10.1 CHAPTER 10. APPROACHES TO SYSTEM BUILDING. 10.2 APPRAISE SYSTEM BUILDING ALTERNATIVESAPPRAISE...
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Transcript of 10.1 CHAPTER 10. APPROACHES TO SYSTEM BUILDING. 10.2 APPRAISE SYSTEM BUILDING ALTERNATIVESAPPRAISE...
10.10.11
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMDATA FLOW DIAGRAM::
GENERATE BILL
CUSTOMER
GENERATE BALANCE
GENERATE REPORT
MANAGER
PAYMENTFILE
CUSTOMERFILE
CHAPTER 10.
CHAPTER 10.
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
BUILDINGBUILDING
CHAPTER 10.
CHAPTER 10.
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
BUILDINGBUILDING
10.10.22
• APPRAISE SYSTEM BUILDING APPRAISE SYSTEM BUILDING ALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES
• COMPARE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES COMPARE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES OF APPROACHESOF APPROACHES
• ASSESS SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ASSESS SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS CREATED BY APPROACHESCREATED BY APPROACHES
• DESCRIBE TOOLS, METHODOLOGIES OF DESCRIBE TOOLS, METHODOLOGIES OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENTSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
**
LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES
10.10.33
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESMANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
• TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS LIFECYCLETRADITIONAL SYSTEMS LIFECYCLE
• ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHESAPPROACHES
• SYSTEM-BUILDING SYSTEM-BUILDING METHODOLOGIES & TOOLSMETHODOLOGIES & TOOLS
**
10.10.44
SYSTEM LIFECYCLESYSTEM LIFECYCLE
• PROJECT DEFINITION:PROJECT DEFINITION: Is there a Is there a problem? Can it be solved with a project?problem? Can it be solved with a project?
• SYSTEM STUDY:SYSTEM STUDY: Analyze problems in Analyze problems in existing systems; define objectives existing systems; define objectives evaluate alternativesevaluate alternatives
• DESIGN:DESIGN: Logical & physical specifications Logical & physical specifications for systems solutionfor systems solution
• PROGRAMMING:PROGRAMMING: Develop software codeDevelop software code
**
10.10.55
SYSTEM LIFECYCLESYSTEM LIFECYCLE
• INSTALLATION:INSTALLATION: Construct, test, train, Construct, test, train, convert to new systemconvert to new system
• POSTINSTALLATION:POSTINSTALLATION: On-going On-going evaluation, modifications for improvement evaluation, modifications for improvement to meet new requirementsto meet new requirements
NECESSARY FOR LARGE, COMPLEX NECESSARY FOR LARGE, COMPLEX SYSTEMS & PROJECTSSYSTEMS & PROJECTS
**
10.10.66
SYSTEM LIFECYCLESYSTEM LIFECYCLE
• CAN BE COSTLY, TIME CONSUMINGCAN BE COSTLY, TIME CONSUMING• MAY ENCOURAGE FREEZING MAY ENCOURAGE FREEZING
SPECIFICATIONS EARLY IN SPECIFICATIONS EARLY IN DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
• MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR SMALL, MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR SMALL, LESS STRUCTURED SYSTEMSLESS STRUCTURED SYSTEMS
**
10.10.77
ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHESBUILDING APPROACHES
• PROTOTYPINGPROTOTYPING
• APPLICATION SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGESPACKAGES
• END-USER DEVELOPMENTEND-USER DEVELOPMENT
• OUTSOURCINGOUTSOURCING
**
10.10.88
PROTOTYPINGPROTOTYPING PROCESS OF BUILDING EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS OF BUILDING EXPERIMENTAL
