidentalelectrical shock and short circuits. We strongly recom-mend that you use this safety feature.

DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal energylevels. Do not change the output wiring unless theamplifier has been off for at least 10 seconds. Turn-ing off the amplifier also reduces the chance of blaststhat can damage your hearing or loudspeakers.

Your amplifier can be operated in Stereo, Bridge-Mono,or Parallel-Mono mode by switching the back panel ste-

Fig. 3.4 Stereo Wiring

reo/mono switch. Turn off the amplifier and wait atleast 10 seconds before changing this switch or in-ternal damage to the circuitry may result. There areVERY IMPORTANT wiring differences among the threeoperating modes that will be discussed next.

3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) OperationIn Stereo mode, installation is intuitive: input Channel 1feeds output Channel 1, and input Channel 2 feeds out-put Channel 2. To activate Stereo mode, first turn offthe amplifier and wait 10 seconds for the power supplyto discharge. Then, slide the stereo/mono switch to thecenter position, and connect the output wiring asshown in Figure 3.4.

CAUTION: In Stereo mode, never parallel the twooutputs by directly tying them together, and neverparallel them with the output of another amplifier.Such a connection does not result in increased poweroutput, but may result in overheating and prematureactivation of the protection circuitry.


Reference Manual

Note: A method for paralleling multiple amplifiers forfail-safe redundancy is available from Crown’s Techni-cal Support Group.

3.3.2 Bridge-Mono OperationBridge-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with atotal impedance of 4 ohms or more (see Section 3.3.3 ifthe load is less than 4 ohms). Installing the amplifier inBridge-Mono mode is different from the other modesand requires special attention.

To activate Bridge-Mono mode, turn the amplifier off,wait at least 10 seconds, and then slide the stereo/mono switch to the BRIDGE MONO position. Both out-puts receive the signal from the Channel 1 input, withoutput Channel 2 inverted so it can be bridged with theChannel 1 output.

Note: The Channel 2 input jack and level control aredisconnected in Bridge-Mono mode. A signal feedingChannel 2 will have no effect on the output.

Connect the load across the Channel 1 and 2 positive(+) terminals attaching the positive lead from the loadto Channel 1 and the negative lead from the load toChannel 2 as shown in Figure 3.5. The negative (–) ter-minals are not used and should not be shorted. In ad-dition, the connected load must be balanced (neitherside connected to ground).

CAUTION: Be certain that every device connectedto the Bridge-Mono output is balanced (not groundreferenced). If the input signal ground is not fullyisolated, connecting an output lead to ground maycause oscillations.

Fig. 3.5 Bridge-Mono Wiring


Reference Manual

Fig. 3.6 Parallel-Mono Wiring

2 input. Both outputs will now receive the signal fromthe Channel 1 input.

Note: The Channel 2 input jack and level control aredisconnected in Parallel-Mono mode. A signal feedingChannel 2 will have no effect on the output.

Install a jumper wire between the positive (+) outputsof Channel 1 and 2 that is at least 14 gauge in size.Then, connect the load to the output of Channel 1 asshown in Figure 3.6. The positive (+) lead from the loadconnects to the positive (+) Channel 1 terminal, andthe negative (–) lead from the load connects to thenegative (–) Channel 1 terminal.

CAUTION: Remove the jumper wire before chang-ing to Stereo or Bridge-Mono mode.

3.3.3 Parallel-Mono OperationParallel-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with atotal impedance of less than 4 ohms (see Section 3.3.2if the load is 4 ohms or greater). Installing the amplifierin Parallel-Mono mode is different from the other modesand requires special attention.

CAUTION: Do NOT operate the amplifier in Stereoor Bridge-Mono mode until the Parallel-Monojumper is removed. Failure to do so will result inhigh distortion and excessive heating.

To activate Parallel-Mono mode, turn off the amplifier,wait at least 10 seconds, and slide the stereo/monoswitch to the PARALLEL MONO position. Connect theinput signal to Channel 1, and do not use the Channel


Reference Manual

3.3.4 Input ConnectionBoth the XLR and ¼-inch phone jack inputs are bal-anced. They have a minimum impedance of 10 K ohms(5 K ohms with unbalanced wiring) and will accept theline-level output of most devices. The XLR connectorsand phone jacks are provided on the standardPIP2-FXQ input module (other PIP and PIP2 modulesare described in Section 8.1). Correct input wiring willdepend on two factors: (1) whether the input signalsare balanced or unbalanced, and (2) whether the sig-nal source floats or has a ground reference. Figures3.7 and 3.8 show the recommended XLR connectiontechniques for each type of signal source.

Fig. 3.7 Unbalanced Input WiringFig. 3.9 Balanced and Unbalanced

Phone Plug Wiring

Fig. 3.8 Balanced Input Wiring

The phone jack input connectors can be wired simi-larly for balanced or unbalanced, ground-referencedor floating sources. They have a standard tip-ring-sleeve (TRS) configuration: the tip is positive (+), thering is negative (–) and the sleeve is ground (see Fig-ure 3.9). Wiring for various sources follows the XLR wir-ing guidelines shown in Figures 3.7 and 3.8.

The XLR and ¼-inch phone jacks provided on thePIP2-FXQ are wired in parallel. This makes it possibleto use one set for input to the amplifier and the otherset for “daisy-chained” output to other amplifiers.

Please follow the instructions in Section 3.3.2 and 3.3.3if the amplifier will be used in either Bridge-Mono orParallel-Mono mode. Remember, the Channel 2 inputand level control are disconnected in both monomodes.


Reference Manual

recorders. The LOI circuitry will also help to avoid thispotential problem. It includes a second-order Bessellow-pass filter with a –3 dB frequency of 50 kHz.

A third problem to avoid is hum. The two most com-mon sources of hum in an audio system are inductivecoupling and ground loops.

Inductive coupling can occur when input cables aresubjected to a magnetic field from a power cord orpower transformer. One way to prevent inductive cou-pling is to lace the input cables together along theirlength and route them as far away as possible frompower transformers and power cords. The use ofshielded pair cable is another effective way to reduceor eliminate hum resulting from inductive coupling.

Ground loops often result when two or more devicesare improperly grounded. This causes undesirablestray currents that may produce hum in the output. Thebest way to avoid ground loops is to ensure that allsystem devices are plugged into the same power strip.In addition, make sure that all cable shields aregrounded at one end only.

Input and output grounds are sometimes tied togetherfor testing or metering. This can cause feedback os-cillation from load current in the test loop. In some sys-tems, even the AC power line may provide thisfeedback path. To avoid this problem, use propergrounding, isolate the inputs and other common ACdevices. If needed, the input signal ground can be iso-lated from the AC mains ground with the ground liftswitch located on the PIP2–FXQ (see Figure 3.11 andSection 4.4).

SOLVING INPUT PROBLEMSSometimes large infrasonic (subaudible) frequenciesare present in the input signal. This can cause outputclipping and off-center woofer cone movement. As aresult, the loudspeakers may handle less power andcould be damaged by overload or excess heat. To re-duce the risk of such problems, turn on the Loud-speaker Offset Integration (LOI) for each channel. TheLOI switches are located on the back panel of the am-plifier. This circuitry includes a third-order high-passButterworth filter with a –3 dB frequency of 35 Hz.

Fig. 3.10 Loudspeaker Offset Integration Switch

Another problem to avoid is the presence of large lev-els of radio frequencies (RF) in the input signal. Al-though high RF levels may not pose a threat to theamplifier, they can burn out tweeters or other loads thatare sensitive to high frequencies. Extremely high RFlevels can also cause the amplifier to prematurely acti-vate its protection circuitry, resulting in inefficient op-eration. RF can be introduced into the signal by localradio stations and from the bias signal of many tape

Input Wiring Tips1. Use only shielded cable. Cables withhigher density shields are better. Spiralwrapped shield is not recommended.

2. When using unbalanced lines, keep thecables as short as possible. Avoid cablelengths greater than 10 feet (3 meters).

3. Do not run signal cables together withhigh-level wiring such as loudspeaker wiresor AC cords. This reduces the chance of humor noise being induced into the input cables.

4. The amplifier should be off for at least10 seconds before changing any connec-tions. This amplifier can produce lethal outputenergy and can drive loudspeakers to levelsthat can cause permanent hearing damage.Turn down level controls completely beforepowering the system back up. Crown is notliable for personal injury or damage that canresult when a system component isoverdriven.

3.3.5 Output ConnectionConsider the power-handling capacity of your load be-fore connecting it to the amplifier. Crown is not liable fordamage incurred at any time due to overpowering.Fusing loudspeaker lines is highly recommended (seeSection 3.3.6). Also, please pay close attention to theprecautions provided in Section 4.1.

DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal energylevels! Do not change the output wiring unless theamplifier has been off for at least 10 seconds.

Fig. 3.11 Input Ground Lift Switch


Reference Manual

Use Good Connectors1. To prevent possible short circuits, do notexpose the loudspeaker cable connectors.

2. Do not use connectors that might acciden-tally tie two channels together when makingor breaking connections (for example, a stan-dard three-wire stereo phone plug).

