100 Questions Answer 1

8/19/2019 100 Questions Answer 1

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2. What are the UNCLOS provisions concerning ship’s fag and nationality? Inobservation o UNCLOS !hat the d"ties are o fag States and ho! is iten orced?

#ns. $he United Nations con erence convention on the la!s o the sea %UNCLOS&!as an o"tco'e o the third UN con erence in ()*2 and entered into orce on(+th Nove'ber ()),.

$he UNCLOS provides a "niversal legal ra'e !or- or the rational'anage'ent o 'arine reso"rces and their conservation. $he treaty doc"'entconsists o ,,+ articles gro"ped "nder ( part headings and ) #nne/es.SHIPS FLAG AND NATIONALITY

• Part VIII : 0igh seas consists o 1rovisions concerning ships fag state andnationality

• Article 90: very state coastal or land loc-ed has a right to have its ship fyits fag.

• Article 91: State sho"ld lay do!n conditions 3 re4"ire'ents or granting itsnationality5 registration and the right to fy its fag. Ships have thenationality o the state !hose fag they fy. $here '"st be a gen"ine lin-bet!een the state and the ship. $he state '"st iss"e doc"'ents to shipsfying its fag.

• Article 92: Ships to fy fag o only one state and are s"b6ect to its 6"risdiction on high seas. # ship cannot change its fag d"ring a voyage or!hile in a part o call. Change is allo!ed in case o trans er o o!nership orchange o registry.

Duties of a! state:#rticle ), initials d"ties and responsibilities o the fag state salient parts

are78(. State shall e9ectively e/ercise its 6"risdiction and control in #d'inistrativetechnical and so"l 'atters over ships fying its fag.

2. State sho"ld 'aintain a register o ships fying its fag i.e. na'es andpartic"lars o ships.State sho"ld ass"re 6"risdiction "nder its la!s over ships fying its fag its'aster o:cers and cre! in respect o #d'inistrative technical and social'atters concerning the ship.

;. State to ta-e s"ch 'eas"res or ships as necessary to ins"re sa ety at sea!ith regards to

• Constr"ction e4"ip'ent and sea!orthiness o ships.•


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#rticle 2( 'a-es the ollo!ing provision.i& very state '"st adopt la!s 3 reg"lations to ens"re co'pliance o

international la!s by ships fying its fag.ii& very state sho"ld prohibit ships ra'e sailing or 'an co'pliance !ith

international la!s incl"ding re4"ire'ents relating to design constr"ctione4"ip'ent and 'anning.

iii& Stat"s sho"ld ens"re that all certi=cates as read by international la!s arecarried on board. States to periodically inspect the vessels to ens"recon or'ity o these certi=cates !ith act"al conditions on board.

iv& lag state sho"ld provide or i''ediate investigation in case vessel co''itsrelation o international r"les and standards.

v& lag states sho"ld cooperate !ith other fag states i assistance is re4"ested.vi& lag state '"st investigate any relation co''itted by vessel fying its fag on

a re4"est ro' any state.vii& lag state sho"ld be pro'pt in addressing any re4"ests or in or'ation by

any other state.It sho"ld in or' co'petent international organi@ations abo"t action ta-en andthe o"tco'e. S"ch in or'ation sho"ld be 'ade reely available to all fagstates.

vii& lag states '"st i'pose ade4"ate penalty or any vessel relating the la! todisco"rage "rther violation.

,. Aive a brie history and necessity to!ards or'ation o UNCLOS? What are itsi'portant highlights? Under conte/t e/plain %i&$erritorial sea %ii&Contig"o"sBone %iii& /cl"sive cono'ic Bone %iv&Continental Sel %v&0igh Seas

#ns!er78Oceans al!ays have been a pri'e so"rce o no"rish'ent or li e. Cli'ate and!eather changes depend on the interplay bet!een oceans and theat'osphere. $hey also serve as a convenient 'edi"' or trade5 co''erce5e/ploration5 advent"re and discovery.

#s the 'ysteries o the oceans gave !ay to their 'astering5 a lot o c"sto'ers’ traditions and la!s arose de=ning the rights o the ship and the'arines !hat plied the !aters o the ocean.

#tte'pts !ere 'ade to reg"late the "se o ocean by conventionsacceptable to all nations. $he UN has 'ade considerable progress indeveloping and .... the la!s o the sea. $here UNCLOS %United NationsConvention on the La! o the Seas& have been convened UNCLOS I at Aeneva in ()>* UNCLOS II at Aeneva in ()+D

International con erences approved conventions !hich covered thecontinental shi t5 ishing5 0igh seas5 $erritorial !aters and contig"o"s @ones.E"ring the () D5 it ca'e to be accepted that the sea bed is a co''onheritage o 'an-ind and sho"ld be ad'inistered by an international a"thority.

UNCLOS III !as at A N F# in () , !hich disc"ssed iss"es on navigation5poll"tion and the breadth o territorial !aters. It entered into orce

On (+th Nov ()), UNCLOS provides a "niversal ra'e !or- or the'anage'ent o 'arine reso"rce and their conservation5 govern all aspects othe oceans5 s"ch as environ'ental control5 'arine scienti=c research5econo'ic and co''ercial activities5 trans er o technology and settle'ent odisp"tes relating o ocean 'atters. UNCLOS is a treaty o ,,+ articles gro"ped"nder( part heading and ) anne/es.

i. $ GGI$OGI#L S #S7


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/tends to (2 Na"tical 'iles ro' the baseline oreign fag vessels have aHGight o Innocent 1assage’ thro"gh it. $he passage is considered Hinnocent’ aslong as it is not pre6"dicial to peace5 good order or sec"rity o the coastal state.

HGight o innocent passage’ can be s"spended i it is essential or theprotection o the coastal state its sec"rity or or !eapons e/ercise. $he internal !aters the coastal state can e/ercise 6"risdiction over all vessels.

In territorial seas5 it sho"ld not e/ercise cri'inal 6"risdiction e/cept.a& I the conse4"ences o cri'e e/tend to the coastal stateb& I cri'e dist"rbs the peace o the co"ntry or good order o the seac& It 'aster o a vessel or an agent o the lag State re4"ests the coastal

state to e/ercise 6"risdictiond& I 6"risdiction is necessary to s"ppress tra:c o narcotic dr"gs.

ii. CON$IAUOUS BON 7

/tends (2 na"tical 'iles beyond the territorial sea li'itCoastal stat"s '"st e/ercise control necessary to prevent in ringe'ent o itsc"sto's5 =scal5 i''igration or sanitary la!s and reg"lations !ithin itsterritories. Fessel carrying no/io"s or dangero"s s"bstances or !astes 'ay bet"rned a!ay on p"blic health or environ'ental gro"nds.

III. LUSIF CONO


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>. /plain the -ey eat"res o the United Nations Convention on the La! o $heSea? When this convention !as opened or signat"re and !hen it enteredinto orce? 0o! 'any articles and anne/es it contains? n"'erate the areascovered "nder this convention?

#ns78 UNCLOS7 It is the abbreviation o "nited nation con erence on la! othe sea. $hree con erences an UNCOLS have been convened so ar.

UNCLOS I7 #t Aeneva in ()>* UNCLOS II7 #t Aeneva in ()+DUNCLOS III7 #t Aeneva in () ,5 !hich prod"ced a convention doc"'ent

called JUNCLOSKUNCLOS governs the la! o sea or '"t"al bene=t o all 'e'bers’ statesNecessity o UNCLOS !as in order(. $o pro'ote peace "l "ses o the seas and ocean2. $o acilitate international co''"nication;. $o enable e4"itable and e:cient "tili@ation o oceans reso"rces,. $o protect and preserve $he 'arine environ'ent>. $o protect pro'ote 'ariti'e sa ety

I'portant highlight3salient eat"res o UNCLOS are as ollo!s(. It de=nes international la! o the sea2. Sets !idths o the territorial sea at (2N' !ith a contig"o"s @one at 2DN';. Sets $ransit passages thro"gh international straits and territorial sea,. Sets e/cl"sive econo'ic @one e/tending 2DD N'>. It de=nes continental sel and 6"risdiction over the reso"rces o the shel

beyond 2DDN' !here appropriate+. It de=nes legal stat"s o the high seas and establishes reg"lations or thecontrol o the 'arine poll"tion

. It allo!s disp"te to be settled in the international co"rt o 6"stice

It !as o"tco'e o ()*2 UNCLOS III and co'e into orce internationally on (+ th Nov()),. It is a treaty doc"'ent o J,,+K articles gro"ped "nder J( K parts and J*Kanne/e#reas covered "nder this convention7#& UNCLOS provisions relating to @ones o coastal state 6"risdiction and high

seas (. UNCLOS sets the !idth o the Jterritorial seaK (2N' !ith aJContin"o"s BoneK at 2, N< ro' the lease line.