SYSTEM TO DEMONSTRATE, EVALUATE SYSTEM TO DEMONSTRATE, EVALUATE APPROACH; USERS REFINE NEEDSAPPROACH; USERS REFINE NEEDS
• PROTOTYPE:PROTOTYPE: Preliminary working Preliminary working version of information system for version of information system for demonstration, evaluation purposesdemonstration, evaluation purposes
• ITERATIVE PROCESSITERATIVE PROCESS
**
10.10.99
STEPS INSTEPS IN PROTOTYPING PROTOTYPING
1. IDENTIFY USER’S REQUIREMENTS1. IDENTIFY USER’S REQUIREMENTS
2. DEVELOP PROTOTYPE2. DEVELOP PROTOTYPE
3. USE PROTOTYPE3. USE PROTOTYPE
4. REVISE & ENHANCE PROTOTYPE4. REVISE & ENHANCE PROTOTYPE
BEST FOR DESIGN OF END-USER BEST FOR DESIGN OF END-USER INTERFACE:INTERFACE: How end-user interacts How end-user interacts with systemwith system
**
10.10.1010
APPLICATION SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGESPACKAGES
PREWRITTEN, PRECODED APPLICATION PREWRITTEN, PRECODED APPLICATION SOFTWARE, COMMERCIALLY SOFTWARE, COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FOR SALE OR LEASEAVAILABLE FOR SALE OR LEASE
• GEARED TO GEARED TO COMMON REQUIREMENTSCOMMON REQUIREMENTS• CUSTOMIZATION:CUSTOMIZATION: Modification of Modification of
software to meet organization’s needssoftware to meet organization’s needs• MUST WEIGH MUST WEIGH COSTS / BENEFITSCOSTS / BENEFITS
**
10.10.1111
SELECTED EXAMPLES OF SELECTED EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION PROGRAMSAPPLICATION PROGRAMS
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE; BOND & STOCK ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE; BOND & STOCK MANAGEMENT; MANAGEMENT; COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) ; COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) ; DOCUMENT IMAGING;DOCUMENT IMAGING; E- MAIL; E- MAIL; ENTERPRISEENTERPRISE.RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP); RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP); GROUPWARE; GROUPWARE; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE; HOTELHOTEL.MANAGEMENT; MANAGEMENT; INTERNET TELEPHONE; INTERNET TELEPHONE; INVENTORY CONTROL; INVENTORY CONTROL; JOB JOB COSTING; COSTING; LIBRARY SYSTEMS; LIBRARY SYSTEMS; LIFE INSURANCE; LIFE INSURANCE; MAILING LABELS; MAILING LABELS; MATHEMATICAL / STATISTICAL MATHEMATICAL / STATISTICAL MODELING; MODELING; ORDER PROCESSING; ORDER PROCESSING; PAYROLL; PAYROLL; PROCESS CONTROL;TAX ACCOUNTING; PROCESS CONTROL;TAX ACCOUNTING;
WEB BROWSER;WEB BROWSER; WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING
**
10.10.1212
CUSTOMIZATIONCUSTOMIZATION
MODIFYING SOFTWARE PACKAGE MODIFYING SOFTWARE PACKAGE
TO MEET ORGANIZATION’S UNIQUE TO MEET ORGANIZATION’S UNIQUE REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
WITHOUT DESTROYING INTEGRITY WITHOUT DESTROYING INTEGRITY OF PACKAGEOF PACKAGE
RAISES DEVELOPMENT COSTSRAISES DEVELOPMENT COSTS
**
10.10.1313
EFFECTS OF CUSTOMIZING SOFTWARE ON EFFECTS OF CUSTOMIZING SOFTWARE ON TOTAL IMPLEMENTATION COSTSTOTAL IMPLEMENTATION COSTS
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.5 1 2 3 4 5
% LINES OF CODE CONVERTED% LINES OF CODE CONVERTED
TO
TA
L IM
PL
EM
EN
TA
TIO
NT
OT
AL
IMP
LE
ME
NT
AT
ION
C
OS
TS
CO
ST
S
10.10.1414
• DESCRIPTION (PRESENT, PROPOSED)DESCRIPTION (PRESENT, PROPOSED)• RELIABILITYRELIABILITY• BACKUPBACKUP• SERVICESSERVICES• SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONSSYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS• CRITERIACRITERIA• DEMONSTRATION (PROTOTYPE)DEMONSTRATION (PROTOTYPE)• SCHEDULE (BENCHMARKS)SCHEDULE (BENCHMARKS)• PRICE (PENALTIES)PRICE (PENALTIES)• SPECIFIC QUESTIONSSPECIFIC QUESTIONS• PROCEDURES FOR RESPONSEPROCEDURES FOR RESPONSE