3. Connectors that can be plugged into ACpower receptacles should never be used.

4. Connectors with low current-carryingcapacity should not be used.

5. Connectors with any tendency to shortshould never be used.

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Ohms/1000 Feet(305 Meters)

AWG (AmericanWire Gauge)

Feet Meters

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1

.5

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.05

.01

#28

#26

#24

#22

#20

#18

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#14

#12

#10

#8

#6

#4

#2

#0#00#0000

RL

LoadResistance

(Ohms)

RL

RS

DampingFactor

RS

SourceResistance

(Ohms)

TwoConductor

Cable

CopperWire

Example Shown:

Load Resistance = 8 ohmsDesired Damping Factor = 500Source Resistance = 0.016 ohmsCable Length = 10 feet (3.1 meters)

Recommended Wire: #8 AWG or equivalentwire with 1.75 ohms or less resistance per1000 feet (305 meters).

1

0.5

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HOW TO DETERMINEAPPROPRIATE WIRE GAUGE

It is important to use loudspeaker cables with sufficientgauge (thickness) for the length being used. The resis-tance introduced by inadequate cables reduces boththe output power and the motion control of the loud-speakers. The latter occurs because the damping fac-tor decreases as the cable resistance increases. Thisis very important because the amplifier’s excellentdamping factor can easily be negated by insufficientloudspeaker cables.

Use the nomograph in Figure 3.12 and the procedurethat follows to find the recommended wire gauge (AWGor American Wire Gauge) for your system.

1. Note the load resistance of the loudspeakers con-nected to each channel of the amplifier. Mark this valueon the Load Resistance line of the nomograph.

2. Select an acceptable damping factor and mark it onthe Damping Factor line. Your amplifier can providean excellent damping factor of 1,000 from 10 to 400 Hzin Stereo mode with an 8-ohm load. In contrast, typicaldamping factors are 50 or lower. Higher damping fac-tors yield lower distortion and greater motion controlover the loudspeakers. A common damping factor forcommercial applications is between 50 and 100.Higher damping factors may be desirable for livesound, but long cable lengths often limit the highestdamping factor that can be achieved practically. (Un-der these circumstances, Crown’s IQ System is oftenused so amplifiers can be easily monitored and con-trolled when they are located very near the loudspeak-ers.) In recording studios and home hi-fi, a dampingfactor of 500 or more is very desirable.

3. Draw a line through the two points with a pencil, andcontinue until it intersects the Source Resistance line.

4. On the 2-Cond. Cable line, mark the length of thecable run.

5. Draw a pencil line from the mark on the Source Resis-tance line through the mark on the 2-Cond. Cable line,and on to intersect the Annealed Copper Wire line.

6. The required wire gauge for the selected wire lengthand damping factor is the value on the Annealed Cop-per Wire line. Note: Wire size increases as the AWGgets smaller.

Fig. 3.12 Wire Size Nomograph


Reference Manual

7. If the size of the cable exceeds what you want to use,(1) find a way to use shorter cables, like using an IQSystem, (2) settle for a lower damping factor, or (3) usemore than one cable for each line. Options 1 and 2 willrequire the substitution of new values for cable lengthor damping factor in the nomograph. For option 3, esti-mate the effective wire gauge by subtracting 3 from theapparent wire gauge every time the number of con-ductors of equal gauge is doubled. So, if #10 wire istoo large, two #13 wires or four #16 wires can be usedfor the same effect.

SOLVING OUTPUT PROBLEMSSometimes high-frequency oscillations occur whichcan cause your amplifier to prematurely activate its pro-tection circuitry and result in inefficient operation. Theeffects of this problem are similar to the effects of theRF problem described in Section 3.3.4. To preventhigh-frequency oscillations:

1. Turn on Loudspeaker Offset Integration for eachchannel. It includes a low-pass filter to preventRF problems (see Section 3.3.4).

2. Lace together the loudspeaker conductors foreach channel (do not lace together the conduc-tors from different channels). This minimizes thechance that cables will act like antennas andtransmit or receive high frequencies that cancause oscillation.

3. Avoid using shielded loudspeaker cable.

4. Avoid long cable runs where the loudspeakercables from different amplifiers share a commoncable tray or cable jacket.

5. Never connect the amplifier’s input and outputgrounds together.

6. Keep loudspeaker cables well separated frominput cables.

7. Install the input wiring according to the instruc-tions in Section 3.3.4.

Another problem to avoid is the presence of large in-frasonic currents when primarily inductive loads areused. Such loads include 70 volt step-up transformersand electrostatic loudspeakers.

Inductive loads may appear as a short circuit at lowfrequencies. This can cause the amplifier to producelarge low-frequency currents and activate its protec-tion circuitry. Always turn on the LOI circuitry when aprimarily inductive load is used. The LOI circuitry pro-vides protection from most low-frequency input andoutput problems.

3.3.6 Additional Load ProtectionYour amplifier can generate high power levels. If yourloudspeakers do not have built-in protection from ex-cessive power, it’s a good idea to protect them. Loud-speakers are subject to thermal damage fromsustained overpowering and mechanical damage fromlarge transient voltages. Special fuses can be used toprotect your loudspeakers in both cases.

Different types of fuses are required for thermal protec-tion and voltage protection. Slow-blow fuses are usu-ally selected to protect loudspeakers from thermaldamage because they are similar to loudspeakers inthe way they respond to thermal conditions over time.In contrast, high-speed instrument fuses like theLittlefuse 361000 series are used to protect loudspeak-ers from large transient voltages. The nomograph inFigure 3.13 can be used to select the properly ratedfuse for either type of loudspeaker protection.

There are basically two approaches that can be takenwhen installing fuses for loudspeaker protection. Acommon approach is to put a single fuse in series with

Fig. 3.13 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph

1.0

1.2

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.1

.08

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1000800

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300

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10080

60

40

30

20

15

108

6

4

3

2

1.5

1

SP

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KE

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(am

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Example: Impedance = 8 ohms.Peak Power = 200 W

Answer: Fuse = 2 A

2

40


Reference Manual

the output of each channel. This makes installation con-venient because there is only one fuse protecting theloads on each output. The main disadvantage of thisapproach becomes apparent if the fuse blows, be-cause none of the loads will receive any power.

A better approach is to fuse each driver independently.This allows you to apply the most appropriate protec-tion for the type of driver being used. In general, low-frequency drivers (woofers) are most susceptible tothermal damage and high-frequency drivers (tweeters)are usually damaged by large transient voltages. Thismeans that your loudspeakers will tend to have betterprotection when the woofers are protected by slow-blow fuses and high-frequency drivers are protectedby high-speed instrument fuses.

3.4 AC Mains Power RequirementsEach Macro-Tech 5000VZ is supplied from the factorywith an appropriate AC cord. Units configured for 100to 120 VAC operation are shipped with 10 AWG,30 amp line cords. Units configured for 200 to 240 VACoperation are shipped with 12 AWG, 20 amp line cords.North American units configured for 120 VAC, 60 Hzoperation are provided with a 125 volt, 30 amp NEMATT30P plug. Units destined for other parts of the worldare provided without a plug. Whenever possible, con-nect the power cord to an isolated power circuit withadequate current (see Section 7 for detailed informa-tion on current draw). Excessive line voltages of more

than 11% above the amplifier’s rated line voltage willactivate the overvoltage protection circuitry (refer toSection 4.3.2). For example, do not exceed a line volt-age of 133 VAC for units configured for 120 VAC opera-tion.

All specifications in this manual were measured using120 VAC, 60 Hz power mains unless otherwise noted.Specifications are derived using a mains voltage thatis accurate to within 0.5% and with THD less than 1.0%under all testing conditions. Performance variationscan occur at other AC mains voltages and line frequen-cies. In addition, line regulation problems will directlyaffect the output power available from the amplifier.

A qualified technician can reconfigure your amplifierfor different AC voltages and frequencies by changingthe power supply connections on the control board in-side the amplifier. The proper procedures are outlinedinside the top cover of the amplifier. Contact Crown’sTechnical Support Group for more information.

WARNING: Risk of severe electric shock. Only aqualified technician should attempt to alter the linevoltage configuration.

Although this amplifier is rated for operation at 100 and120 VAC, it is more efficient at 200, 208, 230 or240 VAC. At these higher voltages, less power is con-verted to thermal energy in the AC cord and slightlymore power is available at low frequencies.


Reference Manual

4 Operation4.1 PrecautionsThe Macro-Tech 5000VZ is protected from internal andexternal faults, but you should still take the followingprecautions for optimum performance and safety:

1. DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal en-ergy levels! Do not change the output wiringunless the amplifier has been off for at least10 seconds.

2. DANGER: Improper use of this amplifier mayresult in permanent hearing damage. Be verycareful when working near the loudspeakersthat are connected to this amplifier.

3. Improper wiring for Stereo, Bridge-Mono andParallel-Mono modes can result in serious oper-ating difficulties. Refer to Section 3.3 for details.

4. WARNING: After the amplifier has beenturned off, wait at least 10 seconds beforechanging the position of the stereo/monoswitch.

5. CAUTION: In Parallel-Mono mode, a jumper isused between the positive (+) Channel 1 and2 output terminals. Be sure to remove thisjumper for Stereo or Bridge-Mono mode, oth-erwise high distortion and excessive heatingwill occur. Check the stereo/mono switch on theback panel for proper position.

6. Turn off the amplifier and unplug it from theAC power before removing the PIP card.

7. Use care when making connections, selectingsignal sources and controlling the output level.The load you save may be your own.

8. Do not short the ground lead of an output cableto the input signal ground. This may form aground loop and cause oscillations.