2. It de=nes Jinnocent passageK thro"gh the territorial sea and de=nestransit passage thro"gh international straits.

;. it de=nes archipelagic state and allo!s or passage thro"gharchipelagic !aters

,. UNCLOS established e/cl"sive econo'ic e/tending to 2DD N< ro'baseline

>. It de=nes Jcontinental sel K and e/tends 6"risdiction over thereso"rces o the shel beyond 2DDN' !here appropriate

+. UNCLOS de=nes legal stat"s o the Jhigh seasK and establishesreg"lations or the control o "sed or the p"rpose o co''itting oneo one acts 'entioned a leave

. On the high seas5 or in any other place o"tside the 6"risdiction o anystate5 every state 'ay sei@e a pirate ship and arrest the person andsei@e property on to!ard.

*. $he co"rts o the state !hich carried o"t the sei@"re 'ay decide "ponthe penalties to be ta-en !ith regards to the ships5 aircra t5 andproperty s"b6ect to the rights o third parties acting in good aith.

+. Ei9erentiate bet!een G"les5 Geg"lation5 1rotocol5 #ct5 $acit #cceptance andConvention as adapted in I


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gets converted into a Stat"tory G"le ad'inistered by a 'ariti'e 'e'bercontry.

#ns!er78Proce'ure for a'o(ti)! a co)*e)tio):

$his is the port o the process !ith !hich I


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"pdated by 'eans o classical %passive& a'end'ent proced"re. $hen"'ber 'e'ber states o I


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e/ists today. It created a co''ittee o independent 6"rists responsible ore/a'ining govern'ent reports on the application o conventions rati=ed by the'and presenting its o!n report each year o the con erence. Its 'andate has sincebeen broadened to cover reports on "ngrati=ed conventions andreco''endations.

In (),,5 delegates to the International Labo"r Con erence adopted theEeclaration o 1hiladelphia !hich anne/ed to the constit"tion5 still constit"tes thecharter o the ai's and ob6ectives o the ILO. $he declaration opens !ith area:r'ation o the "nda'ental principles on !hich the ILO is based notably thatJLabo"r is not a co''odityKJ reedo' o /pression and o association is essential to s"stained progressK andJpoverty any!here constit"tes a danger to prosperity every!hereK $he declaration anticipated and set a pattern or the United Nations Charter andthe Universal Eeclaration o h"'an Gights.In (),+ the ILO beca'e the =rst speciali@ed agency o the ne!ly or'ed UnitedNations [email protected] ()+)5 on its >oth #nniversary5 it !as a!arded !ith the Nobel peace pri@eT,e ILO: Ho- it -or+s $he International Labo"r o:ce in Aeneva is the per'anent secretariat o theInternational Labo"r Organi@ation5 its operational head4"arters research centreand p"blishing ho"se. #d'inistration and 'anage'ent are decentrali@ed inregional area and branch o:ce in 'ore than ,D co"ntries.Under the leadership o a Eirector general !ho is elected or a =ve yearrene!able ter'. $he o:ce e'ploys so'e 2>DD o:cials and e/perts at Aenevahead4"arters and in 'ore than ,D =eld o:ces aro"nd the !orld.Gegional 'eetings o the ILO 'e'ber states are periodically held to e/a'ine the'atters o special interest to the regions concerned. $he !or- o the governing body and o the International Labo"r o:ce is aided bytripartite co''ittees covering 'a6or ind"stries and by co''ittees o e/perts ons"ch 'atters as vocational training5 'anage'ent develop'ent5 occ"pationalsa ety and health ind"strial relations !or-ers ed"cation and special proble's ocertain categories o !or-ers %yo"ng !or-ers !o'en5 the disabled etc&. $heInternational Labo"r o:ce 'aintain a very co'prehensive !ebsite athttp733!!!.ilo.org3 $he international labo"r con erence 'eets ann"ally. It provides an international

or"' or disc"ssion o !orld labo"r and social proble's and sets 'ini'"'international labo"r standards and broad policies o the [email protected] t!o years5 the con erence adopts the ILO’s bene=cial !or- progra' and

b"dget !hich is =nanced by 'e'ber states.ach 'e'ber co"ntry has the right to send o"r delegates to the con erence7

$!o ro' the govern'ent and one each representing !or-ers and e'ployers eacho !ho' 'ay spea- and vote independently. $he ILO is "ni4"e a'ong !orld organi@ation !ith its Jtripartite str"ct"reK in thate'ployer and !or-ers representatives the Jsocial partnersK o the econo'y havean e4"al voice !ith those o govern'ents in sharing its policies and progra's. $he ILO enco"rages triparteis' !ithin 'e'ber states as !ell by pro'oting aJsocial dialog"eK !hich involves trade "nions and e'ployers in the or'"lationand !here appropriate5 i'ple'entation o national policy on social and econo'ica9airs and a host o other iss"es.Met!een the con erences5 the !or- o ILO is g"ided by the governing body.Co'prising 2* govern'ent 'e'bers and (, !or-er and (, e'ployer 'e'bers. $his e/ec"tive co"ncil o the ILO 'eets three ti'es a year in Aeneva. It ta-esdecisions on action to give e9ect to ILO 1olicy prepares the dra t progra' andb"dget !hich it then s"b'its to the con erence or adoption and elects the Eirect

Aeneral. $en o the govern'ent seats are per'anently held by states o chie ind"striali'portance %Mra@il5 China5 rance5 Aer'any5 India5 Italy5 Papan5 G"ssian ederation5United Qingdo'5 and United States&.

http://www.ilo.org/http://www.ilo.org/


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Gepresentatives o other 'e'ber co"ntries are elected by the govern'entdelegates at the con erence every three years5 ta-ing into acco"nt geographicaldistrib"tion. $he e'ployers and !or-ers representatives elect their o!nrepresentatives in separate electoral colleges. $he international Labo"r con erence 'eets in P"ne each year in AenevaRdelegates are acco'panied by technical advisor. #s !ell as the govern'entdelegates5 the cabinet 'inister responsible or labo"r a9airs in their co"ntries alsogenerally attend the con erence and ta-e the foor. 'ployers and !or-ersdelegates can e/press the'selves and vote independently o their govern'ents. $hey 'ay !ell vote against each other as !ell as their govern'entrepresentatives.One o the ILO’s oldest and 'ost i'portant "nctions is the adoption by thetripartite International labo"r con erence o conventions and Geco''endations!hich set international standards. $hro"gh rati=cation by 'e'ber states5conventions create binding obligations to i'ple'ent their provisions.Geco''endations provide g"idance on policy legislation and practice.

ach 'e'ber state is re4"ired to s"b'it all conventions and reco''endationsadopted by the con erence to the co'petent national a"thority or a decision tobe ta-en n"'ber o rati=cations o these conventions have contin"ed to increase. $he ILO has established a s"pervisory proced"re to ens"re their application in La!and practice. It is based on the ob6ective eval"ation by independent e/perts o the'anner in !hich obligations are co'plied !ith and on e/a'ination by theorgani@ations tripartite bodies.%a)'ate of t,e ILO $he ILO or'"lates International labo"r standards in the or' o conventions andreco''endations setting 'ini'"' standards or basic labo"r rights7

− reedo' o association− Gight to organi@e− Collective bargaining− #bolition o orced labo"r− 4"ality o opport"nity and treat'ent and other standards reg"lation

conditions across the entire spectr"' o !or- related iss"es.

It provides technical assistance pri'arily in the =elds o 7− Focational training and vocational rehabilitation− 'ploy'ent policy− Labo"r ad'inistration− Labo"r la! and ind"strial relations− Wor-ing conditions−


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Sea arers’ !ages5 ho"rs o !or- and the 'anning o ship reco''endation ())+Labo"r inspection %sea arers& convention and reco''endation ())+Gecr"it'ent and place'ent o sea arers’ convention %revised& andreco''endations ())+())+ protocol to the per 'onth.

La our I)s(ectio) seafarers co)*e)tio) a)' reco//e)'atio)3 199.International provisions or labo"r inspection on board o ships !ere strengthenedby the adoption o the labo"r inspection %sea arers& convention. $he =rstinternational convention on 'ariti'e labo"r inspection. $he prea'ble o theconvention states that 'eas"res only apply to fag state control8 i.e.5 s"b6ect toinspection by the ships o!n fag state and not port state control.#ecruit/e)t a)' (lace/e)t of seafarers4 co)*e)tio) #e*ise' a)'reco//e)'atio) 199.

$he international labo"r con erence also adopted a convention andreco''endations on the place'ent o sea arers revising the placing o sea'enconvention ()2D %No.)&. $he original ()2D convention %No.)& T one o the =rstconventions adopted at the I


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operation o recr"it'ent and place'ent services and enco"rage the adoption ocodes o cond"ct or these services.())+ 1rotocol o the )5 asinternational sanitary reg"lation !hich later rena'ed in International healthreg"lation in ()+).

Its p"rpose is to ens"re the 'a/i'"' sec"rity against the international spreado diseases !ith

'ini'"' inter erence !ith !orld tra:c.


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years ago. It also states that vaccination against cholera cannot prevent theintrod"ction o in ection into a co"ntry and the W0O there ore a'ended theinternational health reg"lations in () ; so that cholera vaccination sho"ld nolonger be re4"ired o any traveller. # certi=cate o vaccination against yello!

ever is the only certi=cate !hich sho"ld be no! re4"ired.In case o ngine roo' personnel s"9ering ro' a contagio"s disease !hile onvoyage.