**
REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFPREQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP)
Source: Senn, Information Technology in Business (1995)
10.10.1515
END-USER DEVELOPMENTEND-USER DEVELOPMENT
END-USERS DEVELOP INFORMATION END-USERS DEVELOP INFORMATION SYSTEMSYSTEM
WITH LITTLE HELP FROM WITH LITTLE HELP FROM
TECHNICAL SPECIALISTSTECHNICAL SPECIALISTS
USING 4th GENERATION TOOLSUSING 4th GENERATION TOOLS
**
10.10.1616
END-USER DEVELOPMENTEND-USER DEVELOPMENT
STRENGTHS:STRENGTHS:• IMPROVED REQUIREMENTS IMPROVED REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINATIONDETERMINATION• INCREASED USER INVOLVEMENT & INCREASED USER INVOLVEMENT &
SATISFACTIONSATISFACTION• REDUCED APPLICATION BACKLOGREDUCED APPLICATION BACKLOG
**
10.10.1717
END-USER DEVELOPMENTEND-USER DEVELOPMENT
WEAKNESSES:WEAKNESSES:• RELATIVELY INEFFICIENTRELATIVELY INEFFICIENT• SLOW TRANSACTION PROCESSINGSLOW TRANSACTION PROCESSING• MAY CARRY HIGH COSTMAY CARRY HIGH COST• LARGE FILES CAN DEGRADE PERFORMANCELARGE FILES CAN DEGRADE PERFORMANCE• NONPROCEDURAL APPROACHNONPROCEDURAL APPROACH MAY MAY
HAMPER LOGIC & HAMPER LOGIC & UPDATING UPDATING REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
**
10.10.1818
MANAGING END-USER MANAGING END-USER DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
INFORMATION CENTER:INFORMATION CENTER:• SPECIAL FACILITY WITHIN SPECIAL FACILITY WITHIN
ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION• PROVIDES TRAINING, SUPPORT FOR PROVIDES TRAINING, SUPPORT FOR
END-USER-COMPUTINGEND-USER-COMPUTING
**
10.10.1919
OUTSOURCINGOUTSOURCING
CONTRACTING:CONTRACTING:• COMPUTER CENTER OPERATIONSCOMPUTER CENTER OPERATIONS• TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKSTELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS• APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTAPPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
TO EXTERNAL VENDORSTO EXTERNAL VENDORS
**
10.10.2020
OUTSOURCINGOUTSOURCING
WHEN TO OUTSOURCE:WHEN TO OUTSOURCE:• IF FIRM WON’T DISTINGUISH ITSELF BY IF FIRM WON’T DISTINGUISH ITSELF BY
DEVELOPING APPLICATIONDEVELOPING APPLICATION• IF PREDICTABILITY OF UNINTERRUPTED IF PREDICTABILITY OF UNINTERRUPTED
SERVICE NOT IMPORTANTSERVICE NOT IMPORTANT• IF EXISTING SYSTEM IS IF EXISTING SYSTEM IS
LIMITED, INEFFECTIVE, LIMITED, INEFFECTIVE, INFERIORINFERIOR
**
10.10.2121
SYSTEM BUILDING APPROACHESSYSTEM BUILDING APPROACHES
• STRUCTURED METHODOLOGIESSTRUCTURED METHODOLOGIES
• OBJECT- ORIENTED SOFTWARE OBJECT- ORIENTED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
• COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE)ENGINEERING (CASE)
• SOFTWARE REENGINEERINGSOFTWARE REENGINEERING
**
10.10.2222
STRUCTURED STRUCTURED METHODOLOGIESMETHODOLOGIES
TOP DOWN, STEP BY STEP, EACH TOP DOWN, STEP BY STEP, EACH STEP BUILDS ON PREVIOUSSTEP BUILDS ON PREVIOUS
• STRUCTURED ANALYSISSTRUCTURED ANALYSIS
• STRUCTURED DESIGNSTRUCTURED DESIGN
• STRUCTURED PROGRAMMINGSTRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
• FLOWCHARTSFLOWCHARTS
**
10.10.2323
STRUCTURED ANALYSISSTRUCTURED ANALYSIS
• DEFINES SYSTEM INPUTS, PROCESSES, DEFINES SYSTEM INPUTS, PROCESSES, OUTPUTSOUTPUTS
• PARTITIONS SYSTEM INTO SUBSYSTEMS PARTITIONS SYSTEM INTO SUBSYSTEMS OR MODULESOR MODULES
• LOGICAL, GRAPHICAL MODEL OF LOGICAL, GRAPHICAL MODEL OF INFORMATION FLOWINFORMATION FLOW
• DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:DATA FLOW DIAGRAM: Graphical display Graphical display of component processes, flow of dataof component processes, flow of data
**
10.10.2424