9. Operate the amplifier only at its rated AC powervoltage ±10% and the specified line frequency.

10. Never connect the output to a power supplyoutput, battery or power main. Such connec-tions may result in electrical shock.

11. Tampering with the circuitry or making unau-thorized modifications can cause severeelectric shock and may invalidate the war-ranty.

Remember: Crown is not liable for damage or personalinjury that results from overdriving system components.

4.2 IndicatorsThe Macro-Tech 5000VZ has several internal indica-tors that can be used to help to identify a problem thatcauses a power supply to be put in “standby.” Theseindicators are described in Section 4.3.2.

The amber Enable indicator is provided to show thatthe amplifier has been turned on (or enabled), and thatits low-voltage power supply is working. It does not in-dicate the status of the high-voltage power supplies.The Enable indicator will stay on during unusual condi-tions that cause the amplifier’s protection systems toput a channel in “standby” (see Section 4.3).

The amber ODEP indicators confirm the normal op-eration of Crown’s patented Output Device EmulationProtection circuitry. During normal operation, they glowbrightly to show the presence of reserve thermal-dynamic energy. An indicator will dim proportionally asthe energy reserve for its channel decreases. In therare event that a channel has no reserve energy, theindicator turns off and ODEP proportionally limits thechannel’s output drive level so the amplifier can con-tinue safe operation even when conditions are severe.(See Section 4.3.1 for a detailed description of ODEP.)

The ODEP indicator for the affected channel will turnoff if a high-voltage power supply is put in “standby”mode, a high-voltage power supply fuse blows, or atransformer activates its thermal protection circuitry(see Section 4.3). Both ODEP indicators turn off if theamplifier loses AC power, the power switch is turnedoff or the low-voltage power supply fuse blows.

The green Signal/IOC indicators show signal pres-ence, distortion and input overload. As signal presenceindicators, they flash with normal intensity in sync withthe audio output. As IOC (Input/Output Comparator)indicators, they flash brightly if there is any differencebetween the input and output signal waveforms greaterthan 0.05%. Because transient distortion happensquickly, a 0.1 second “hold delay” keeps the indicatorson long enough to be easily noticed. The IOC functionessentially provides proof of distortion-free perfor-mance. As input overload indicators, they flash brightly

Fig. 4.1 Indicators


Reference Manual

Fig. 4.2 Macro-Tech 5000VZ Indicator States


Reference Manual

with a 0.1 second hold delay to show that an input sig-nal is too large and must be compressed at the input.

The indicators will also stay on brightly for a channelthat is put in standby mode (see Section 4.3.2). Underabnormal operating conditions, a high-voltage powersupply may be put in standby mode to prevent ampli-fier damage. If this happens, the channel’s Signal/IOCindicator will stay on with full brightness.

The two-color ILoad/ILimit indicators show currentflow to the loudspeakers (“load current”) and the maxi-mum current available from the amplifier (“limit cur-rent”). As load current indicators, they glow green toshow that current is flowing to the loads connected tothe amplifier outputs. As current limit indicators, theyturn red to show that the amplifier is delivering its maxi-mum output current. The indicators turn off when thereis no significant load current flowing. This can happenwhen a channel has no input signal, the input signal isat a very low level, there is no load connected to theoutput, or the output cable is damaged.

The amount of current an amplifier can produce deter-mines the lowest impedance it can drive. Parallel-Monomode can deliver the most current, so it can drive themost loudspeakers wired in parallel with the lowest to-tal impedance. For maximum performance, loadsshould be matched to the amplifier. If load impedanceis too low, the amplifier’s protection systems will limitoutput. If load impedance is too high, some of theamplifier’s output power capability will go unused.

The ILimit feature is designed to help you get the maxi-mum power out of your amplifier. In the real world, loud-speaker impedance varies with frequency, andloudspeaker impedance ratings are only approxima-tions. Without ILimit, you have to do some lengthy cal-culations to approximate the maximum number ofloudspeakers you can drive with the amplifier—and thisdoes not allow for a 4 ohm loudspeaker whose imped-ance drops below 2 ohms at 80 Hz.

This is why your amplifier has ILimit. The ILimit functionturns a channel’s ILoad/ILimit indicator red when itreaches maximum current output. This makes it pos-sible to connect real loudspeakers and conduct realis-tic tests to find the maximum number of loudspeakersthat should be connected. To do a test like this, youcan operate under worst-case conditions and continueto connect additional loudspeakers in parallel witheach output until the ILoad/ILimit indicator turns red.The optimum load is achieved before the ILoad/ILimitindicator turns red, so disconnecting the last addedloudspeaker gives you an optimized load.

4.3 Protection SystemsThe Macro-Tech 5000VZ provides extensive protectionand diagnostics capabilities. Protection systems in-clude ODEP, “standby” mode, power supply fuses andspecial thermal protection for the unit’s transformers.

4.3.1 ODEPCrown invented ODEP to prevent amplifier shutdownduring demanding operation and to increase the effi-ciency of the output circuitry. To do this, Crown estab-lished a rigorous program to measure the safeoperating area (SOA) of each output transistor beforeinstalling it in an amplifier. Next, Crown designed intel-ligent circuitry to simulate the instantaneous operatingconditions of those output transistors. Its name de-scribes what it does: Output Device Emulation Protec-tion or ODEP. In addition to simulating the operatingconditions of the output transistors, it also comparestheir operation to their known SOA. If it sees that morepower is about to be asked of them than they are ca-pable of delivering under the present conditions, ODEPimmediately limits the drive level until it falls within theSOA. Limiting is proportional and kept to an absoluteminimum—only what is required to prevent output tran-sistor damage.

This level of protection enables Crown to increase out-put efficiency to never-before-achieved levels whilegreatly increasing amplifier reliability.

The on-board intelligence is monitored in two ways.First, the front panel ODEP indicators show whether theamplifier is functioning correctly or if ODEP is limitingthe drive level. Second, ODEP data is fed to the PIPconnector so advanced PIP modules like the IQ-PIP-USP2 can monitor and control the amplifier.

With ODEP, the show keeps going because you get themaximum power with the maximum protection.

4.3.2 StandbyAt the heart of the protection systems is standby modewhich temporarily removes power from the high-volt-age supplies to protect the amplifier and connectedloads. Several conditions can put a channel intostandby mode. Use the indicator table in Figure 4.2 toidentify an amplifier channel in standby mode.

The overvoltage protection circuitry puts both chan-nels in standby if the AC line voltage increases to morethan 11% of the amplifier’s rated AC configuration. Thiscircuitry prevents power supply damage that can re-sult from excessive AC line voltage, voltage spikes, andother unusual conditions.


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The unit resumes normal operation as soon as the am-plifier no longer detects dangerous low frequency orDC output. Although it is extremely unlikely that you willever activate the amplifier’s DC/low-frequency protec-tion system, improper source materials like subsonicsquare waves can activate this system.

The amplifier’s fault protection system will put a chan-nel in standby mode in rare situations where heavycommon-mode current is detected in the channel’soutput. The amplifier should never output common-mode current unless its circuitry is damaged in someway, and putting a channel in standby mode helps toprevent further damage.

The amplifier’s transformer thermal protection cir-cuitry is activated if the unit’s transformer temperaturerises to unsafe levels. Under these abnormal condi-tions, the amplifier will put the affected channel’s trans-former in standby mode. The amplifier will return tonormal operation after the transformer cools to a safetemperature. (For more information, refer to Section4.3.3.)

4.3.3 Transformer Thermal ProtectionAll Macro-Tech amplifiers have transformer thermalprotection. It protects the power supplies from damageunder conditions where transformer temperatures risetoo high. A thermal switch embedded in each trans-former removes power to the channel if there is exces-sive heat. The switch automatically resets when thetransformer cools to a safe temperature.

As long as it is operated within rated conditions (seeSection 6), it is extremely unlikely that your amplifier willever activate transformer thermal protection. One rea-son is that ODEP keeps the amplifier working undervery severe conditions. Even so, higher than rated out-put levels and loads with excessively low impedancescan generate more heat in the transformer than in theoutput devices. These conditions can overheat thetransformers and activate the protection system.

Macro-Tech amplifiers are designed to keep workingwhen other amplifiers would fail. But even when the lim-its of a Macro-Tech amplifier are exceeded, it will stillprotect itself—and your investment—from damage.

4.3.4 Power Supply FusesAn internal fuse protects the Macro-Tech 5000VZ’s low-voltage power supply. The low-voltage power supplyfuse will not blow unless something is wrong with theamplifier. If the low-voltage power supply fuse blows,refer the unit to a qualified technician for service.

The undervoltage protection circuitry can also acti-vate the standby mode. If the AC line voltage drops toabout 20% or more below the unit’s rated voltage, bothchannels will go into standby to prevent loudspeakerdamage that can result from brownouts and blackouts.

If dangerous subsonic frequencies or direct current(DC) is detected in the amplifier’s output, the DC/low-frequency protection circuitry will put the channel instandby to protect the loads and prevent oscillations.

Internal Standby Indicators(For Qualified Technicians Only)

Although it is very unlikely that you will ever see anamplifier channel unintentionally put in standby,eight internal indicators (four per channel) are pro-vided to help troubleshoot such a situation. Theyare located inside the top cover of the amplifier.DANGER: Electrical shock from this amplifiercan be lethal. The top cover should only be re-moved by a qualified technician.