(. 0e sho"ld be e/a'ined by ships designated 'edical o:cer2. # ter con=r'ation5 'aster sho"ld be in or'ed and the patient sho"ld be

shi ted to hospital;. ns"re that #ir ro' the hospital is not recirc"lated in the ships #3C syste',. 0aving listed all sy'pto's and =ndings relevant section o %ship'aster’s

'edical g"ide& to be cons"lted and reco''ended treat'ents to beollo!ed

>. When patient is ill visitors sho"ld be disco"rages !hen the patient sho!ssigns o i'prove'ent the above ban can be rela/ed.

+. !illing shipboard personnel '"st be dep"ted a ter ta-ing all possible

preca"tions to attend the patient and 'onitor his progress. Eisposable "tensils or drin-ing5 eating '"st be "sed.*. all "sed bed linens and to!els '"st be sterili@ed and sho"ld not be !ashed

!ith the co''on linen). I the conditions o patient does not i'prove5 radio 'edical advice sho"ld be

so"ght(D. #ll actions to be recorded in 'edical log boo- and co'pany sho"ld be

in or'ed or each happening

( . or the sa ety5 !el are and !or-ing condition o sea arer on board ship5en"'erate the vario"s ILO3I


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Co'ple'ented by protocol on space re4"ire'ent or specialtrader passengers ships.S$1 ( reg"lates the carriage o large n"'bers o "nberthedpassengers in special trades s"ch as pilgri' trades.

7 $OL#"G 5 1962

In orce (>th P"ly ()#'ended in ()*(5 ()* 5 ()*)5 ()); and 2DD(;* r"les divided in to > sections and o"r anne/es.Eeals !ith r"les and reg"lation or preventing collisions andtechnical details

IN%A#SAT 5 196. I)ter)atio)al %ariti/e SatelliteOr!a)i;atio)

ntered into orce (+th P"ly () )Ee=ne the In'arsat p"rpose as being to i'prove 'ariti'eco''"nication there by assisting in i'proving distress andsa ety o li e at sea5 co''"nication5 the e:cient 'anage'ento ships5


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#i's at ens"ring that appropriate 6"dicial action is ta-en againstpersons co''itting acts against ships5 !hich incl"des sei@"re o ship by orce5 act o violence against persons onboard ships andthe placing o devices on board a ship !hich are li-ely todestroy or da'age it. Obliges contracting govern'ents toprosec"te alleged o9enders()** 1rotocol provide si'ilar reg"lation relating to =/edplat or' located on the continental shel .

$he 'ain ILO convention related to sa ely5 !el are and !or-ing conditions o sea arers on board ship are as ollo!s %#bo"t ;D convention related tosea arers&

1

ILO ?176 %i)i/u/ sta)'ar's co)*e)tio) In orce in Nov ()*(

It is the 'ini'"' internationally accepted labor standards in'erchant ships.It ai's to eli'inate operation o s"bstandard ship5 #i' toi'prove the e:ciency and sa ely o navigation5 #i' to enhance'eas"res to protect the 'arine environ'ent and ai' toadvance sea arers interest in the =led o health5 sa ety5 !or-ingconditions and trade "nion rightsConvention re4"ires fag states to adopt 'ini'"' standardrelating to sa ety5 social sec"rity and shipboards condition o e'ploy'ents and living arrange'ents.

2& ILO 8( * Labor Inspection convention ())+;& ILO 8 ; Social sec"rity or sea arers convention ()*((& ILO 8(++ Gepatriation o sea arers convention ()*(2& ILO T (,+ Sea ares #nn"al leave !ith pay convention () +

(;& ILO 8)( paid vacation % Sea arers& convention (),)(,& ILO 8 , certi=cation o able sea 'an convention (),+(>& ILO T 22 Sea'an’s #rticle o agree'ent conventions ()2+.

(+& ILO 8>+ Sic-ness ins"rance %Sea & convention ();+( & ILO T * reedo' o association and protection o the right to organi@e

Convention T (),*.


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(). #n Indian fag vessel collided !ith another vessel o9 the coast o India5 as ares"lt e! lives !ere also lost and vessel da'aged. In accordance !ith theprovisions "nder the *%2& o the ) o &$o de'and the prod"ction o all log boo-s5 doc"'ents or papers he

considers necessary or the en4"iry%+&$o s"b'it the report to central govern'ent

I any person re "ses to attend and ans!er or to prod"ce necessaryevidence or to i'pede the en4"iry5 o:cer sho"ld call his attentions to thepo!er given to hi'. In case he still re "ses5 he can ta-e action "nderchapter o the Indian 1enal Code. 1ersons !ho 'ay be present at the e/a'inationR !here the o!ner oragent o a ship5 a cas"alty to !hich is being investigated signi=es his desireto be present b"t only !hile !itness belonging to the ships at !hich he isdirectly interested are being e/a'ined5 and he '"st be re4"ested tore'ain silent. 0e 'ay ta-e note o evidence5 i he desires b"t sho"ld notinter ere e/a'ination o !itnesses. Marring this5 no person is to be presentin roo' d"ring the e/a'ination o the !itness e/cepting the deponent. $heo:cer cond"cting the en4"iry and his cler- and i necessary an interpreter.1ro essional la!yers are not ad'itted in to the proceedings o preli'inaryen4"iry or or'al investigation. Whenever it appears that the event leadingto ship cas"alty5 de'and a or'al investigation by co"rt5 the E.A.Shipping5by virt"e o po!er delegated to hi' "nder section ;+D o


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are appointed by the co"rt o"t o the list !hich is 'aintained by thedirectorate. Where or'al investigation involves or appears li-ely to involve any4"estion regarding cancellation or s"spension o certi=cate o co'petencyo 'aster5 'ate or engineer5 the co"rt shall be assisted by not less thant!o assessors having the re4"isite e/perience in 'erchant 'arine service. #part ro' the o:cer on !hose application this investigation is

"nderta-en5 any person "pon !ho' a notice o investigation has beenserved5 any other interested parties 'ay be per'itted to appear atinvestigation and beco'e a party to the proceedings. On the appoint'ent ti'e and place or holding investigation5 theco"rt can proceed !ith investigating !itness the parties "pon !ho' noticeo investigation have been served are present or not. Geport o co"rt5 "nless the cancellation or s"spension o any o:cerscerti=cate is not involved5 the co"rt need not tell its decision in open co"rt.It 'ay send or deliver to the parties a copy o the report as re4"ired by ;+)o cate:

$he o!ner o the ship !hich is to be registered in India 'a-es the

arrange'ents or the vessel to be s"rveyed by a s"rveyor5 !ho then ascertainsthe tonnage o the ship. $he s"rveyor grants a certi=cate5 speci ying the shipstonnage and other partic"lars. $his certi=cate is delivered to the Gegister orp"rpose o registry.

2 T,e &uil'ers $erti>cate:

In case the ship is b"ilt in India5 a M"ilders Certi=cate i.e. tr"e acco"nt oproper deno'ination and the tonnage o the ship as esti'ated and the na'eo the person5 i any5 on !hose acco"nt the ship !as b"ilt o be s"b'itted tothe Gegistrar. I the ship is b"ilt o"tside India5 the sa'e evidence sho"ld beprod"ced as in case o a ship b"ilt in India. I the place and ti'e o her b"ilding

are not -no!n or i the b"ilders’ certi=cate cannot be prod"ced5 then theinstr"'ent o sale "nder !hich ship !as sold earlier is re4"ired.


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;& I the o!nership o the ship has been changed in the past. $hoseinstr"'ent o sale is re4"ired at the ti'e o registry.

7 Declaratio) of O-)ers,i( :

O!ner %i.e. a person3co'pany& sho"ld sign a declaration o o!nership in theprescribed or'at containing ollo!ing.

a& State'ent containing citi@enship o India. b& # state'ent o the ti'e and place !here the ship !as b"ilt. I the ship !as b"ilt o"tside India. in case o a ship previo"sly registered

o"tside India5 a state'ent o the previo"sly registered na'e and otherpartic"lars.

c& Na'e o her 'aster d& $he n"'ber o shares %o the ship& held by the individ"al 3

co'pany % as the case 'ay be& ande& # declaration that the partic"lars stated are tr"e to the best o

his 3 her -no!ledge and belie .

>& $he give a 'ini'"' o (, days notice to the Gegistrar o the na'eproposed or the ship. $he Gegistrar be ore registering the vessel in thena'e o the applicant shall obtain prior approval o the na'e ro' E.A. shipping !ho !ill also allot an o:cial n"'ber o the ship.

On being satis=ed that the ship5 on the strength o evidence placed be orehi' is entitled to be Indian ship5 Gegistrar arranges or a s"rveyor or thedeter'ination o her tonnage in accordance !ih the 'erchant shipping%$onnage 'eas"re'ent& G"les ()* 5 as a'ended ro' ti'e to ti'e5 or thep"rpose o iss"e o a certi=cate o s"rvey.

