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International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis2014; 2(2): 65-72

Published online March 10, 2014 (http:!!!"sciencepublishin##roup"co$%i%e$a)doi: 10"1164&%"i%e$a"20140202"12

Exploring water quality index and risk on quality of life inan industrial area: a case from Ghaia!ad city" India

Haroon Sajjad1, Jyoti

1, Rahis Uddin

2

1'epart$ent o eo#raph*, +acult* o atural ciences, .a$ia Millia /sla$ia, e! 'elhi, 110025, /ndia

2'epart$ent o he$istr*, +acult* o atural ciences, .a$ia Millia /sla$ia, e! 'elhi, 110025, /ndia

Email address:haroon"#eo##$ail"co$ (" a%%ad)

To cite this article:

aroon a%%ad, .*oti, 3ahis ddin" plorin# ater 8ualit* /nde and 3is9 on 8ualit* o ie in an /ndustrial rea: ase

ro$ hahirt* si #round!ater sa$ples ro$ / indon area o hahereore, proper #round!ater $ana#e$ent strate#ies are

necessar* to protect sustainabilit* o !ater in the stud* area"

Keywords: round!ater, /ndustrialihe

de$and or !ater has increased o?er the *ears and this has

caused !ater scarcit* in $an* parts o /ndia" >he situation has

urther a##ra?ated the proble$ o !ater conta$ination" /ndia is

eperiencin# resh !ater crisis $ainl* due to i$proper

$ana#e$ent o !ater resources and en?iron$ental de#radation"

ccess to sae drin9in# !ater re$ains an ur#ent necessit* in

/ndia as A0B o urban and F0B o rural households still depend

on untreated surace or

#round!ater sources C6D"

>hou#h access to drin9in#

!ater in /ndia has increased

since past decade but the

ad?erse i$pact o unsae

!ater on health is still

pre?alent C7D" round!ater

@ualit* is !orse in the areas

!hich are densel* populated,

thic9l* industriali

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borders !ith the ational apital >erritor* 'elhi" /t is

head@uarter o hahe cit* since last t!o

decades has been transor$ed into a ull- led#ed industrial to!n

ha?in# distinct identit* in the re#ion, state and nation" /t is also

de?elopin# lin9a#es to the international $ar9et" >he industrial

de?elop$ent o the cit* is

characteri

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66 aroon a%%ad et al.: plorin# ater 8ualit* /nde and 3is9 on 8ualit* o ie in an /ndustrial rea: ase ro$

)hahe nor$al annual

rainall in the area is 527 $$">he cit* has a population o0"F6 $illion C&D"

Figure 1.Mapshowing location of thestudy area.

*dro#eolo#icall*, the cit* is

underlain b* $oderatel* thic9

@uaternar* unconsolidated allu?iu$(consistin# o sand and cla* !ith

thic9ness ?ar*in# bet!een 100 $ and

A00 $)" >his unconsolidated

or$ation o?erlies Preca$brian Meta-

sedi$ents and belon#s to ra?alli

super-#roup" >he indon 3i?er lo!s

throu#h the $iddle part o the cit*

alon# ault line and or$s t!o distinct

h*dro#eolo#ical en?iron$ents in the

cit*, on either side, the eastern (is

indon) and !estern (>rans indon)

parts representin# do!n thro!n and

up thro!n bloc9s respecti?el*" /

indon area

(+i#ure 1) has

been chosen as

the stud* area

because it hasco$parati?el*

$ore population

and hi#h

concentration o

industries than

>rans indon

area"

*drolo#icall*

, / indon

area has an

a@uier do!n to

120 $ belo!

#round le?el" >he

a?era#e depth o

!ater le?el is A

to 15 $ b#l" >he

#eneral lo!

direction o #round !ater issoutherl* CFD"

Meerut 3oad

industrial rea,

Ia?i a#ar, e!

Ia?i a#ar

industrial areas

and

Gulandshahar

3oad industrial

are $a%or

industrial re#ions

in / indonarea" >here are

150 tube

!ells in is

indon area

capable o

pro?idin#124 M'!ater !hile

the de$and

or !ater is

150 M'"

2

#ateria

ls and

#ethod

s

Figur

e 2.

Sampl

ing

sites

in the

study

area.