Four indicators are provided per channel, with sixon the main board and two on the control board.Main board indicators include the following:(1) DC/low-frequency protection, labeled “DC/LF,”(2) fault, labeled “OUTPUT MOD FAULT,” and (3)standby, labeled “STBY.” The control board indi-cators help identify overvoltage conditions ortransformer thermal protection. These indicatorsare labeled “OVER-VOLT/THERM.”

If the DC/LF indicator is lit, see what the indicatordoes when you remove the input signal. If it turnsoff, the problem is DC or subsonic material in theinput signal and you should refer to Section 3.3.4;if it stays on, refer the amplifier to a qualified tech-nician for service.

If the OUTPUT MOD FAULT indicator is lit, turn theamplifier off, wait ten seconds and then turn itback on. If the indicator stays off, try using theamplifier for normal operation; if the indicator turnson again, refer the amplifier to a qualified techni-cian for service.

If the STBY indicator is lit, the installed PIP modulehas put the channel in standby. For example, PIPscontrolled by the IQ System can be used to puteach channel in standby to conserve energy.

If the OVER-VOLT/THERM indicator is lit for onechannel, transformer thermal protection has beenactivated. An overvoltage condition alwayscauses both indicators to light. If both indicatorsare lit, test your AC mains voltage. If it is withintolerance, you have somehow managed to acti-vate thermal protection for both transformers (afeat that is virtually impossible).


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The high-voltage power supplies are also protected byinternal fuses. With rated loads and output levels, a fuseshould only shut down its channel in the rare instanceof a catastrophic amplifier failure. Other protection sys-tems like ODEP keep the amplifier operational undermost other severe conditions. A fuse can also shutdown its channel if an extremely low-impedance loadand high output level result in current draw that ex-ceeds the fuse rating. Again, this should only be pos-sible when operating outside rated conditions, likewhen the amplifier is used to drive a 1 ohm load in Ste-reo mode, or when the amplifier is driven with subsonicsquare waves. If a high-voltage power supply fuseblows, please refer the unit to a qualified technician.

4.4 ControlsThe Enable switch is located on the front panel so youcan easily turn the amplifier on and off. If you ever needto make any wiring or installation changes, don’t forgetto disconnect the power cord first. Please follow thesesteps when first turning on your amplifier:

1. Turn down the level of your audio source. For ex-ample, set your mixer’s master volume to –∞.

2. Turn down the Level controls of the amplifier (ifthey are not already down).

3. Turn on the Enable switch. The Enable indicatorbeside the switch should glow. During the foursecond turn-on delay which immediately fol-lows, the Signal/IOC indicators will light brightly,the ODEP indicators will stay off, and the ILoad/ILimit indicators usually stay off but may flashimmediately after the switch is turned on. Afterthe turn-on delay, all lights should indicate nor-mal operation.

4. After the turn-on delay, turn up the level of youraudio source to the maximum desired level.

5. Turn up the level controls of the amplifier untilthe maximum desired sound level is achieved.

DANGER: This amplifier produces enoughpower to drive loudspeakers to levels thatcan cause permanent hearing damage. Becareful when setting the maximum level.

6. Turn down the level of your audio source to itsnormal range.

Each of the front panel Level controls has 31 detentsfor accurately repeatable settings. To prevent tamper-ing, the Level Control Security Kit is available (see Sec-tion 8.2). In Bridge-Mono and Parallel-Mono modes, theChannel 2 level control is bypassed.

The three-position input sensitivity switches are lo-cated on the back panel and are factory set to0.775 volts for standard 1 kHz power. They may be setto 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a voltage gainof 26 dB. When set to 26 dB gain, the input sensitivity is5.1 volts for full output.

The Loudspeaker Offset Integration (LOI) switchesare located on the back panel of the amplifier and arefactory set to the “on” position. The LOI circuits usedouble integrating filters in the amplifier’s feedback cir-cuitry to protect loudspeakers in several different ways.First, they center asymmetrical audio waveforms thatcause off-center woofer cone movement. Off-centercone movement increases loudspeaker heating anddistortion while reducing the loudspeaker’s power han-dling ability. Second, LOI filters unwanted DC and sub-sonic frequencies using a third-order Butterworth filterwith a 35 Hz corner frequency. Third, LOI filters un-wanted ultrasonic frequencies (RF) that can causetweeter burnout using a second-order Bessel filter witha 50 kHz corner frequency.

IMPORTANT: The Loudspeaker Offset Integrationcircuitry does NOT protect loudspeakers from largetransient voltages or excessive power levels for pro-longed periods of time. Crown cannot be held liablefor damage or personal injury that results from over-driving loudspeakers or other system components. SeeSection 3.3.6 for information on using fuses to protectloudspeakers.

The compressor switches are located on the backpanel of the amplifier and are factory set to the “fast”setting. If desired, they can be switched to “slow” or“off.” Because the compressors are ahead of all otherinput circuitry, they compress the input signals beforeclipping or other types of distortion can be generated.

Each compressor is driven by the channel’s input over-load and IOC error signals. If the IOC circuit sensesthat distortion in the output of the amplifier is equal to orgreater than 0.05%, it generates an “error signal” thatcauses the IOC indicator on the front panel to flashbrightly, and the compressor to compress the input sig-

Fig. 4.3 Input Sensitivity, LOI and Compressor Switches


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nal (if it is turned on). If an input signal has too muchvoltage, the input overload circuitry will light the IOCindicator brightly, and the compressor will compressthe input signal regardless of the COMPRESSORswitch position. The OFF setting bypasses all drivesources for the compressors except for input overload.

When the COMPRESSOR switch is set to FAST, thecompressors have an attack time of 4 milliseconds anda release time of 300 milliseconds. When set to SLOW,they have an attack time of 12 milliseconds and a re-lease time of 600 milliseconds. When set to OFF, aninput overload will still drive the compressor which usesthe “fast” attack and release times to protect the inputcircuitry.

The back panel input ground lift switch is located onthe PIP2-FXQ (see Figure 3.11). It reduces the chanceof ground loops by isolating the input signal groundsfrom the AC ground (see Section 3.3.4). Slide the switchto the right to isolate or “lift” the grounds.

The VZ mode switches are located inside the amplifierbehind the top dust filter on the front panel. To accessthese switches, remove the top filter element (see Fig-ures 2.2 and 4.4). Always turn the power off beforechanging one of these switches. Each switch hasfour settings (from left to right): VZ-ODEP, Lock Low, VZand VZ. Note: The third and fourth positions are identi-cal. The amplifier is shipped from the factory with theswitches set to “VZ-ODEP.” Once the top filter elementis removed, the switch position label should becomevisible on the grille below each switch. To access theswitches, reach through the grille opening with a longnarrow nonconductive object like a plastic pen. Theswitches are about 1.75 inches (4.5 cm) behind thegrille. They are easy to locate with the aid of a flash-

light. The switch for Channel 1 is located on the leftside, and the switch for Channel 2 is on the right.

The VZ (Variable Impedance) mode causes the powersupplies to automatically shift between high-currentand low-current modes of operation as operating con-ditions change. Normally, the power supplies operatein the high-current (low-impedance) mode for maxi-mum thermal efficiency. When voltage demandreaches highs levels, the supplies quickly shift intohigh-voltage (high-impedance) mode. Because volt-age and current requirements vary with the output leveland frequency content of the source signals, the powersupplies are designed to be able to continually switchbetween the two modes as needed with no degrada-tion to the audio signal.

The VZ-ODEP mode is very similar to VZ mode. Theonly difference is that the power supplies are forcedinto high-current mode when ODEP is close to activat-ing its limiting circuitry. This reduces excessive stresson the output transistors, and effectively increases thethermal performance of the amplifier.

Note: When ODEP limiting begins, the IOC circuitry willsee that the input waveform does not match the outputwaveform, and an error signal is generated. If the com-pressors are on, they will see the error signal and com-press the input signal to correct the problem. When thishappens, there is no audible signal degradation. Com-pression is subtle, and not noticeable unless the sys-tem is driven to extremely high levels.

The Lock Low mode locks the power supplies into thehigh-current mode for low-impedance loads. This maybe desirable when driving high-frequency transducersthat must be protected from too much voltage, or whendriving loads with very low impedances.

4.5 Filter CleaningDust filters are provided on the air intakes to the cool-ing system (see Figure 2.1). If these filters becomeclogged, the unit will not cool as efficiently as it shouldand may produce output levels that are lower than nor-mal due to high heat sink temperature.

To clean, remove each of the five filter elements by gen-tly pulling them away from the front panel. Clean withmild dishwashing detergent and warm water. Replace-ment filters may be ordered from the factory.

Dust filters are not 100% efficient—long term this mayrequire internal heat sink cleaning by a qualified tech-nician. Internal cleaning information is available fromour Technical Support Group.Fig. 4.4 Channel 1 VZ Mode Switch (Behind Filter)


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5 Technical Information5.1 OverviewYour Macro-Tech VZ amplifier incorporates several newtechnological advancements including low-stress out-put stages, real-time simulation of output transistor con-ditions, advanced thermal management, a modularsystem for signal input and processing, multispeedcompressors, Loudspeaker Offset Integration, splitfeedback paths, modular internal construction and ar-ticulated VZ power supplies.