# ter the or'alities en"'erated above have been gone thro’5 Gegistrariss"es a carving and 'ar-ing note. $his note is o be ret"rned to the registrara ter carving and 'ar-ing have been d"ly carried o"t on the ship in theprescribed 'anner certi=ed by s"rveyor. It involves carving o na'e o theship conspic"o"sly on each side o her bo!s as !ell as insertion per'anentlyon her stern the na'e o the intended port o Gegistry.

# ter entering the re4"ired partic"lars o the ship in the register5 the registrariss"es a certi=cate o Gegistry to the o!ner.

2,. What are the vario"s collision liabilities "nder international 'ariti'ela!? 0o! the econo'ic la!s in ship collisions are assessed? 0ighlight yo"rvie!s on J collision and conficts o la! J?

#ns!er78 $ollisio) Lia ilit@

When ever by the a"lt o t!o or 'ore ships5 da'age or loss is ca"sedto one or 'ore o the' or to the cargo o one or 'ore o the' or toany property onboard one or 'ore o the' the liability to 'a-e goodthe da'age or loss shall be in proportion to the degree in !hich eachship !as at a"lt. I it is not possible to establish di9erent degree o

a"lt5 the liability shall be apportioned e4"ally.

Salvage or other e/penses5 conse4"ent "pon that a"lt5 recoverable inla! by !ay o da'ages.When ever loss o li e or personal in6"ries are s"9ered by any persononboard a ship o!ing to the a"lt o that ship and o any other ship orships5 the liability o the o!ners o the ship concerned shall be 6ointand several.When a proportion o the da'ages is recovered ro' the o!ner o oneship5 !hich e/ceed proportion in !hich she !as at a"lt5 the saido!ner 'ay recover by !ay o contrib"tion the a'o"nt o the e/cess

ro' the o!ner o the other ship or ships to the e/tend to !hich thoseship !ere respectively in a"lt.


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In every case o collision bet!een t!o ships it shall be d"ty o the'aster or person in charge o each ship5 i and so ar as he can do so!itho"t danger o his o!n ship5 cre! passengers i any as torendered to the other ship5 her 'aster cre! passengers i any.

a& $o render to the other ship5 her 'aster cre! passengers5 it any s"chassistance as 'ay be practicable and 'ay be necessary to save the'

ro' any danger ca"sed by the collision.b& $o give to the 'aster o other ships the na'e o his ship and o the

port to !hich she belongs and also na'e o port ro' !here sheco'es.I''ediately a ter collision occ"rrence5 ca"se a state'ent thereo tobe entered in o:cial log boo-5 signed by 'aster and also by 'ate orone o the cre!.When ship has s"stained or ca"sed loss o li e or any serio"s in6"ry toany person or 'aterial da'age or h"ll da'age5 e9ecting

sea!orthiness5 the o!ner or 'aster shall !ith in 2, ho"rs trans'it tothe central Aovt. or the nearest 1O !ith "ll ship details nonappearance o the ship5 o!ner shall in or' Aovt. in !riting !ith allship details na'e5 o:cial no. port o Gegistry etc. Internal convention

or "ni=cation o certain G"les o la! !ith respect to collision bet!eenvessels5 ()(D %Mr"ssels& Gati=ed by India.

(. #t least one vessel '"st be a sea going vessel5 collision 'ay ta-eplace any !here.

2. In case o do"bt or orce 'a6ored da'ages are borne by those !hos"9ered the' even i one o the' is at anchor or 'ade ast.

;. I one o the vessel is at a"lt5 liability attaches to her.,. I t!o or 'ore vessels at a"lt liabilities in proportion to the degree o

a"lts resp. co''itted. I in do"bt5 liability is e4"al %&.

>. #pplicable to vessels5 cargo5 property o cre!5 passengers5 otherpersons onboard5 even third party and da'ages ca"sed by death orin6"ry %


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Salvage or salvage "nder contract o another vessel or property on it.Where the pay'ent by the ass"red is a res"lt o a collision !ith theother vessel.Can be e/tended to ,3, th cover %i cla"se ,D is e/pressly agreed to in!riting by the "nder!riters.!as or'ally called5 and is still o ten re erred to as5 the r"nning do!ncla"se or %GEC&.!as originally intended by "nder !riters to 'a-e ship o!ners 'orecare "l !ith the navigation o there vessels5 since they !o"ld becarrying a 4"arter o the ris- the'selves. $he one o"rth o liability not covered by the "nder!riters "nder thepolicy is nor'ally ins"red "nder the ship o!ner s nor'ally ins"red"nder the ship o!ner s 1 I cl"b policy.Sister s,i( : $lause 6 :

#llo!s vessels o!ned !holly or party by the sa'e o!ner5 or "nder thesa'e 'anage'ent5 to be treated in the event o collision or salvageas i they !ere o!ned by di9erent co'panies. In s"ch cases liability isto be re erred to a '"t"ally agreed r"le arbitrator.$o) icts of la- : When collision ta-e place in international !ater5 itbeco'e di:c"lt to decide that !hich ships5 fag 3 state la! !ill applyor la! o near coastal 3 state !ill apply.

2>. Ei9erentiate bet!een o:cial logboo-5 dec- and engine roo' log boo-s.0ighlight their salient eat"res and di9erences. #lso5 enlist the n"'ber odoc"'ents5 !hich are handed over by relieved Chie ngineer d"ring signingo9 ro' a vessel.

#ns!er78 OCcial lo! oo+

(&


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d& A


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(+. $echnical =le7 list o critical co'ponents3spares a9ecting NO/3SO/( . M"n-er delivery receipts(*. Special tools(). List o 'an"als and dra!ings available on board2D. $raining records

#ll other doc"'ents pertaining to the partic"lar type o ship.

2). With re erence to record -eeping onboard5 disc"ss %i& the necessity oproper =ling %ii& e:cient control o ollo! "p and veri=cation activities %iii&accident investigation.Eescribe a sit"ation onboard5 !hich !ill highlight the i'portance o record-eeping o above three cases.

#ns!er 78

%i& $he necessity o proper =ling 8 1roper =ling o a doc"'ent 'ean it sho"ld go ina proper =le !ith proper no in proper order at proper ti'e. It sho"ldhave 'onth year section. Once a =le is 'aintained in proper order it.- Ged"ces the ti'e to =nd o"t doc"'ent in less ti'e- Once doc"'ent is o"nd it red"ces irritation- Loo-s i'pressive sho! syste' is [email protected] Meco'es very easy or 4"ic- re erence5 s"rvey etc.

%i& :cient control o ollo! "p veri=cation 78 ollo! "p 'eans -eep yo"rsel "pdating regarding the in4"iry yo" have sent or ans!er it to -no!progress. I this co''"nication is a paper correspondence it is veryi'portant to have initial letter no or re erence no. i it is an e8'ail that itis al!ays better the !hole correspondence sho"ld be sent every ti'e i on co''"nicate.

When yo" receive any correspondence it is e4"ally i'portant to veri y itby sending a s'all note that yo" have received so so. I ollo! "p orthe 4"eries are -ept then it 'a-es easy or the replaying person ithelps in 4"ic- decision so saving ti'e.

#ll the correspondence carried o"t incl"ding the ollo! "p re4"est sho"ldalso be =led.

%ii& #ccident investigations 8 Gecords are the 'ain -ey to investigate thereasons or any accident. $he records can tell !ho' 5 ho! this proble'started !hat !ere initial indications !hat steps !ere ta-en to re'ovethe proble'.

- i the people !ere a!are o it or not- What correspondence !as carried o"t !ith o:cer- Who !as the in8charge o the 6ob- 0o! 'any people involved5 !hether they !ere right or the 6ob or

not- Whether correct proced"re !as ollo!ed or not.

#ll this type o 4"estions can be solved ro' the records to =nd o"t the rootca"se o the accident and at the basis o it in eat"re the root ca"se o it can

be eli'inated and the record !ill help in avoiding "t"re accidents.


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$o highlighted the i'portance o record -eeping let "s ta-e an e/a'ples o head in4"iry d"e to brea-ing o hel'ets by alling ha''er. %Ge4"isition=led& !e received hel'ets in store5 the received ones !ere not o sa'estandards !e have as-ed or %invoice =led&

- O:ce !as in or'ed regarding this- ollo! "p done contin"ed- In bet!een hel'et !as "sed a ha''er all on the hel'et brea-ing

it sand piece o hard plastic piercing in the head %log boo- entry&- Incident report 'ade o:cer in or'ed abo"t this.

E"ring accident investigation the re4"isition chec-ed standard chec-ed5invoice chec-ed5 o:ce correspondence ollo! "p chec-ed log boo- only incident reports !ee st"dies report ca"se =nd and.#ll the doc"'ents !ere =led "' proper order so a s'ooth investigation !as

ollo!ed

0ence Gecord Qeeping in day to day li e is very very i'portant.

;(. /plain the ollo!ing the 'ariti'e ter'R %a& Charter 1arty %b& reight %c& Mare Moat Charter %d& Mill O Lading

%e& Lay $i'e5 Ee'"rrage and O980ire#ns!er78

a $,arter (art@: In tr"'ping the 'ar-et conditions strongly inf"ence the reight that has to bepaid. $he contract bet!een t!o parties is called the charter party.Charter parties are contracts o a9reight'ent "nder !hich the shipo!ner5 inret"rn or a s"' o 'oney called the reight or charter hire aggress to carry goodsin b"l- by sea or provide services o a vessel or the p"rposes o s"ch carriage. $here are no international conventions governing charter parties.