>hirt* si!ater sa$ples

!ere collectedro$ both the

handpu$ps and

$unicipal!ater in

thecit

* durin# 2012"

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/nternational .ournal o n?iron$ental Monitorin# and nal*sis 2014; 2(2): 65-72 67

a$plin# locations !ere selected on the basis o

industrial units" >here are three pro$inent industrial

re#ions in is indon ri?er area" +ro$ each industrial

re#ion si !ards !ere selected" /n this !a* a total o 1&!ards !ere selected (+i#ure 2)" +ro$ each selected

!ard one hand pu$p and one $unicipal !ater sa$ples

!ere collected" >hus the anal*sis is based on A6

sa$ples" a$ples !ere collected in sterilihe sa$ples !ere anal*' 500 500

l9alinit* 200 -

/t is !ell 9no!n that the $ore

har$ul a #i?en pollutant is, the

s$aller is its per$issible ?alue

or the standard reco$$ended

or drin9in# !ater C1AD" o the!ei#htsN or ?arious !ater

@ualit* para$eters are assu$ed

to be in?ersel* proportional to

the reco$$ended standards or

the correspondin# para$eters"

+or the sa9e o si$plicit*,

assu$in# that I K 1, or p,

assu$in# the sa$e unit !ei#ht

as that or chlorides; ?i

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!ater sa$ples !ere collected" >he respondents !ere

selected ro$ the sa$plin# sites or assessin# the

i$pact o !ater @ualit* on health" >he @ualit* o lie

score !as obtained b* su$$in# up the indi?idual

score o A6 @uestions" ll the responses o the

@uestions !ere $ade unior$" i#her scores indicate a

hi#her percei?ed health-related @ualit* o lie" Pearson

correlation !as peror$ed to ind the relationship

bet!een !ater @ualit* inde and @ualit* o lie"Gi?ariate anal*sis !as also peror$ed to ea$ine the

inluence o !ater @ualit* inde on @ualit* o lie"

+ Res"lts and isc"ssion

>he anal*tical results or all the para$eters or the#round!ater sa$ples and !ater @ualit* inde in thestud* area are presented in >able 2" tatisticalsu$$ar* o #round!ater sa$ple data is #i?en in >ableA and nu$ber o !ater sa$ples eceedin# desirableli$it is #i?en in >able 4"

P

is a ter$ used uni?ersall* to epress the

intensit* o the acid or al9aline condition o a solution"/t indicates the t*pe and intensit* o pollution" >heli$it o P ?alue or drin9in# !ater is speciied as7"0-&"5 CA2D" >he p o #round!ater in the stud* areais 7"1- &"0 and !ith a $ean ?alue o 7"4 !hich is!ithin the Gureau o /ndian tandardHs desired li$itCAAD"

>otal dissol?ed solids indicate the #eneral nature osalinit* o !ater CA4D" >otal dissol?ed solids areco$posed

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6& aroon a%%ad et al.: plorin# ater 8ualit* /nde and 3is9 on 8ualit* o ie in an /ndustrial rea: ase ro$

)ha' ?alue

ran#ed ro$ 67 to 774 !ith an a?era#e ?alue o A6&" bout

AAB hand pu$p sa$ples and 22B o $unicipal !ater

sa$ples eceed the desired li$it o 500 $#" i#h

concentration o >' in hand pu$p !ater !as ound at

MP 1 and 2 in Gulandshahar road industrial area; at

A and 4 in Ia?i a#ar and at 1 and 6 in Meerut road

/ndustrial area" Municipal !ater at A and 4 in

Gulandshahar 3oad and 1 and 2 in Meerut road

industrial area !ere ound to ha?e $ore than 500 $#l

concentration o >'" >he hi#hest ?alue o 774 $#l !as

recorded in the $unicipal !ater sa$ple at 2 o Meerut

road industrial area" i#h concentration o >' in the#round!ater sa$ples is due to seepa#e ro$ unlined

se!a#e lines, do$estic drains and leachates ro$ !aste

du$ps" Most o the collected !ater sa$ples are sli#htl*

al9aline due to presence o carbonates and bicarbonates"

l9alinit* o !ater is its capacit* to neutralihe

hi#hest al9alinit* !as recorded in hand pu$p !ater sa$ple

at 5 in Gulandshahar road industrial area"

>otal hardness ?aried bet!een 50- 4&0 $#l" Mai$u$

allo!able li$it o > or drin9in# !ater is speciied as A00,

and the $ost desirable li$it is 100, as per orld ealth

Er#anihe desirable li$it

or a2O or drin9in# !ater is speciied as 75 $#l" /t is

obser?ed that al$ost all the #round!ater sa$ples ro$ thestud* area are !ithin the per$issible li$it as proposed b*

orld ealth Er#anihe

desirable li$it o chloride or

drin9in# !ater is speciied as

200 $#l" >he concentration o

chloride in the stud* area is

bet!een 1A"0-2005"7 $#l !ith

an a?era#e ?alue o 274"5"