Custom protection circuitry limits temperature and cur-rent to safe levels while making the amplifier highly re-liable and tolerant of faults. Unlike many lesseramplifiers, it can operate at its voltage and current lim-its without self-destructing.

Real-time computer simulation is used to create ananalogue of the junction temperature of the output tran-sistors (hereafter referred to as the “output devices”).Current is limited only when the device temperaturebecomes excessive—and just by the minimum amountnecessary. This patented approach is called ODEP orOutput Device Emulation Protection. It maximizes theavailable output power and eliminates overheating, themajor cause of output device failure.

The amplifier is protected from all common hazards thatplague high-power amplifiers including shorted, open,or mismatched loads; overloaded power supplies, ex-cessive temperature, chain-destruction phenomena,input-overload damage and high-frequency blowups.The unit protects loudspeakers from DC in the inputsignal, output DC in the output, and turn-on/turn-offtransients. The amplifier is also protected from internalfaults.

The four-quadrant topology used in the grounded out-put stages is called the Grounded Bridge. TheGrounded Bridge topology takes full advantage of thepower supplies delivering peak-to-peak voltages to theload that are twice the voltage seen by the output de-vices and twice the voltage generated by the powersupplies.

The Grounded Bridge topology is ground-referenced.Because the required current exceeds the limits ofpresently available components, composite output de-vices are constructed to function as gigantic NPN andPNP devices. Each output stage has two compositeNPN devices and two composite PNP devices.

The devices connected to the load are referred to as“high-side NPN and PNP” and the devices connected

to ground are referred to as “low-side NPN and PNP.”Positive current is delivered to the load by increasingconductance simultaneously in the high-side NPN andlow-side PNP stage, while decreasing conductance ofthe high-side PNP and low-side NPN synchronously.

The two channels may be used together to double thevoltage (Bridge-Mono) or the current (Parallel-Mono)presented to the load. This feature gives the user flex-ibility in maximizing the power available to the load.

A wide-bandwidth multiloop design is used for state-of-the-art compensation. This produces ideal behaviorand results in ultra-low distortion values.

Aluminum extrusions have been widely used for heatsinks in power amplifiers due to their low cost and rea-sonable performance. However, measured on a wattsper pound or watts per volume basis, the extrusiontechnology doesn’t perform nearly as well as the heatsink technology developed for Macro-Tech amplifiers.

The heat sinks for the Macro-Tech 5000VZ are fabri-cated from custom milled fin stock that provides an ex-ceptionally high ratio of area to volume, or area toweight. All power devices are mounted directly to mas-sive heat spreaders that are electrically at the Vcc po-tential. Electrifying the heat spreaders improvesthermal performance by eliminating the insulating in-terface underneath the power devices. The chassis it-self is even used as part of the thermal circuit tomaximize utilization of the available resources.

5.2 VZ PowerVZ means Variable Impedance. It is the name ofCrown’s patented articulated power supply technology.This technology is what makes it possible to pack suchtremendous power into Crown’s VZ amplifiers.

5.2.1 BackgroundA power supply must be large enough to handle themaximum voltage and current necessary for the ampli-fier to drive its rated power into a specified load. In theprocess of fulfilling this requirement, conventionalpower supply designs produce lots of heat, are heavy,and take up precious real estate. And it’s no secret thatheat is one of a power amplifiers worst enemies. Con-sider the circuit in Figure 5.1.

According to Ohm’s Law, the higher the power supplyvoltage, the more heat the power transistors must dis-


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sipate. Also, the lowerthe resistance of thepower transistors, themore voltage you candeliver to the load. But atthe same time that youlower the resistance ofthe transistors, you in-crease the current pass-ing through them, andagain increase theamount of heat theymust dissipate.

5.2.2 The VZ SupplyAn articulated power supply like Crown’s VZ designcan circumvent much of this problem by reducing thevoltage applied to the transistors when less voltage isrequired. Reducing the voltage reduces the heat whichmakes the amplifier runs cooler. This makes it possibleto safely pack more power into the chassis.

The VZ supply is divided into segments to better matchthe voltage and current requirements of the power tran-sistors. Remember that audio signals like music arecomplex waveforms.

The power transis-tors stay cooler andare not forced toneedlessly dissipateheat. This is the nor-mal operating modeof the VZ power sup-ply.

When the voltage re-quirements are high,a VZ supply switchesinto to a high-voltagemode to produce

higher voltage and less current. The amplified outputsignal never misses a beat and gets full voltage when itneeds it—not when it doesn’t need it.

Sensing circuitry monitors the voltage and current de-mands of the signal and load to determine when toswitch VZ modes. The switching circuitry controls thepower supplies (not the output devices) which yieldsthe highest dynamic transfer function with no audibleswitching distortion—you hear only the music, not theamplifier. The VZ design gives you maximum power,maximum safety, and power optimized for your load.

5.3 Circuit TheoryEach channel is powered by its own transformer, T100or T200. The secondary of T100 is full wave rectified byDB100 and DB101 and filtered by large computergrade capacitors (C810 and C812 for Channel 1). Thetransformers are protected against catastrophic failureby fuses F700 and F701 and thermally protected byinternal self-resetting switches.

Both channels share T1, a low-voltage transformer. Theoutput of T1 is rectified by diodes D709 through D714providing an unregulated 24 volts. Monolithic regula-tors U715 and U716 provide the regulated ±15 volts.T1 is protected by fuse F702.

5.3.1 Stereo OperationFor simplicity, the discussion of stereo operation willrefer to one channel only. Mono operation will be dis-cussed later.

Please refer to the block diagram in Figure 5.5 and theschematics provided at the back of this manual.

The input signal at the XLR and phone jack input con-nectors passes directly into the balanced input stage(U100A). When the compressor is enabled, the com-pressor control circuit (U101, U102 and U103) causes

POWERTRANSISTOR

POWERTRANSISTOR

SPEAKERLOAD

POWERSUPPLY

+

–

Fig. 5.1 A TypicalPower Supply

POWERTRANSISTOR

POWERTRANSISTOR

SPEAKERLOAD

VZSTAGE

+

–

VZSTAGE

+

–

VZ POWER SUPPLY

Fig. 5.4 VZ High-Voltage Mode

POWERTRANSISTOR

POWERTRANSISTOR

SPEAKERLOAD

VZSTAGE

+

–

VZSTAGE

+

–

VZ POWER SUPPLY

Fig. 5.3 VZ High-Current Mode

Fig. 5.2 Music Waveforms

For music the average level is always much less thanthe peak level. This means a power supply does notneed to produce full voltage all the time.

The VZ supply isdivided into twoparts. When thevoltage require-ments are nothigh, it operatesin high-currentmode to produceless voltage andmore current.


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Fig. 5.5 Circuit Block Diagram


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a reduction in gain of the balanced input stage at theonset of clipping in the output stage. The compressoris also activated any time the first stage is about to beoverdriven. The compressor control circuit also sendssignals to the display module to indicate IOC or inputoverload.

The variable gain stage (U100B) sets the input sensi-tivity. Switch S100 is used to select 26 dB gain, 1.4 voltsor 0.775 volts sensitivity for standard 1 kHz power. Fromthere, variable resistor (R120) controls the gain.

The “error” amplifier (U105) is the heart of the unit. It islocated in the main feedback loop and controls the per-formance of the amplifier. The error amp amplifies thedifference (“error”) between the output signal and theinput signal, and drives the voltage translator stage tocompensate for these differences.

The output of the error amplifier is then sent to the sig-nal translators (U106, U107, Q101, Q102, Q113 andQ114). This stage translates the ground-referencedoutput of the error amplifier to a VCC-referenced signalto drive the last voltage amplifiers. The translators out-put drive is controlled by the ODEP circuit via Q101,Q102, Q113 and Q114.

The output of the signal translators next goes to theLast Voltage Amplifiers or LVAs (Q501, Q502, Q503,Q507, Q508 and Q509) located on the output module.The output of the LVA stage is limited by D514 throughD517 so that there is maximum current to feed thepredriver transistors and the slew limit capacitors(C506 and C507) yielding a constant slew rate.

The output stage consists of the predrivers (Q504 andQ510), the drivers (Q511 and Q512), and the outputs(Q513 through Q518, Q536 and Q537). These devicesare configured as emitter-follower stages to supply cur-rent gain to the output of the amplifier.

The bias servos (Q533 and Q505) are thermallycoupled to the heat sinks and set the quiescent currentpoint for the output stage to lower the distortion in thecrossover region of the output signal.

The bridge-balance circuit (U503) receives a signalfrom the output of the amplifier and differences it withthe signal at the VCC supplies. The bridge-balance cir-cuit then develops a voltage to drive the bridge-bal-anced output stage. This results in the VCC supplyhaving exactly one half of the output voltage added totheir quiescent voltage. Q529 and Q530 along withR556 set the quiescent current point for the bridge-bal-ance output stage.

The protection mechanisms that affect the signal pathare implemented to protect the amplifier under real-world conditions. These conditions are high instanta-neous current, excessive temperature, and operationof the output devices outside safe conditions.

The instantaneous current limiter (Q534, Q535, Q540and Q541) has two distinct limiting points. The currentlimit is nominally set to 55 amps and will switch to 32amps when the VCE voltage exceeds a predeterminedlevel. When the output current exceeds the set limit,drive is removed from the LVA stage, thus limiting theoutput current to a safe level.