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vessel. $he charter party are nor'ally cla"sed to allo! charterers to s"blet thevessel in !hole are i'part on condition that the charterer re'ain responsible tothe shipo!ner or the per or'ance o original charter. $here are di9erent types o charter parties

(. Foyage Charter2. $i'e Charter;. Mare boat Charter

Frei!,t: $he right is e/pressed as per ton loaded cargo. $his is "s"ally e/pressesin dollars per


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!hich !as in act concl"ded prior to signing o the bill o loading are repeatedon the bac- o this doc"'ent

c& # doc"'ent o little to the goods enabling the consigner to dispose o thegoods by endorse'ent and delivery o the bill o lading.

e

LAY TI%": $he lay ti'e is the allo!ed ti'e or loading and "nloading o thevessel. $he lay ti'e is deter'ined in the charter party. I this ti'e e/celled bythe charterer he has to pay the o!ner co'pensation called the

D"% ##AG": On the other hand i the ship has loaded or discharged4"ic-er than oreseen then the o!ner !ill have o pay the charter aco'pensation called dispatch. Lay ti'e consists o a speci=c n"'ber o daysJE# SK 'eans a period o 2, consec"tive ho"rs r"nning ro' DDDD to 2,DDhrs.

E


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Gepairing parties5 t"g o!ners5 pilotage a"thorities5 port a"thorities5 stevedores.Individ"al cre! 'e'bers and their e'ployers.Ship o!ners and charterers.Charterers and s"b8charterers.Ship o!ners and o!ners o cargo

Ship o!ners % or carriers & and passengers % contracts o passage &

- Contracts o carriage by sea are nor'ally 'ade bet!een a shipper orcharterer a ship o!ner or carrier5 by bro-ers acting as agents on theirbehal . % or bro-ers services a separate contract is 'ade &.

#n agent nor'ally has the legal capacity to bind his principal to any contract'ade on the principal’s behal 5 altho"gh he '"st al!ays act !ithin hisa"thority.

# 'aster nor'ally has no capacity to 'a-e or alter a contract o carriage'ade by his e'ployer e/cept in e/cept in e/ceptional circ"'stances. % e.g.!hen 'a-ing a salvage contract in ti'e o peril5 or in circ"'stances !here hebeco'es an agent o necessity !hen "nable to co''"nicate !ith its principal.

Ti/e $,arter :? is a contract or the services o the vessel or a speci=ed period o ti'e !hichco"ld vary ro' one trip % trip ti'e charter & to as '"ch as a e! years. $heo!ners retain possession o the vessel provide the 'aster cre!5provisions5 ins"rance dec- and engine stores have the responsibility o'aintaining the vessel in an e:cient state in h"ll5 'achinery e4"ip'ent. $he charterers provide and pay or "el5 port and canal charges5 pilotage5 t"gs5agency ees co''issions. $he ti'e charter or's in co''on "se are N 1 5M#L$I< 5 #SM#$I< 5 S0 LL$I< 5 IN$ G$#NQ$I< SU11L $I< . $he charterer8hire is generally on a daily rate is "s"ally payable in advance every

ortnight3every 'onth. &are oat $,arter or De/ise $,arter :?

Is rather 'ore in the nat"re o a ship =nancing agree'ent or the services o the ship. In this arrange'ent the legal o!nership contin"es to vest in theo!ner b"t her physical possession5 operations % incl"ding 'anning & co''ercial e/ploitation are the responsibility o are or the bene=t o thecharterer. Mareboat charters o ten have a p"rchase option at the e/piry o thecharter8period are re4"ently lin-ed to a 'anage'ent contract. $he o!nersare o ten ban-s or invest'ent co'panies !ho do not have the e/pertise tooperate or 'anage ships. #ny Mills o Lading or cargo loaded are iss"ed by or

on behal o the charterer not on behal o the legal o!ner. $he 'ost8o ten"sed or' or this type o agree'ent is JMarecon8*)K p"blished by MI


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2. In case o loss or da'age5 !ritten notice '"st be served on thecarrier !ithin are year o delivery o goods.

DIFF"#"N$" &"T


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8 $an-s condition8 Sea !orthiness.#s a Chie engineer5 he is responsible or 'aintaining the e4"ip'ent ingood condition. M"n-er on board to be properly calc"lated and -eptready or the s"rveyors to chec- cleanliness and proper 1.


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O)?,ire sur*e@ a)' 'eli*er@ certi>cate : $here !ill be "s"ally anagree'ents that there !ill be an on8hire s"rvey or delivery s"rvey toestablish 7M"n-ers re'aining on board %G.O.M.& in order to deter'ine the 4"antitythe chatterers !ill have to pay the o!ners or. $he general condition o the vessel

$hat tan-s or holds are =t or the carriage o the conte'plated cargoes.0olds o a dry cargo vessel '"st be dry and s!ept clean5 etc. and tan-s

or oil or che'icals '"st pass s"rvey and be certi=ed =t. $he on8hire s"rvey is "s"ally carried o"t by 6ointly approved s"rveyors5paid or >D3>D by the o!ners and the chatterer. $i'e spent on the s"rveyis nor'ally at the o!ner s ris-5 i.e.5 the vessel is not on 8hire "ntil passingo the s"rvey.# delivery certi=cate sho"ld be iss"ed by the s"rveyor to con=ne thedate and ti'e o hand8over5 b"n-ers G.O.M. and the condition o holds ortan-s. $he certi=cate sho"ld be attached to the s"rvey report and is avital doc"'ent or the assess'ent o hire pay'ents d"e and theco''ence'ent o vario"s chatterer liabilities. $he on hire s"rvey sho"ld not be con "sed !ith the condition s"rvey that'ay be re4"ired by a prospective chatterer5 partic"larly !here this is anoil co'pany or in the case o older tonnage.#s a Chie ngineer5 one sho"ld calc"late the b"n-er on board correctlyand to -eep all 'achinery in good condition. 0e has to prove that ship isable to satis y charter party re4"ire'ent regarding "el cons"'ption andspeed. #ny 'aintenance re4"ired or cargo holds or tan-s to be carried8o"t prior s"rvey to -eep the' in good condition.OFF HI#" S #V"Y AND #"D"LIV"#Y $"#TIFI$AT" :?

$he chatterers '"st nor'ally re8deliver the vessel in the sa'e goodorder as !hen delivered to the chatterer5 air !ear tear e/cepted. Inthe event o redelivery not being in the sa'e good order and condition5the charters !o"ld be liable or the costs o repairs. I the chatterers aregiven the option o redelivering the vessel dirty a s"' in co'pensationto the o!ners !ill be provided or. $he o9 hire s"rvey !ill nor'ally be carried o"t by an independents"rveyor to ascertain the e/tent o da'age done d"ring the charter5

b"n-ers G.O.M. etc. $he redelivery cla"se 'ay provide that repairsnecessary to 'a-e a vessel sea !orthy '"st be done i''ediately onredelivery5 and any other repairs at a 'ore convenient ti'e5 e.g. at thene/t dry8doc-ing. $he o98hire s"rvey is si'ilar in scope to the on8hire s"rvey M"n-ers r.o.b.are 'eas"red so that they can be bro"ght bac- by the o!ners. $hecondition o the vessel and her cargo spaces is e/a'ined or da'ageattrib"table to chatterers operations. # redelivery certi=cate sho"ld beiss"ed to the 'aster.#s a Chie ngineer5 he sho"ld chec- the b"n-ers r.o.b. and condition o

the cargo spaces. I any repairs to be done has to be noti=ed to thes"rveyor.

;+. /plain the ollo!ingR %a& World scale %b& Gesponsibilities o ashipbro-er

A)s-er: %a& WOGLE SC#L 7 $his is "sed or tan-er’s cargoes !hereby reight rates are

4"oted !ith re erence to an international scale called the ne! World!ide $an-er No'inal reight Scale or JWorld ScaleK in short. $his is "sed as are erence by the parties in the tan-er 'ar-et to easily co'pare and eval"ate

reight rate or all the di9erent voyages and 'ar-et levels.


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(& $o deter'ine the or' o charter and special provisions that '"stclosely 'eet the needs o partic"lar transactions.

2& $o acilitate the negotiations o the ter's and bro-er the charter onbehal o the principals

;& $o chart the vessels position and availability or loading and tocoordinate delivery o cargo to shipside.

,& $o ens"re that the re4"ired notices or readiness are given5 that the

election o loading or discharging parties or bro-ers are declared5 andappropriate ins"rance coverage is obtained.>& $o s"pervise the preparations o dispatch5 de'"rrage and loading

state'ent5 pay'ent o d"es and c"sto's at vario"s ports andsettle'ent in so ar as possible o disp"tes arising in this connection.

+& $o obtain certi=cation o reight invoices5 arrange or s"rrender5 bill olading5 acilitate collection o reight5 etc.

& $o arrange or appoint'ent o port agents and to iss"e appropriateinstr"ctions.