SYMBOLS FOR DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFD):SYMBOLS FOR DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS (DFD):
DATA FLOWDATA FLOW
PROCESSPROCESS
SOURCESOURCEOR SINKOR SINK
FILEFILE
10.10.2525
GENERATE BILL
CUSTOMER
GENERATE BALANCE
GENERATE REPORT
MANAGER
PAYMENTFILE
CUSTOMERFILE
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:
10.10.2626
• DATA DICTIONARY:DATA DICTIONARY: Controlled definitions Controlled definitions of descriptions of all data, such as of descriptions of all data, such as variable names & types of datavariable names & types of data
• PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS:PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS: Describes Describes logic of processes at module level logic of processes at module level
**
STRUCTURED ANALYSISSTRUCTURED ANALYSIS
10.10.2727
STRUCTURED DESIGNSTRUCTURED DESIGN
DESIGN RULES / TECHNIQUES TO DESIGN DESIGN RULES / TECHNIQUES TO DESIGN SYSTEM, TOP DOWN IN HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM, TOP DOWN IN HIERARCHICAL
FASHIONFASHION• STRUCTURE CHARTSTRUCTURE CHART• STRUCTURED PROGRAMMINGSTRUCTURED PROGRAMMING• MODULEMODULE• SEQUENCE CONSTRUCTSEQUENCE CONSTRUCT• SELECTION CONSTRUCTSELECTION CONSTRUCT
**
10.10.2828
HIGH LEVEL STRUCTURE CHART:HIGH LEVEL STRUCTURE CHART:HIGH LEVEL STRUCTURE CHART:
CALCULATE
GROSS PAY
CALCULATE
NET PAY
CALCULATE
PAY
PROCESS
PAYROLL
UPDATE
MASTER FILE
GET VALID
INPUTS
WRITE
OUTPUTS
GET
INPUTS
VALIDATE
INPUTS
WRITE
OUTPUTS
(WHITE BOXES ARE MODULES)(WHITE BOXES ARE MODULES)
10.10.2929
STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING:STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING:
• DISCIPLINE TO ORGANIZE, CODE DISCIPLINE TO ORGANIZE, CODE PROGRAMSPROGRAMS
• SIMPLIFIES CONTROL PATHSSIMPLIFIES CONTROL PATHS
• EASY TO UNDERSTAND, MODIFYEASY TO UNDERSTAND, MODIFY
• MODULE HAS ONE INPUT, ONE MODULE HAS ONE INPUT, ONE OUTPUTOUTPUT
**
10.10.3030
STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING:STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING:
• MODULE:MODULE: Logical unit of program. performs Logical unit of program. performs specific task(s)specific task(s)
• SEQUENCE CONSTRUCT:SEQUENCE CONSTRUCT: Sequential steps Sequential steps or actions in program logic; streamlines flowor actions in program logic; streamlines flow
• SELECTION CONSTRUCT:SELECTION CONSTRUCT: IF condition R is IF condition R is True THEN action C ELSE action DTrue THEN action C ELSE action D
• ITERATION CONSTRUCT:ITERATION CONSTRUCT: WHILE Condition WHILE Condition is True DO action Eis True DO action E
**
10.10.3131
PROGRAM FLOWCHART SYMBOLS:PROGRAM FLOWCHART SYMBOLS:
BEGIN OREND
DIRECTION
PROCESS
DECISION
INPUT OROUTPUT
SUBROUTINE
MANUALOPERATION
CONNECTOR
10.10.3232
PROGRAM FLOWCHART:PROGRAM FLOWCHART:1
END
REPORT
MORE?2
1
2START
READ
>$10,000
<$10,000
PROCESS A
PROCESS B
10.10.3333
PROGRAM FLOWCHART:PROGRAM FLOWCHART:PROCESS A
PROCESS B
SEQUENCESEQUENCE
PROCESS E
S
TRUE
ITERATIONITERATION
PROCESS CPROCESS D
R
TRUE
SELECTIONSELECTION
10.10.3434
SYSTEM FLOWCHART SYMBOLS:SYSTEM FLOWCHART SYMBOLS:
DOCUMENT
DATABASE
ON-LINE DISPLAY TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK
INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESS MAGNETIC TAPE
PUNCHED CARD MANUAL OPERATION ON-LINE STORAGE
ON-LINE INPUT
10.10.3535
LOAD & VALIDATE
COMPARE & UPDATE
VALID TRANS-
ACTIONS
PAYROLL SYSTEM
TIME CARDS
HUMAN RESOURCES
DATA
PAYROLL MASTER
UPDATED PAYROLL
MASTER
DIRECT DEPOSITS
GENERAL LEDGER
PAYROLL REPORTS &
CHECKS
PAYROLL MASTER
SYSTEM FLOWCHART:SYSTEM FLOWCHART:
10.10.3636