To further protect the output stages, a specially devel-oped ODEP circuit is used (U112, U113, U114, U116and U117). It produces an analog output proportionalto the always changing safe operating area of the out-put transistors. This output controls the translator stageand the low-side predriver stage, removing any furtherdrive that may exceed the safe operating area of theoutput stages.

Thermal sensors U500 and U501 give the ODEP cir-cuits vital information on the operating temperature ofthe heat sink on which the output devices are mounted.

Should the amplifier fail in such a way that would resultin DC (caused by excessive current or voltage) acrossthe output terminals, the DC/low-frequency protectioncircuit (U109C and U109D) senses this on the nega-tive feedback loop and shuts down the power supplyand all drive to the output stage until the DC is removed.If an output device fails, the fault circuit (U115, Q105,Q106, Q108 and Q109) detects the common-modecurrent in the output devices and removes power fromthe channel until it can be repaired.

The Loudspeaker Offset Integration or LOI circuit(U104) senses the output signal and does a doubleintegration, feeding the resultant “error” signal to theerror amplifier to correct for any net DC in the output.

Additional protection is provided by the overvoltageprotection circuit (U707D) which monitors the incom-ing line voltage and shuts down both power supplies inthe case of excessive line voltage.

The VZ control circuit (U110) monitors both the VCC andthe output signal. When the output signal comes towithin a ∆V of the VCC (as determined by the outputvoltage and current demands), the control circuit tellsthe supply to switch into high-voltage mode. The sup-ply is then latched in this mode for a minimum of 50microseconds by U703. U711 provides protection forthe FETs. The FETs (Q810, Q811 and Q812) and the


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steering diodes (D810 and D811) provide the twomodes of the power supply.

The VZ mode switch (S700) has four positions whichcontrol how the articulated supply functions. (Two ofthe four switch positions are identical because thereare only three VZ modes.) In the VZ position, the sup-ply will automatically change as needed depending onthe signal demands. In the Lock Low position, the sup-ply stays in high-current mode and cannot switch intohigh-voltage mode. In the “VZ-ODEP” position, the sup-ply operates as it would in the VZ position unless theODEP limit is reached. If the ODEP limit is reached, thesupply will be locked into high-current mode to lowerthe thermal dissipation of the output devices until it iscools enough to return to normal VZ operation.

The fan control circuit (U713, U707B, U712 and Q706)uses the ODEP thermal information to control the speedof the fan. The summation of the ODEP signal and theheat sink temperature is used to determine its speed.

In order to reduce the turn-on current needed by thepower transformers, a “soft start” circuit is provided(U701B, U701A, U111, U700 and Q701) which limitsthe maximum start-up current to less than 22 peakamps per channel with 120 VAC mains. The primaryvoltage is ramped up to the full voltage, then relay K700closes across triac Q701 for normal operation.

5.3.2 Bridge-Mono OperationBy setting the back panel stereo/mono switch toBRIDGE MONO, the user can convert the Macro-Tech5000VZ into a bridged mono amplifier. With a signalapplied to the Channel 1 input and the load connectedbetween the positive output terminals of Channel 1 andChannel 2, twice the voltage output of a single channelis achieved.

The Channel 1 output feeds the Channel 2 error amp(U205). Because there is a net inversion, the Channel 2output is out of polarity with Channel 1. This producestwice as much voltage across the load. Each of thechannel's protection mechanisms work independentlyand both IOC indicators are operational.

5.3.3 Parallel-Mono OperationWith the stereo/mono switch set to PARALLEL MONO,the output of Channel 2 is paralleled with that of Chan-nel 1. A suitable jumper capable of handling high cur-rent must be installed to gain the benefits of thisoperating mode. The jumper should be connectedacross a positive output terminal from each channel.

The signal path for Channel 1 is the same as for stereooperation. The signal for Channel 2 is fed from the samesource as for Channel 1 and is paralleled at the input tothe error amplifier (U105 and U205). A signal from thecurrent sense circuit is also sent to the Channel 2 erroramplifier giving Channel 2 an electronic ballasting re-sistor to better match the two outputs. In Parallel-Monomode, twice the current of one channel alone can beobtained. Each of the channel’s protection mechanismswork independently if a fault occurs and both IOC indi-cators are operational.

5.3.4 Terminator ModuleThe terminator module provides a high-frequency loadto the amplifier in order to maintain stability. It includesa current sense circuit (U750) which is used for theILoad/ILimit display and in the Parallel-Mono mode.

5.3.5 Display ModuleOn the display module there are seven indicators. Theamber Enable LED shows that the low-voltage supplyis enabled. The green SPI/IOC LED is driven by Q502from the output signal and flashes with the output sig-nal at normal brilliance. When the amplifier reachesearly clipping, the LED driven by Q504 will flashbrighter indicating an IOC event. The amber ODEP LEDdriven by Q500 normally lights at full brilliance and di-minishes when thermal-dynamic power reserve drops.This LED will stay off if the channel is put in standby.The two-color ILoad/ILimit LED flashes green whenU500, U501 and Q505 see output current. It turns redwhen the amplifier’s maximum current output isachieved.


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6 SpecificationsThe following applies to units in Stereo mode with 8 ohm loadsand an input sensitivity of 26 dB gain unless otherwise speci-fied. All units have multitap transformers and can be config-ured for any AC line voltage.

Standard 1 kHz Power: refers to maximum average powerin watts at 1 kHz with 0.1% THD.

Full Bandwidth Power: refers to maximum average powerin watts from 20 Hz to 20 kHz with 0.1% THD.

PerformanceFrequency Response: ±0.1 dB from 20 Hz to 20 kHzat 1 watt (see Figure 6.3).

Phase Response: ±20° from 10 Hz to 20 kHz at 1 watt(see Figure 6.6).

Signal-to-Noise Ratio: 20 Hz to 20 kHz: Better than 100dB below full bandwidth power. A-weighted: Better than105 dB below full bandwidth power.

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): Less than 0.05% atfull bandwidth power from 20 Hz to 1 kHz increasinglinearly to less than 0.1% at 20 kHz.

Intermodulation Distortion (IMD): (60 Hz and 7 kHz4:1) Less than 0.05% from 411 milliwatts to full band-width power.

Damping Factor: Greater than 1,000 from 10 Hz to400 Hz (see Figure 6.4).

Crosstalk: See Figure 6.7.

Slew Rate: Greater than 30 volts per microsecond.

Voltage Gain: 20:1 ±3% or 26 dB ±0.25 dB at the maxi-mum level setting. 132:1 ±12% or 42 dB ±1 dB at0.775 volt sensitivity. 71:1 ±12% or 37 dB ±1 dB at1.4 volt sensitivity. Also see Section 4.4.

PowerOutput Power: See the Minimum Guaranteed Powertable in Figure 6.1 for the output power specificationsunder a variety of conditions.

Load Impedance: Safe with all types of loads. Ratedfor 2 to 8 ohms in Stereo, 4 to 16 ohms in Bridge-Monoand 1 to 4 ohms in Parallel-mono mode.

Required AC Mains: 50 or 60 Hz, 100, 120, 200, 208,230, 240 VAC (±10%). Draws 90 watts or less at idle.See Section 7 for additional information.

It is extremely important to have adequate AC poweravailable to the amplifier. Power amplifiers cannot create

energy—they must have the required voltage and cur-rent to deliver the rated power you expect.

ControlsCompressor: A three-position back panel switch is usedto control each channel’s input compressor. The “fast”setting provides an attack time of 4 milliseconds and arelease time of 300 milliseconds; the “slow” setting pro-vides an attack time of 12 milliseconds and a releasetime of 600 milliseconds; the “off” setting defeats out-put-driven compression.

Enable: A front panel push button used to turn the am-plifier on and off.

Input Ground Lift: A two-position back panel switchlocated on the PIP2-FXQ used to isolate the input au-dio signal grounds from the AC (chassis) ground.

Level: A front panel rotary potentiometer for each chan-nel with 31 detents used to control the output level.

Loudspeaker Offset Integration: A two-position backpanel switch for each channel used to turn the loud-speaker protection circuitry on and off. The circuitryprotects against DC, off-center woofer cone movement,and unwanted subsonic and ultrasonic frequencies.

Sensitivity: A three-position back panel switch foreach channel used to select input sensitivity:0.775 volts or 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a26 dB voltage gain.

Stereo/Mono: A three-position back panel switch usedto select Stereo, Bridge-Mono or Parallel-Mono mode.

VZ Mode: A four-position switch for each channel in-side the front panel used to control the switching modeof the VZ power supplies.

IndicatorsEnable: This amber front panel indicator shows the on/off status of the low-voltage power supply.

Signal/IOC: Each channel has a green front panel in-dicator that flashes to show amplifier output. If achannel’s output waveform differs from its input by0.05% or more, the indicator flashes brightly to showdistortion. This function provides proof of distortion-freeperformance.

ODEP: Each channel has an amber front panel indica-tor that shows thermal-dynamic energy reserve. Nor-mally, each ODEP indicator is lit to show available


Reference Manual

ProtectionMacro-Tech amplifiers are protected against shorted,open or mismatched loads; overloaded power sup-plies; excessive temperature, chain destruction phe-nomena, input overload damage and high-frequencyblowups. They also protect loudspeakers from input/output DC and turn-on/turn-off transients.