;*. Ei9erentiate bet!een Foyage Charter and $i'e Charter o a vessel.Underline the changes in responsibilities and the scope o activities or a Chie

ngineer in each case.

#ns!er78 # charter is a contract or the hire o a vessel or carriage o goods3cargo or a

speci=c voyage or series o voyages%voyage charter& or or speci=ed period o ti'e&ti'e charter&

Nature of a *o@a!e c,arter:?

# voyage charter is a contract or the carriage o a speci=ed 4"antityo cargo by a na'ed vessel bet!een na'ed ports or certain range o ports.Under the voyage charter5 the ship o!ner agrees to present the na'edvessel or loading at agreed place or port !ithin an agreed period o ti'e5

ollo!ing loading !ill carry the cargo and deliver it to the agreed place. $hecharterer on the other hand agrees to provide speci=ed 4"antity o agreedcargo to pay the agreed reight. In e9ect the charterer hires the cargocapacity o the vessel and not the entire vessel.

Nature of a ti/e c,arter:? # ti'e charter is a contract or the hire o a na'ed ship or a

speci=ed period o ti'e. $he hire period 'ay be the d"ration o onevoyage%trip ti'e charter& or anything "p to several years%period ti'echarter&. Under the ti'e charter5 the ship o!ner is responsible or vessel’sr"nning e/penses s"ch as 'anning5 repairs5 'aintenance5 stores5 spares5cre!’s !ages5 h"ll 'achinery ins"rance etc. In short5 the ship o!neroperates the vessel technically b"t not co''ercially. $he charterers on theother hand5 re'ain responsible or co''ercial e'ploy'ent o the vessel5b"n-er "el p"rchase ins"rance5 port and canal d"es5 pilotage and all cargohandling arrange'ents and costs. $he ti'e charterers nor'ally provide the'aster !ith all instr"ctions and sailing directions.

$,arter Part@ clauses s(eci>c to *o@a!e c,arter:? Freight:- $his cla"se speci=es the reight rate5 ho! the reight !ill be

calc"lated5 !hen it '"st be paid etc. reight is the re'"neration payable bythe charterers to the o!ners or the per or'ance o the contract. In voyagecharter 5 reight is paid on the cargo carried is directly proportional to thevol"'e o the cargo carried. #t ti'es Hdead8 reight’ 'ay be payable to theo!ners by the charterers. It is not a gen"ine reight5 b"t o!ner’sco'pensation or lost reight payable by the charterers on a 4"antity o cargoshort8shipped5 i.e. a 4"antity !hich charterer agreed b"t ailed to s"pply.

Loading & Discharging costs clause: 8 $his cla"se allocates the responsibilityor the costs o cargo handling. $he responsibility or cargo handling can be o the charterers !hich is ter'ed as IO5 or it can be the o!ner’s responsibility.


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Provisions regulating the rate of loading & discharging: 8 $his cla"se coversde'"rrage despatch clai's. Ee'"rrage is an agreed a'o"nt payable tothe o!ner in respect to the delay beyond the layti'e5 or !hich o!ners arenot responsible.

Despatch: 8 i the cargo operations are co'pleted be ore e/piry o layti'e5 a'onetary re!ard is nor'ally payable by the o!ners to the charterer.Eespatch is de=ned as an agreed a'o"nt payable by the o!ners i the vessel

co'pletes loading or discharging be ore the layti'e has e/pired. Preamble: 8 $his cla"se identi=es parties to the contract5 speci=es theidentity o the vessel%na'e5 fag5 cargo capacity5 class etc.&

$,arter Part@ clauses s(eci>c to ti/e c,arter:? Hire:- $his cla"se speci=es the charterer’s obligation to pay hire at the

speci=ed rate5 "ntil redelivery. In case o ti'e charter5 the hire paid isdependent on the period o hire. $he vol"'e o the cargo carried has norelation to the charter hire is directly proportional to the period o thecharter.

Cargo handling: 8 In ti'e charters5 the responsibility o cargo handling lies

on the charterers. $he ti'e charterers nor'ally appoint stevedores or cargohandling Charterer’s to provide: 8 $his cla"se speci=es the obligation o the charterer

to pay or port charges5 pilotage5 canal d"es5 t"g assistance etc. Bun ers: 8 Under ti'e charter5 the charterers provide the b"n-ers to the

vessel. $his cla"se obliges the charterer to b"y the b"n-ers r.o.b. at the ti'eo delivery5 obliges the o!ners to b"y bac- the b"n-ers r.o.b. at the ti'e ore8delivery. It speci=es the 'ini'"' 4"antity o b"n-ers to re'ain on boardat re8delivery.

!"ners to provide: 8 Obliges the o!ners to pay or r"nning e/penses li-e!ages5 provisions5 stores5 ins"rance5 repairs and s"rveys5 etc.

Preamble: 8 $his cla"se identi=es the parties to the contract. Identi=es thevessel%na'e5 fag5 o!nership5 class5 tonnages5 horsepo!er etc.& Speed and"el cons"'ption are given in the charter party in "nction o deter'ined

!eather conditions.%e.g. in good !eather and s'ooth !aters.& and are al!ays%abo"t& allo!ing a certain 'argin. Speed and "el cons"'ption are vitallyi'portant or deter'ining !hether the vessel is per or'ing the contracte:ciently. Charterers provide the 'aster !ith all voyage instr"ctions sailing directions. Fessel’s dec- and engine roo' log boo-s are to be -eptavailable or charterer’s inspection.

!#-hire clause:- $his cla"se provides that no hire !ill be paid or any ti'e ine/cess o the stated no. o ho"rs5 i the vessel goes o"t o service d"e to'achinery brea-do!n5 shortage o stores5 dry doc-ing etc.

T,e sco(e of acti*ities of a $,ief ")!i)eer ,is res(o)si ilitieso) a s,i( u)'er *o@a!e c,arter:?

o Initially !hen the ship has to be presented to the charterers5 i.e. in an on8hire s"rvey the C3 sho"ld pay attention to the general condition o vessel’s'achinery 'achinery spaces. Cargo gear sho"ld be !or-ing satis actorily

o E"ring the ship "nder voyage charter5 the C3 sho"ld al!ays 'a-e s"re thatthe vessel is sea!orthy at all ti'es in respect o the vessel’s 'achinery.

o # reasonable care "l inspection o all the 'achineries on board sho"ld bedone by the C3 be ore co''ence'ent o a voyage.

o I cargo handling responsibility lies !ith the ship o!ner5 than C3 sho"ldens"re that vessel’s cargo gears are properly 'aintained in !or-ingcondition. $he cargo gears incl"de dec- cranes or a b"l- carrier CO1’s incase o a tan-er

o

T,e sco(e of acti*ities of a c,ief e)!i)eer ,is res(o)si ilities o)a ti/e c,artere' *essel:?

• #t the ti'e o on8hire s"rvey5 the C3 sho"ld acc"rately calc"late theb"n-ers r.o.b. so that there is not any discrepancy in the b"n-er4"antity.

•

Since the charterers provide b"n-ers to the vessel5 C3 sho"ld al!ayscalc"late the 4"antity o b"n-ers at all ti'es.• $he vessel’s speed "el oil cons"'ption are dictated by the

charterers5 the C3 sho"ld 'a-e every e9ort to oblige the charterer’s


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de'ands in respect to the speed o the vessel and "el oilcons"'ptionR e.g. charterers 'ay !ant the vessel to proceed !ithecono'ical speed or stip"lated "ll speed etc. S"ch things sho"ld beclearly ta-en in to acco"nt.

• # partic"lar attention is to be paid to 'ain prop"lsion 'achinery any e4"ip'ent !hich is i'portant or "ll operation o the vessel5 soas to 'ini'i@e3red"ce the brea-do!n5 so that the vessel is -ept

operational or the charterers "se5 red"cing the do!nti'e re4"ired or'aintenance5 d"ring !hich the vessel re'ains o98hire.• $he C3 sho"ld -eep engine roo' log boo-s available and accessible

or charterers or their agents.

,D. Ei9erentiate bet!een Jthird party liabilityK and Jcontract"al liabilityK. When'ay

the ship o!ner see- to li'it his liability?

#ns!er78 THI#D PA#TY LIA&ILITY:? When an agree'ent is signed by the parties%'ay be

2 or 'ore& they agree on certain conditions and goals !ritten in agree'ent. $hey also get certain liability to !ards each other or s"ccess "l achieving o the goals. M"t by any reason5 a third party gets a9ected5 then liability to!ardsthe third party is called $0IGE 1#G$ LI#MILI$ . .g. co'pensation re4"ired topay to a9ected cost d"ring oil poll"tion beco'es third party liability. $here isno s"ch agree'ent bet!een ship o!ner and coastR ca"se 'ay be any lineoperational accident5 b"t coast get a9ected d"e to poll"tion. So ship o!nerta-es 1 I ins"rance cover in respect to third party liability d"ring shipoperation. 0ence he !o"ld give to li'it his liability%third party& !ith regardto78

(& Collision liability5 Xth that is not covered in 0 < ins"rance policy. 2& Liability o da'age to its cargo o the vessel in case o collision ;& Ea'age done by ship to other foating3=/ed installations ,& 1oll"tion da'age ca"sed by his ship and cost involved in oil clean "p

other persons property >& $hird party in6"ries3death clai's etc. +& Wrec- and salvage liability & Eiversion e/penses

*& ine and penalties or not ollo!ing r"les etc. )& #ny other clai's 'ade by third party

$ONT#A$T AL LIA&ILITY:? E"ring any agree'ent both parties agree orcertain ter's and conditions or achieving partic"lar goals and interests. Soso'e liabilities are set to!ards achieving goals. #s agree'ent is signed bythe'5 the liabilities are called Contract"al Liabilities. Liability does not co'ein pict"re i everything r"ns s'oothly5 b"t i anything goes !rong thenliability co'es into pict"re.