3elati?el* hi#her

concentration o l is obser?ed

in the hand pu$p !ater

sa$ples ro$ 1 4 in

Gulandshahar road industrial

area and ro$ 2 4 in

Meerut road industrial area"

Municipal !ater sa$ples ro$

4 5 in Gulandshahar road

industrial area and ro$ A

4 in Meerut road industrial

area eceed the per$issible

li$it" /t !as also obser?ed that

the concentration !as

co$parati?el* hi#her in

$unicipal !ater sa$ples" >he

ecess o chloride in the !ater

is usuall* ta9en as an inde opollution and considered as

tracer ro$ #round!ater

conta$ination CA7, A&D"

i#her concentration o

chloride is attributed to the

close proi$it* o these

locations to a nu$ber o

industries li9e #ar$ents,

d*ein# and printin#,

urnaces, #lass, reractor*

and cera$ics, etc" hloride in

ecess i$parts a salt* taste to!ater and people !ho are not

accusto$ed to hi#h chloride

can be sub%ected to laati?e

eects" itrate in

#round!ater ?aried ro$ 0 to

200 $#l" earl* 22B o

hand pu$p !ater sa$ples

and 11B o $unicipal !ater

sa$ples eceed the standard

desirable li$it o 45 $#l, as

per E nor$s" and pu$p

!ater sa$ples ro$ 4 inGulandshahar road industrial

area; 2 A in Meerut road

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industrial area and 2 in Ia?i a#ar industrial area eceed

the per$issible li$it !hile $unicipal !ater sa$ples ro$

6 in Gulandshahar road industrial area and 1 in Ia?i

a#ar industrial area ha?e nitrate concentrations #reater

than the desirable li$it" ll o these sa$plin# points are

?er* close to $unicipal !aste du$p sites and are prone to

hi#her nitrate concentration"

>able 5 #i?es an o?er?ie! o !ater @ualit*" >he !ater

@ualit* !as ran9ed in our cate#ories" E the total !atersa$ples, 1F per cent sa$ples ro$ the se?en locations

sho!ed 8/ #reater than 100 indicatin# that the !ater is

not suitable or hu$an consu$ption" >he hi#hest ?alue o

8/ (1F4) !as ound in hand pu$p !ater sa$ple ro$

4 in Gulandshahar road industrial area" i#h

concentration o nitrate (17F $#) in this !ater sa$ple is

attributed to hi#h 8/" >!o

$unicipal !ater sa$ples at

5 and 6 ro$ the sa$e

industrial area sho!ed 8/

(110 167 respecti?el*)"

i#h concentration o

chloride, hardness, al9alinit*

and $a#nesiu$ aected the

@ualit* o the $unicipal!ater at 5 !hile hi#h

concentration o nitrate and

al9alinit* aected the !ater

@ualit* inde at 6"

8/ o $unicipal !ater

sa$ple at 1 and hand pu$p

!ater sa$ple at 2 !as ound

to be $ore than 100 in Ia?i

a#ar industrial area" itrate

and al9alinit* aected the

!ater @ualit* inde o

$unicipal !ater sa$ple at 1

!hile nitrate, chloride and

al9alinit* aected the !ater

@ualit* inde o hand pu$p

!ater at 2" /n Meerut roadindustrial area hand pu$p

!ater sa$ples at 2 and A

sho!ed 8/ $ore than 100"

>he hi#h concentration o

al9alinit* and nitrate aected

the @ualit* o !ater at both

these sa$ple sites"

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/nternational .ournal o n?iron$ental Monitorin# and nal*sis 2014; 2(2): 65-72 6F

close perusal o >able 5 urther sho!s that AFB othe !ater sa$ples !ere poor !ater @ualit* sa$ples"+our hand pu$p !ater sa$ples at 1, 2, 5 and 6

and three $unicipal !ater sa$ples at 1, A 4 !ereha?in# 8/ ran#in# bet!een 51 100 and thuspossessed poor @ualit* o !ater"

/n Ia?i a#ar, hand pu$p !ater sa$ple ro$ Aand $unicipal !ater sa$ples ro$ A and 4 sitessho!ed poor @ualit* o !ater" Municipal !ater sa$plesro$ 1, 2 and 4 and hand pu$p !ater sa$ple ro$6 in Meerut road

industrial area re?ealed poor!ater @ualit*"

>o assess relationship

bet!een !ater @ualit* inde

and @ualit* o lie, IarlPearsonHs t!o tailed correlation

!as deri?ed" >he correlation

!as ounded to be si#niicant

and ne#ati?e bet!een the t!o

?ariables (>able 6)" plained

?ariation in the relationship is

$oderate indicatin# that !ater

@ualit* inde is not the onl*

?ariable predictin# the @ualit*

o lie in hu$ans" o!e?er,

there is a clear indication that

the @ualit* o lie is

deteriorated !hen the !ater

@ualit* deteriorates"

Tabl

e 2.