If unreasonable operating conditions occur, the pat-ented ODEP circuitry will proportionally limit the drivelevel to protect the output transistor stages, particularlyin the case of elevated temperature. Transformer over-heating will result in a temporary shutdown of the af-fected channel; when it has cooled to a safe temperature,the transformer will automatically reset itself. Controlledslew rate voltage amplifiers protect against RF burnouts.And input overload protection is provided by the inputcompressors and current-limiting resistance at the in-put.

Turn On: The four second turn-on delay prevents dan-gerous turn-on transients. (Contact Crown’s TechnicalSupport Group to change the delay time.) It also has“soft start” to avoid tripping the AC circuit breaker bygradually bringing the supplies up to full voltage.

ConstructionSteel chassis with durable black finish, aluminum frontpanel with Lexan overlay, and specially designed flow-through ventilation from front to back panels.

Cooling: Internal heat sinks with on-demand, propor-tional forced-air cooling controlled by ODEP. Includescustom heat diffusers and patented circuitry to promoteuniform dissipation.

Dimensions: 19 inch (48.3 cm) standard rack mountwidth (EIA RS-310-B), 5.25 inch (13.3 cm) height,15.875 inch (40.3 cm) depth behind mounting surface,and 2.875 inches (7.3 cm) in front of mounting surface.Allow 3 inches (7.6 cm) behind the back panel for ad-equate air flow (see Figures 3.1 and 3.2).

Approximate Weight: 77 pounds, 9 ounces (35.2 kg)net; 88 pounds, 10 ounces (40.2 kg) shipping weight.

reserve energy. In the rare event that a channel has noreserve, its indicator will dim in proportion to ODEP lim-iting. An ODEP indicator may also turn off under otherconditions (see Section 4.2).

ILoad/ILimit: Each channel has a two-color (green/red)indicator that shows load current and limit current. Theyglow green to indicate load current flowing out the am-plifier, and they turn red when maximum current is be-ing delivered to the load.

Input/OutputInput Connectors: Balanced three-pin XLR connec-tors and balanced phone jacks are provided on thefactory-installed PIP2-FXQ (see Section 8.1 for op-tional PIP modules).

Input Impedance: Greater than 10 K ohms, balanced.Greater than 5 K ohms, unbalanced.

Input Sensitivity: Settings include 0.775 volts or1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a 26 dB voltagegain (see Section 4.4 for more information).

Output Connectors: A multifunction, high-currentoutput block is provided. Crown output blocks includethree pairs of connectors for each channel (a total of12 connectors). This allows multiple loudspeakers tobe easily connected to each channel. High currentscrew terminals and banana jacks are provided whichaccept spade lugs, banana plugs or bare wire.

Output Impedance: Less than 10 milliohms in serieswith less than 2.5 microhenries (see Figure 6.5).

DC Output Offset: ±10 millivolts.

Output SignalStereo: Unbalanced, two-channel.

Bridge-Mono: Balanced, single-channel. Channel 1controls are active; Channel 2 controls are removedfrom operation.

Parallel-Mono: Unbalanced, single-channel. Channel1 controls are active; Channel 2 controls are removedfrom operation.


Reference Manual

Crown specifications are guaranteed for three years.In an effort to provide you with as much information as possible about the high power-producing capabilities of your amplifier, we havecreated the following power matrices.

Minimum Guaranteed Power SpecificationsCrown’s minimum power specifications represent the absolute smallest amount of output power you can expect from your amplifierwhen it is driven to full output under the given conditions. Some spaces in each matrix may be left blank because the same guaranteeis not provided for those conditions—however, your amplifier will perform well under all conditions listed in each matrix.

When measuring power, 0.1% THD appears to be the industry standard for distortion. Two of the maximum average powerspecifications shown in each minimum power matrix are measured at 0.1% THD so you can easily compare Crown specifications tothose of other manufacturers. But this high level of distortion actually allows for some clipping which is undesirable. Because of this,a maximum average power specification at 0.05% THD is included in each minimum power matrix which represents non-clippedconditions. Although most manufacturers do not give you power specifications at 0.05% THD, we encourage them to provide thesespecifications so you will have a more realistic representation of the way amplifiers should be used in the real world—without a clippedoutput signal.

Fig. 6.1 Minimum Power Matrix

Many manufacturers publish power specs with atolerance of ±1 dB or worse. This means their ampli-fier can deviate more than 20% in output! A 100 wattamplifier would meet their specification if it only pro-duced 79.4 watts. Other manufacturers qualify theirspecs by saying they are “typical,” “subject to manu-facturing tolerances,” “single channel driven” or thatthey are specified with “fuses bypassed.” Each ofthese statements effectively removes any perfor-mance guarantee. In fact, some manufacturers usethese tactics to generate large power numbers, andthey don’t even print a disclaimer. We take a differ-ent approach at Crown—our amplifiers are guaran-teed to meet or exceed their specifications for threeyears. Further, because our published specs areset below our “in-house” measurements, you canexpect every Crown amplifier to exceed its pub-lished minimum power specs. We believe youshould get what you pay for.

Minimum Power Notes:All minimum power specifications are based on 0.1%regulated AC mains and an ambient room tempera-ture of 70° F (21° C). Standard EIA power (RS-490) isnot identified here because it is identical to FTC Con-tinuous Average Power.

1. A 1 kHz sine wave is presented to the amplifier andthe output monitored for nonlinear distortion. Thelevel is increased until THD reaches 0.1%. At thispoint, average power per channel is reported.

2. A sine wave is presented to the amplifier over therange from 20 Hz to 20 kHz and the output moni-tored for nonlinear distortion. The level at each fre-quency is increased until THD reaches 0.1%. Atthis point, average power per channel is reported.

3. A 1 kHz sine wave is presented to the amplifier andthe output monitored for nonlinear distortion. Thelevel is increased until THD reaches 0.05%. At thispoint, average power per channel is reported.

4. Continuous power in the context of Federal TradeCommission testing is understood to be a minimumof five minutes of operation. Harmonic distortion ismeasured as the RMS sum total and given as apercentage of the fundamental output voltage. Thisapplies for all wattages greater than 0.25 watts.


Reference Manual

Maximum Power SpecificationsCrown’s maximum power specifications represent the largest amount of output power you can expect from your amplifierwhen it is driven to full output under the given conditions. These specifications can be used to prevent loudspeaker andhearing damage.

The maximum power matrices include specifications for single cycle and 40 millisecond burst sine waves. Burst signalsact like large transient peaks that are present in common source signals. Loudspeakers can respond to a single cycleburst, so the single cycle burst specifications should be used to help you protect your loudspeakers. In contrast, a40 millisecond burst represents the typical response time of the human ear. Your ear will not respond to the entiredynamic change of a burst that lasts less than 40 milliseconds.

The burst power specifications are provided at 0.05% THD which is a practical low distortion condition. Operating theamplifier at levels higher than 0.05% THD can result in output power levels that are higher than those listed in themaximum power matrices.

Fig. 6.2 Maximum Power Matrix

Maximum Power Notes:All maximum power specifica-tions are based on 0.1% regu-lated AC mains and an ambi-ent room temperature of 70°F (21° C). Although it is anunusual condition, your ampli-fier can function well with ACmains voltages up to 10%over the specified line volt-age. With overvoltage condi-tions, your amplifier may becapable of delivering instan-taneous power levels up to20% greater than the specifi-cations in the matrix.

1. A single cycle sine waveis presented to the ampli-fier and monitored for non-linear distortion. The aver-age power during theburst is reported. Loud-speakers must be able towithstand this level if theyare to be safely used withthis amplifier.

2. A 40 millisecond sine waveburst (10 percent dutycycle) is presented to theamplifier and monitored fornonlinear distortion. Theaverage power during theburst is reported. Thispower level is a measure-ment of the amplifier’smaximum transient powerthat can be perceived bythe human ear.


Reference Manual

Fig. 6.3 Typical Frequency Response

Fig. 6.4 Typical Damping Factor

Fig. 6.5 Typical Output Impedance


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100 1 K 10 K 20 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

dB

TEF ®

TEF ®

+45˚

0˚

–45˚

100 1 K 10 K 20 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig. 6.7 Typical Crosstalk

Fig. 6.6 Typical Phase Response

–84

–90

–66

–60

–72

–78

–96

TEF ®Measurement

TEF ®Measurement


Reference Manual

7 AC Power Draw and Thermal DissipationThis section provides detailed information about theamount of power and current drawn from the AC powerline by the Macro-Tech 5000VZ, and the amount of heatproduced under various conditions. The calculationspresented here are intended to provide a realistic andreliable depiction of the amplifier. The following as-sumptions were made:

• The amplifier’s available channels are loaded, and full,standard 1 kHz power is being delivered.

• Quiescent power draw is 90 watts (an almostnegligible amount for full-power calculations).

• Quiescent heat dissipation equals 105 btu/hr at90 watts.

• Duty cycle of pink noise is 50%.

• Duty cycle of highly compressed rock ‘n’ roll midrangeis 40%.

• Duty cycle of rock ‘n’ roll is 30%.

• Duty cycle of background music is 20%.

• Duty cycle of continuous speech is 10%.

• Duty cycle of infrequent, short-duration paging is 1%.

Here are the equations used to calculate the data pre-sented in Figure 7.1:

AC Mains PowerDraw (watts)

=

Total output power with allchannels driven (watts)

x DutyCycle

Amplifier Efficiency+ Quiescent Power

Draw (watts)

The quiescent power draw of 90 watts is typical, andassumes the cooling fans are not running.