Ship o!ner ta-es ollo!ing types o contract7

(& With e'ployee2& With fag state ad'inistration or sa e operation5 to co'pliance !ithnational3international reg"lations3conventions

;& Contract !ith cargo o!ner,& Contract !ith salver or t"g o!ner>& Contract !ith class and his ees and s"rvey+& Gepair contract etc.So there is no 'andatory re4"ire'ent or party to ta-e any type o policye/cept civil liability or oil poll"tion da'age.Gest is all "p to ship o!ner and cargo o!ner or other party involved in

'ariti'e advent"re to cover or vario"s liabilities or bear the'selves.

Ship o!ner 'ay li'it his liability covering78


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%(&$ith %mplo ee 78 Ship o!ner provides sa e plant e4"ip'ent and sa eenviron'ent policy and their d"e care so that he !o"ld li-e to li'it hisliability regardingR8

%a& $heir 'edical e/penses%b& Co'pensation to be paid in case o in6"ry or death%c& Mreach to anything intentionally or "nintentionally by e'ployee

!hich !o"ld land hi' in tro"ble

%2&$ith 'ag state(administration 78 Gegistering vessel "nder ad'inistration5responsibility or sa e operation and co'pliance !ith relevant r"les andreg"lations. So !o"ld li-e to li'it his liabilities regarding78

%any breach ca"sed by ship%b&Oil poll"tion ca"sed by ship in their territory%c&Other cost involved in landing sic- people or stevedore or other

services %;&$ith local agenc 78 !o"ld li-e to li'it his liability regarding78

%agency ee%b&Clai' by agent%c&Clai' arises i agent breaches the contract or any confict

%dny da'age or in6"ry ca"sed to their personnel %,&$ith salver or tug agenc 78 Ship re4"ires their services o ten5 soo!ner !o"ld li-e to li'it his liability regarding78%a&$"g hire rate%b&Ea'age ca"sed to t"g and their personnel%c&Salver’s a!ard or any clai' 'ade by salver in rendering his

services. %>&$ith Class 78 Ship re4"ires class or trading so having contract !ith

class5 o!ner can li'it his liabilities. %+&)epair Contract 78 & $he sacri=ce is in order to bene=t the co''on vent"re+& $he sacri=ce is or the p"rpose o preserving the property ro' peril.

( S#CGI IC OG 1 NEI$UG/a'ples o sacri=ces that 'ay be allo!ed "nder H#ct’ are

%i& Cargo 6ettisoned to refoat a gro"nded vessel or prevent capsi@ing o dangero"sly lighted vessel.%ii&


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%iii&Cost o salvage e/pendit"re incl"de the salver a!ard%iv&Costs o entering5 staying leaving a port o re "ge

2. $G#OGEIN#G N#$UG O S#CGI IC OG 1 NEU$UG 78

It '"st be e/tra ordinary nat"re not an ordinary or every day loss ore/penses5 inc"rred in r"nning a ship carrying cargoes or e.g. losing an anchor

in atte'pting to prevent a ship ro' r"nning agro"nd is not Je/tra ordinaryKlosing on anchor d"ring a refoat operation co"ld be e/tra ordinary 'ay beallo!ed in general average act. .g. Ea'age to 'arine engine tho"gh over!or-ing !hile trying to prevent ro"nding !o"ld not be e/tra ordinary !here asda'age alone d"ring a defating operation !o"ld be e/tra ordinary 'ay beallo!ed in Hgeneral average act’ # !ide variety at costs even incl"ding s'alle/penses s"ch as s"perintendents ta/i are to the yard at a port o re "ge 'ay beregarded as e/tra ordinary 'ay be recoverable as general average e/pendit"re.;. S#CGI IC OG 1 NEI$UG IN$ N$ION#LL


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2. Foyage policy 8 It ins"res property ro' one place to another it 'ayincl"de a date li'it.

;. . loating policy 8 cargo policy that ins"res a n"'ber o ship'ents. In

Canada US this policy is contin"o"s and covers all ship'ents to ali'it o liability or any ( loss. $he 'arine ins"rance policies that a ship o!ner can ta-e are(& 0"ll 'achinery policy2& 1rotection inde'nity cover. $he ins"rance policies or a cargo o!ner incl"de(& & liability against collision !ith =/ed orfoating ob6ects +& third party in6"ry death clai's & oil poll"tionliability *& 'iscellaneo"s clai's.

#estrictio)s o) P I co*er i)clu'e :(& Eeviation 2& delivery o cargo at port other then port speci=ed in the

contract o carriage. ;& ail"re to arrive or late arrival at port o loading,& delivery o cargo !itho"t bill o lading >& O"t dated bill o lading +&clean bill o lading in respect to da'aged cargo & arrest or detention.$ar!o i)sura)ce (olicies :

$he policies !ill incorporate instit"te o cargo cla"se # M or Instit"te o cargo cla"se C 7 $his covers only against 'a6or cas"alties eg =re5e/plosion5 gro"nding or vessel stranded5 sin-ing or capsi@ing5 coll"sionor contact disc at port o distress general average sacri=ce and 6ettison.Instit"te o cargo cla"se M 7 In addition to the above !ill also covercas"alties li-e earth4"a-e5 volcanic er"ption5 lightening stri-e !ashingobd entry o sea.Instit"te o cargo cla"se # 8 O9ers cover against all possible ris-s.Ite's e/cl"ded ro' 'ariti'e cargo ins"rance policy are

(& Clai's res"lting ro' ins":cient or in s"itable pac-ing or protection o 'atter ins"red.

2& Clai's or loss or da'age arising ro' =nancial de a"lt o o!nersco'pany cannot be responsible or per or'ance o the carrier and thise/cl"sion is ai'ed at enco"raging the "se o rep"table co'pany.

;& Clai's arising ro' "se o n"clear !eapons.


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,& Clai's arising ro' da'age by terrorists or politically 'otivatedgro"ps.

>& Clai's arising ro' "n=tness o vessel !are ris- and stri-e ris- cover isavailable or cargo ins"rance or an additional pre'i"' or long ter'ins"rance5 open cover policy and foating policies are available.

,;. With re erence to 'arine ins"rance5 !rite short notes on the ollo!ing. %a&1ort o re "ge %b& partic"lar average and Aeneral average %c&$otal loss andConstr"ctive loss#ns!er78 %a Port of refu!e : It is a port on place that a vessel diverts to !hen her'aster considers it "nsa e to contin"e the voyage d"e to a peril that threatens itssa ety. Where s"ch a deviation is or the preservation ro' peril o the propertyinvolved is a co''on 'ariti'e advent"re5 it !ill generally constit"te ageneral average act. Where the ship8o!ner or carrier is a party to a contract o carriage5discontin"ation o the voyage is deviation ro' the contract

# deviation to a pent o re "ge !ill be regarded as a 6"sti=able deviation i thereasons or the deviation can be sho!n to be a valid one !ithin the ter's o thecontract. In s"ch a case all contract"al rights !ill be "na9ected.

Falid reasons or deviating to a port o re "ge "s"ally incl"de7%i& Weather5 collision or gro"nding da'age a9ecting the sea!orthiness o

the ship%ii& # serio"s ire%iii& Eangero"s shi t o cargo%iv& Serio"s 'achinery brea-do!n%v& #ny other accident ca"sing a serio"s threat to the vessel on her cargo%vi& Shortage o b"n-er

1aragraph %a& o G"le T /penses at pent o re "ge etc T o the or-8 #nt!erpG"les ()), provides that H!hen a ship shall have entered a port o re "ge ro anyo the above 'entioned reasons5 the e/penses inc"rred shall be ad'itted asAeneral #vg.’

# pent or place !here a vessel see-s te'porary shelter is not a port o re "ge% g. E"e to adverse !eather& since r"nning or shelter is Hordinary practice andnot e/traordinary’ in conte/t o G"le # o the or- #nt!erp G"les.