Wate

r

quality

paramete

rs

and

water

qual

ity

inde/ in

stud

y

area.

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&ater $hysico-chemical .arameters &ater /"ality

Sam.les $H TS Hardness 0alci"m Alalinity 0hloride #a%nesi"m itrate !nde3

H$ #& H$ #& H$ #& H$ #& H$ #& H$ #& H$ #& H$ #& H$ #&

#eer"troad

Ka4i2a%ar

("landshahar

(ll1 7"6 7"56 5FF

2 7"1 7"26 522

A 7"A4 7"46 265

4 7"42 7"5& 411

road 5 7"4F 7"4A 240

6 7"52 &"01 241

1 7"24 7"&6 AA0

2 7"62 7"77 4&F

A 7"1F 7"54 5A7

4 7"A0 7"5F 510

5 7"55 7"25 271

6 7"51 7"7& 1&7

1 7"14 7"26 511

2 7"A& 7"27 A0&

A 7"2F 7"54 41F

4 7"47 7"A0 2&5

u

n

Table 3.Statisticalsummary of

groundwater

quality data

5ariables

P

>'

>otal ardness

alciu$

l9alinit*

hloride

Ma#nesiu$

itrate

8/

Table 4.

0um#erof

groundw

ater

samplese/ceedin

g

permissi

#le limit

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$arameters"mber o6 sam.les $ercenta%e

H$ #& H$ #&

>' 6 4 AA"A 22"2

ardness 1 1 5"5 5"5

l9alinit* 1& 17 100 F4"4

hloride 5 & 27"7 44"4

Ma#nesiu$ 2 2 11"1 11"1

itrate 4 2 22"2 11"1

Table 5. groundwater #ased on waterquality inde/.

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ater 8ualit* /nde

/ndustrial areas0-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 >otal !ater

ood Poor =er* poor nit sa$ples

P M P M P M P M

Gulandshahar 3oad 1(&"A) 1(&"A) 4(AA"4) A(25"0) - 1(&"A) 1(&"A) 1(&"A) 12(100)

Ia?i a#ar 4(AA"4) A(25"0) 1(&"A) 2(16"7) - 1(&"A) 1(&"A) - 12(100)

Meerut 3oad A(25"0) A(25"0) 1(&"A) A(25"0) 1(&"A) - 1(&"A) - 12(100)

>otal &(22"2) 7(1F"5) 6(16"7) &(22"2) 1(2"&) 2(5"5) A(&"A) 1(2"&) A6(100)

70

aroon a%%ad et al.: plorin# ater 8ualit* /nde and 3is9 on 8u

o ie in an /ndustrial rea: ase ro$)haotal sa$ples A6 41"41-57"F1 51"F6 Q 5"17

8ualit* o lie si#niicantl* related to ater 8ualit* /nde, !ith hi#her@ualit* o lie associated !ith hi#her @ualit* o #round !ater !ith

+K2&"F15; r K R 0"67&, P S 0"01TT

Figure 3. ariation in quality of life

Table 7.+ivariate regression #etween water quality inde/ and quality of life

(eta coe66icient R2

R0"67&T

0"460

'ependent ?ariable: @ualit* o lie

Torrelation is si#niicant at the 0"01 le?el (2-tailed)"

bout 46B ?ariation (32K0"460) in @ualit* o lie is

eplained b* the 8/ (>able 7)" s the !ater @ualit*inde ?alue increases, the @ualit* o lie is ound todecrease (+i#ure A)" >he chan#es in the @ualit* o lie

score in relation to chan#es in !ater @ualit* inde $ore

than 100 are $ini$al in all the sa$pled areas" >hisindicates that si#niicant i$pro?e$ent in @ualit* o lie

can be achie?ed i !ater

@ualit* inde is brou#htdo!n belo! 100"