ThermalDissipation

(btu/hr)=

Quiescent PowerDraw (watts)[ ] x 3.415( 1 – Power to Load ) +

or

Total output power with allchannels driven (watts)

ThermalDissipation

(btu/hr)= +

Quiescent PowerDraw (watts)

x DutyCycle

x

Amplifier Efficiency( )x 3.415Amplifier

Inefficiency

The constant 3.415 converts watts to btu/hr. Thermaldissipation in btu is divided by the constant 3.968 toget kcal.

To convert the power draw in watts to current draw inamperes, use the following equation:

Current Draw(amperes)

=

AC Mains PowerDraw (watts)

xAC MainsVoltage

PowerFactor (.83)

The current draw values shown in Figure 7.1 dependon the AC mains voltage (power draw and thermal dis-sipation are typical for any AC power voltage).

Fig. 7.1 Power Draw, Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles


Reference Manual

8 Accessories8.1 PIP ModulesOne advantage of Macro-Tech amplifiers is the abilityto customize them using PIP (Programmable Input Pro-cessor) and PIP2 modules. The MA-5000VZ amplifieris equipped with ribbon cables that will connect eitherdirectly, or via the PIP2 adapter to a PIP module. Themodules install easily.

P.I.P.–EDCb combines a sophisticated error-driven compres-sor and smooth limiter with a maximum level setting and asubsonic filter for each channel. The compressors have ad-justable attack and release times, and can be set to trackeach other. The compressors activate when a signal wouldotherwise clip the input, an IOC error occurs, or the outputexceeds the selected threshold. The subsonic filters havecorner frequencies of 24, 28, 32 and 36 Hz.

P.I.P.–FTE uses balanced 1:1 transformers to isolate theamplifier from the input signal. It also includes 12 dB/octaveRFI filters, 18 dB/octave high pass filters, and 6 dB/octave 3kHz shelving networks for “constant-directivity” horn equal-ization. Screw terminal plugs are provided for input.

P.I.P.–CLP detects and prevents overload. Its compressor isdriven by the amplifier’s built-in IOC error detection circuitry.Unlike typical signal-driven compressors, it only compressesthe signal to prevent overload. It can deliver up to 13 dB ofadditional headroom without being noticeable.

WARNING: Disconnect power to the amplifier wheninstalling or removing a PIP module.

PIPs carrying the PIP2 logo are configured to use oneor more of the PIP2 enhanced features. These featuresare only available in a PIP2-compatible amplifier. Ofcourse, the exact features used will depend upon thefunction of the PIP2 module. Here are some of the avail-able PIP and PIP2 modules:

P.I.P.–AMCb unites many features of the P.I.P.-XOV and P.I.P.–CLP. It offers a variable 4th-order Linkwitz-Riley crossover andan IOC-driven, variable threshold compressor. In addition, itprovides “constant-directivity” horn equalization and filter-as-sisted B6 vented box equalization. Biamping and triampingcapabilities are provided via XLR connectors.

Fig. 8.1 Installing a PIP or PIP2 Module


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P.I.P.–ISO is designed especially for 25 to 140 volt distrib-uted systems where UL®-listed isolation is required. Installa-tion requires minor amplifier modifications. With the P.I.P.–ISOinstalled, the amplifier outputs are safely isolated from theinput terminals and the chassis.

P.I.P.–ATNB uses balanced 1:1 transformers to isolate theamplifier from the input signal. It also includes 12 dB/octaveRFI filters, variable 18 dB/octave high-pass filters, and 6 dB/octave 3 kHz shelving networks for “constant-directivity” hornequalization. The module also includes a calibrated 21-stepprecision attenuator for each channel. Screw terminal plugsare provided for input.

P.I.P.–XOV is a versatile 18 dB/octave mono crossover/filterwith biamping and triamping capabilities

IQ-PIP-USP2 is an IQ2-series component. This means it sup-ports Crown’s UCODE protocol and requires an IQ System withan IQ2-compatible IQ interface. UCODE (universal code) en-ables users and third parties to develop custom softwareobjects to control and monitor IQ2-compatible componentslike the IQ-PIP-USP2.

P.I.P.–FMX facilitates “daisy-chaining” balanced amplifier in-puts. Female to male three-pin XLR connectors are used topassively bridge the inputs.

P.I.P.–PA adds a switchable balanced low-impedance micinput, a balanced line-level input and a compressor to eachchannel. Remote switching circuitry provides quick and quietfades from mic to line and back.

P.I.P.–BEQ is a two-channel module providing equalizationfor BOSE® loudspeakers. For example, the P.I.P.–BEQ canbe used in place of a BOSE 102 controller. Screw terminalplugs provide balanced connections. Each input channelhas an output from the PIP that can be independently config-ured for output with no processing, loudspeaker equalizationor loudspeaker equalization with bass-cut.

P.I.P.–RPA adds the features of a 4x2 mixer to your amplifier.Its four inputs accept mic- or line-level input. It offers priorityswitching (“voice-over”) of each input and remote level con-trol with the RPA–RMT. Other features include bus inputs andoutputs, adjustable input sensitivity, phantom power and RFIsuppression. Input isolation transformers are optional.

For more information on these or other PIPs under development, contact your local dealer or Crown’s TechnicalSupport Group.


Reference Manual

8.2 Level Control Shaft LockA security accessory, the shaft lock can be used tosecure your amplifier’s level controls in situations wherethe front panel controls are subject to tampering. Oneis needed for each channel. They can be ordered

Fig. 8.2 Installing a Level Control Shaft Lock

through the Crown Service/Parts Department. For moreinformation, contact the Crown Service Department.


Reference Manual

9 ServiceThis unit has very sophisticated circuitry which shouldonly be serviced by a fully trained technician. This isone reason why each unit bears the following label:

CAUTION: To prevent electric shock, do not removecovers. No user serviceable parts inside. Refer ser-vicing to a qualified technician.

9.1 Worldwide ServiceService may be obtained from an authorized servicecenter. (Contact your local Crown/Amcron representa-tive or our office for a list of authorized service centers.)To obtain service, simply present the bill of sale as proofof purchase along with the defective unit to an autho-rized service center. They will handle the necessarypaperwork and repair.

Remember to transport your unit in the original factorypack.

9.2 North American ServiceService may be obtained in one of two ways: from anauthorized service center or from the factory. You maychoose either. It is important that you have your copy ofthe bill of sale as your proof of purchase.

9.2.1 Service at a North American Service CenterThis method usually saves the most time and effort.Simply present your bill of sale along with the defectiveunit to an authorized service center to obtain service.They will handle the necessary paperwork and repair.Remember to transport the unit in the original factorypack. A list of authorized service centers in your areacan be obtained from our Technical Support Group.

9.2.2 Factory ServiceTo obtain factory service, fill out the service informa-tion page found in the back of this manual and send italong with your proof of purchase and the defectiveunit to the Crown factory.

For warranty service, we will pay for ground shippingboth ways in the United States. Contact Crown FactoryService or Technical Support to obtain prepaid ship-ping labels prior to sending the unit. Or, if you prefer,you may prepay the cost of shipping, and Crown willreimburse you. Send copies of the shipping receipts toCrown to receive reimbursement.

Your repaired unit will be returned via UPS ground.Please contact us if other arrangements are required.

2. To ensure the safe transportation of your unit tothe factory, ship it in an original factory packingcontainer. If you don’t have one, call or writeCrown’s Parts Department. With the exceptionof polyurethane or wooden crates, any otherpacking material will not be sufficient to with-stand the stress of shipping. Do not use loose,small size packing materials.

3. Do not ship the unit in any kind of cabinet (woodor metal). Ignoring this warning may result in ex-tensive damage to the unit and the cabinet. Ac-cessories are not needed—do not send theinstruction manual, cables and other hardware.

If you have any questions, please call or write theCrown Technical Support Group.

Always use theoriginal factory packto transport the unit.

Factory Service Shipping Instructions:

1. When sending a Crown product to the factoryfor service, be sure to fill out the service informa-tion form that follows and enclose it inside yourunit’s shipping pack. Do not send the service in-formation form separately.

Crown InternationalTechnical Support / Factory Service1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, Indiana 46517U.S.A.

Telephone: 574-294-8200800-342-6939 (North America, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands only)

Facsimile: 574-294-8301 (Technical Support)574-294-8124 (Factory Service)

Fax Back: 574-293-9200 (North America only)800-294-4094 (North America only)574-294-8100 (International)

Internet: http://www.crownaudio.com

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Crown Factory Service InformationShipping Address: Crown Factory Service, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, IN 46517

Phone: 1-800-342-6939 or 1-574-294-8200 Fax: 1-574-294-8301

Owner’s Name: _________________________________________________________________________

Shipping Address: ______________________________________________________________________

Phone Number: ______________________________ Fax Number: _____________________________

Model:_________________________ Serial Number: ______________ Purchase Date: ____________

NATURE OF PROBLEM(Be sure to describe the conditions that existed when the problem occurred and what attempts were made to correct it.)

______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

Other equipment in your system:__________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

If warranty has expired, payment will be: � Cash/Check � VISA � MasterCard � C.O.D.

Card Number:___________________________ Exp. Date:_______Signature:____________________________

ENCLOSE THIS PORTION WITH THE UNIT. DO NOT MAIL SEPARATELY.

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