OBJECT - ORIENTED SOFTWARE OBJECT - ORIENTED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
• DE-EMPHASIZES PROCEDURESDE-EMPHASIZES PROCEDURES• SHIFTS FOCUS FROM MODELS & DATASHIFTS FOCUS FROM MODELS & DATA• TOTO OBJECTS, WHICH COMBINE DATA & OBJECTS, WHICH COMBINE DATA &
PROCEDURESPROCEDURES• OBJECTS REUSABLEOBJECTS REUSABLE• SYSTEM: Classes; objects; relationshipsSYSTEM: Classes; objects; relationships
REDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIME & COSTREDUCES DEVELOPMENT TIME & COST
**
10.10.3737
COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ENGINEERING (CASE)(CASE)
• AUTOMATION OF SOFTWARE AUTOMATION OF SOFTWARE METHODOLOGIESMETHODOLOGIES
• PRODUCES CHARTS; DIAGRAMS; PRODUCES CHARTS; DIAGRAMS; SCREEN & REPORT GENERATORS; SCREEN & REPORT GENERATORS; DATA DICTIONARIES; PROGRESS DATA DICTIONARIES; PROGRESS REPORTS; ANALYSIS; CHECKING REPORTS; ANALYSIS; CHECKING TOOLS; CODE; DOCUMENTATIONTOOLS; CODE; DOCUMENTATION
**
CASECASE
10.10.3838
INCREASES PRODUCTIVITY & QUALITY:INCREASES PRODUCTIVITY & QUALITY:• ENFORCES DEVELOPMENT DISCIPLINEENFORCES DEVELOPMENT DISCIPLINE• IMPROVES COMMUNICATIONIMPROVES COMMUNICATION• DESIGN REPOSITORY FOR OBJECTSDESIGN REPOSITORY FOR OBJECTS• AUTOMATES TEDIOUS TASKSAUTOMATES TEDIOUS TASKS• AUTOMATES TESTING & CONTROLAUTOMATES TESTING & CONTROL• REQUIRES ORGANIZATIONAL DISCIPLINEREQUIRES ORGANIZATIONAL DISCIPLINE
**
COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE COMPUTER AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ENGINEERING (CASE)(CASE)
CASECASE
10.10.3939
RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD)(RAD)
DEVELOP SYSTEM RAPIDLY:DEVELOP SYSTEM RAPIDLY:
• PROTOTYPINGPROTOTYPING
• 4th GENERATION TOOLS4th GENERATION TOOLS
• CLOSE TEAMWORK AMONG USERS CLOSE TEAMWORK AMONG USERS & SPECIALISTS& SPECIALISTS
**
10.10.4040
SOFTWARE REENGINEERINGSOFTWARE REENGINEERING
• SALVAGES & UPGRADES AGING SALVAGES & UPGRADES AGING SOFTWARESOFTWARE
• DELAYS EXPENSIVE REPLACEMENTDELAYS EXPENSIVE REPLACEMENT• REVERSE ENGINEERING:REVERSE ENGINEERING: Converting Converting
existing programs, files, database for use existing programs, files, database for use in new applicationsin new applications
**
10.10.4141
SOFTWARE REENGINEERINGSOFTWARE REENGINEERING
• REVISE DESIGN & PROGRAM REVISE DESIGN & PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS
• FORWARD ENGINEERING:FORWARD ENGINEERING: Use revised Use revised materials to generate new, structured materials to generate new, structured code; structured & maintainable systemcode; structured & maintainable system
**
10.10.4242
Connect to the INTERNETConnect to the INTERNET
Laudon/Laudon Web site: http://www.prenhall.com/laudon
Additional Internet Resources related to this chapter:http://www.sap.comhttp://www.yourdon.com/index.htmhttp://www.erpassist.com http://www.togethersoft.comhttp://www.cio.com/forums/erp http://www.spr.comhttp://www.erpsupersite.com http://www.rational.comhttp://osiris.sunderland.ac.uk/sst/casehome.htmlhttp://www.eiffel.comhttp://www.brint.comhttp://www.reengineering.comhttp://www.bpr.comhttp://bprc.warwick.ac.ukhttp://www.cne.gmu.edu
© 2001 Laudon & Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 4/e
10.10.4343
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMDATA FLOW DIAGRAM::
GENERATE BILL
CUSTOMER
GENERATE BALANCE
GENERATE REPORT
MANAGER
PAYMENTFILE
CUSTOMERFILE
CHAPTER 10.
CHAPTER 10.
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
BUILDINGBUILDING
CHAPTER 10.
CHAPTER 10.
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
APPROACHES TO SYSTEM
BUILDINGBUILDING