8 0oncl"sions and

Recommendations

>he anal*sis o #round!ater sa$ples ro$

three industrial areas ohahestatistical anal*sis sho!s that

the correlation bet!een !ater

@ualit* inde and @ualit* o

lie !as linear and ne#ati?e"

s the !ater @ualit* inde

increases, the @ualit* o lie is

ound to decrease" >he

consu$ption o !ater around

these industrial areas has

caused !ater-related diseases

to the residents" ater @ualit*

inde ?alues $ore than 100

sho! poor @ualit* o lie" +or@ualit* control and

assess$ent throu#h treat$ent

pro#ra$$e, the consideration

should be #i?en to brin# 8/

belo! 100 so as to achie?e

better @ualit* o lie" >hus,

atte$pts should be $ade to

pro?ide sae drin9in# !ater in

order to sa?e residents o the

industrial areas o the cit*

ro$ conta$inated !ater

aectin# @ualit* o lie" +or

this, it is essential to initiate

$easures to chec9 the

pollution ro$ industrial

eluents and to $onitor the

@ualit* o #round!ater

re#ularl* in the stud* area"

>hese locations need so$e

de#ree o treat$ent o !ater

beore consu$ption and also

needs to be protected ro$

the perils o the pre?ailin#

conta$ination"

o$prehensi?e se!era#es*ste$ or sae disposal o

!astes should be de?eloped

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to sae#uard #round!ater @ualit* in the stud* area" ?er*

drop o !ater should be sa?ed" round!ater etraction

should be allo!ed to the etent that it can be replenished"

onser?ation o !ater throu#h rain!ater har?estin#,

#round!ater rechar#e, rec*clin# and reuse o industrial

!aste !ater pro?ide !ide scope or the appropriate

plannin# and better $ana#e$ent o !ater or eistin#

!ater crisis in /ndia" /t is also hea?il* relies on district

authorities, local #o?ern$ent bodies, $unicipalcooperation, local institutions and local co$$unit* to ta9e

appropriate steps to chec9 !ater conta$ination" Eur cities

$ust dra! up a $odel o sustainable #ro!th" >his re@uires

indin# !a*s o Uleap-ro##in#H so that !e can ha?e

pro#ress !ithout pollution and ine@uit*"

Acnowled%ement

>he authors ac9no!led#e

3' ealthHs 3esearch

Er#anihe authors #rateull*

ac9no!led#e the anon*$ous

re?ie!ers or their constructi?e

co$$ents and su##estions or

i$pro?in# the ?alue o the

$anuscript"

Re6erences

[1] han9ar G,

Galasubra$an*a and M>Maruthesha 3edd* (200&)/$pact o industriali

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/nternational .ournal o n?iron$ental Monitorin# and nal*sis 2014; 2(2): 65-72 71

[2] a%%ad , in#h and 3ana (200&) /$pact oindustries on urban landscape o Meerut cit*: plannin#perspecti?e" /n: in#h and +ahe ME A6-/te$ hort-+or$ ealthur?e* (+-A6): onceptual+ra$e!or9 and ite$election" Medical 1are,A0:47A-4&A

[24]a*s 3' and hapiro M+(1FF2) n o?er?ie! o

#eneric health-related @ualit*o lie $easures or /=research"Quality of ;ife 3esearch,1:F1-F7

[25]te!art , herbourne and a*s 3' (1FF2)u$$ar* and discussion oME Measures" /n " "te!art and ." " are, .r(ds") Measuringfunctioning and well8#eing7the medical outcome studyapproach. 'urha$ :'u9e ni?ersit* Press, A45-

A71

[26]Guc9 ', .acob* , Masse*

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, +ord (2000) ?aluation o $easures used toassess @ualit* o lie ater stro9e" Stro6e, A1:2004-2010

[27]are . and Iosins9i M (2004) Sheeecti?eness and cost-e?aluation o $anual therap*and ph*sical therap* in patients !ith sub-acute andchronic non speciic nec9 pain" 3ationale and desi#no a rando$i)" +M1Musculos6eletal 4isorders:11:14

[31]haddar , Mateo /, anche< P (200&) Eccupationalstress and $ental health a$on# correctional oicers: a

cross-sectional stud*"Journal of %ccupational $ealth,

50:F2-F&

[32]E (2004) /nternational standards o drin9in# !ater"World $ealth organi>ation, ene?a, 55-7F

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72 aroon a%%ad et al.: plorin# ater 8ualit* /nde and 3is9 on 8ualit* o ie in an /ndustrial rea: ase ro$

)ha