1artic"lar #verage and general #verage# 'arine loss 'ay be either78(. # total loss or2. # partial loss %ter'ed average&

Partial Loss# partial loss 'ay be either7(. 1artic"lar average %1#& i.e.5 accidental partial loss

or 2.Aeneral average%A#& i.e.5 intentional partial loss(. 1artic"lar #verage7


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It is a partial loss5 pro/i'ately ca"sed by a peril ins"red against and !hichis not a Aeneral average loss. $h"s5 str"ct"ral da'age pro/i'ately ca"sed bycollision5 gro"nding5 heavy !eather etc. %perils o the seas& !o"ld nor'ally beca"sed as a H1#’ loss .2. Aeneral #verage7

Aeneral average is an ancient or' o spreading the ris- o sea transportand e/isted long be ore 'arine ins"rance. Aeneral average 'eans Hgeneral loss’5as opposed to a partic"lar loss "nder 'arine ins"rance.

It is a syste'5 in !hich all interests involved in the advent"re5 [email protected] 0"ll and


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,,. Why does a ship re4"ire


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$ar!o $lai/s :(&When cargo loss or da'age is discovered a delivery note or consign'ent

note !ill be cla"sed !ith a note o the loss or da'age.2&$he cargo o!ners !ill i''ediately in or' his ins"red i it is o"tside UQ5 this is

done thro’ the local Lloyds’ agent in case o Lloyds’ policy.;&I loss or da'age is e/tensive "nder!riters !ill nor'ally as- or a s"rvey

report. $his is arranged by Lloyd’s agent5 !ho can appoint s"rveyor and pays'all clai's locally., ter the clai' is 4"anti=ed and doc"'ented the "nder!riter settles theclai' thro Lloyd’s agents5

>&Under!riter then decides %"nder the doctrine o s"brogation& !hether or notclai' is !orth p"rs"ing against carrier.

+&I he decides to p"rs"e the clai' be i''ediately 'a-es a !ritten clai' onthe carrier5 ail"re to clai' 'ay pre6"dice his right o recovery.

&$he clai' %incl"ding s"rveyor’s ee& is settled by the carrier in the c"rrencystated in the policy or on the certi=cate o ins"rance.

*&$he carrier i a 1I 'e'ber then clai's on his cl"b policy.

Docu/e)ts usuall@ reEuire' are :Mill o landing 3 #ir!ay bill5 co''ercial invoice5 ins"rance certi=cate5 copy oNotice o clai' reported against carrier5 Eoc"'entation related to o"tt"rn 3receipt o goods5 local carrier’s !ay bill !here applicable5 copy o te'perat"rerecords5 !here available copy o instr"ctions to carrier regarding carriagete'perat"re5 !here applicable invoices to con=r' salvage 3 sale price.

,>. What are the principles o 'odern salvage la!? What is general average?/plain !ith conte/t to general average %i& ntitle'ent %iirti=cial%iiid6"st'ent %iv&Contestation

#ns!er78Salvage can be described as a service rendered to save 'ariti'e property in

danger. Salvage can be characteri@ed by the ollo!ing7(. Salvage service '"st be vol"ntary2. Salvage property '"st be recogni@ed 'ariti'e property;. S"b6ect '"st be in danger,. Salvage '"st be s"ccess "l.

Let "s loo- at above in detail8(& Fessel cre! pilot cannot clai' salvage as they are bo"nded by contract to

protect the vessel and its cargo ro' danger. $"gs arranged previo"sly or to!age cannot clai' salvage. 0o!ever t"gs called in an e'ergency tacs clai'salvage.

2& S"b6ect can be vessel cargo special e4"ip'ent on board ship bo"ndaries asany other 'ariti'e property o"t ris- o being lost i salvage is not rendered.1rovisions cre!s e9ect etc o not 4"ali y or salvage

;& Eangers '"st be at co''ence'ent o salvage. 0o!ever it 'ight not bei''ediately present or i''inent eg.5 a vessel !hich has lost its propeller isnot i any i''ediate danger5 i it is at sea ho!ever5 i 'ay ta-en lead togro"nding.

,& Salvage clai' is paid o"t o the val"e o the property saved hence salvage'"st be s"ccess "l %at least partly&. 0ence the ter' HNo c"re’ no pay vi@ isalvage operation is "ns"ccess "l there can be no val"e to e9ect pay'ent.Mene=ciaries o salvage are liable to pay salvage

$hese incl"des(. O!ner o vessel2. O!ner o any special e4"ip'ent =tted on board;. Charters o vessel

,. O!ners o Hsalved’ cargo>. O!ners o ban-ers on board


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G"N"#AL AV"#AG" A$T:

Pri)ci(les a)' o ect of .8A $hat !hich has been or the bene=t o all shall be 'ade good by thecontrib"tion o all. $he ob6ect o +.# is to ens"res that the o!ner o a vessel or cargo !ho hasinc"rred an e/pendit"re the vessel ro' a previo"s position receives acontrib"tion o his loss ro' all those !ho have bene=ted ro' the action $he or- #nt!erp r"les () ,5 .. act as J$here is a + # o"t !hen andonly !hen5 any e/traordinary sacri=ce as e/pendit"re is .


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2. interpretation o r"les7 N"'bered G"les lettered r"les;. e'ergency o 'arine ins"rance has 'ade A# rel"ctant,. /penses and delay in ad6"st'ents>. 1roble's in collision o A # contrib"tion+. S'all A #

,+. Write short notes on the ollo!ing7%a& Lloyd’s Open or' %b& Aeneral #verage %c& 1artic"lar #verage#ns!er78 %a&Llo@'4s O(e) For/ 78 $he =rst 'odern te/t o the Lloyd’s or' o

Salvage #gree'ent -no!n as Lloyd’s Open or' or LO !as adopted in (*)2.Since then Lloyd’s Open or' has "ndergone ten revisionsR the c"rrent versionis LO 2DDD. LO is the 'ost !idely "sed no8c"re8no8pay Salvage Contract. Inret"rn or salvage service5 the salver receives a proportion o salved val"es5the val"e o the ship5 its b"n-er cargo. $raditional re'oval depends "pons"ccess5 and the recovery o property. In the past5 i there !as no recovery5there !as no pay'entR !hatever the e/penses o the operation. $his haschanged in recent years so that !henever there is a threat o da'age to theenviron'ent5 the salver can e/pect a air ret"rn or his e9orts5 even in high ris-and lo! property val"e sit"ations.

%b&Ge)eral A*era!e 78 A# is one o the oldest or's o spreading o ris- byall the interest o a 'ariti'e advent"re T na'ely ship5 cargo5 reight %i at ris-&.

reight is at ris- !hen it is to be paid at destination. $h"s !hen reight is pre8paid it is not at ris-.

$he sacri=ce or e/pendit"re '"st be o e/traordinary nat"re. Ea'age toa ship5 her 'achinery or e4"ip'ent !hilst being "sed or the p"rpose or !hichthey are intended5 !o"ld not a'o"nt to general average. On the other hand

"sing a ship’s engines in an e9ort to re8foat !hen stranded !o"ld i the engine!ere da'aged as a res"lt5 be an e/traordinary sacri=ce. %c&Particular A*era!e 78 $his is de=ned by the 'arine ins"rance as a

partic"lar loss o the s"b6ect 'atter ins"red ca"sed by a peril ins"red against!hich is not a general average. It 'ay perhaps be 'ore directly described as apartial loss arising ro' any -ind o accident. Aeneral #verage5 sacri=ces ande/pendit"res5 partic"lar charges and salvage charges do not arise by accidentRand there ore are not incl"ded in 1artic"lar #verage. # 1artic"lar #verage loss

alls directly "pon the party interested in the s"b6ect 'atter. In the case o accidental or ort"ito"s da'age to the ship5 it is the ship o!ner5 or5 to the

e/tent that he is ins"red against s"ch loss5 his "nder!riters5 !ho '"st bear theloss. Si'ilarly in the case o accidental da'age to cargo5 the loss rests !ith thecargo o!ner or his "nder!riter.

$here are inn"'erable variations o partic"lar average5 incl"ding s"chthings as78

o Stranding o ship in bad !eathero Loss o 'asts or sp"rs thro"gh heavy !eathero Ea'age to h"ll5 'achinery or cargo d"e to heavy !eather or =re

, . #s per the


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De*iatio): #s per the


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/press Warranty7 #n e/pressed !arranty '"st be !ritten into the policy in anyor' o !ords or contained in so'e doc"'ent incorporated by re . into the policy.

#n e/press !arranty does not override an a'pli=ed !arranty "nless the t!oconfict.I'plied !arranty7 $here are not !ritten in the policy b"t are i'plied by la! toe/ist in the contract. $here are 2 'a6or i'portant !arranties in 'arine ins"rancepolicy.%a&Sea!orthiness7 $he hip at the co''ence'ent o the voyage be sea!orthy5 or

the p"rpose o the partic"lar voyage ins"red in Jvoyage policyK. Where !iththe ass"red -no!ledge and consent5 a ship is sent to sea in "nsea!orthy state5the ins"rer is not liable or any loss attrib"table to "nsea!orthiness.

%b&Legality7 $here is an i'plied !arranty that the advent"re ins"red %voyage ti'eare 'i/ed policy& is la! "l and that so ar as the ass"red can control it. $headvent"re !ill be carried o"t in a la! "l 'anner. I the advent"re is illegal atthe ti'e o the ins"rance is e9ected5 the policy !ill be void. $h"s dr"g r"nningor g"n r"nning trips or voyages to co"ntries or ports s"b6ect to a Aovt.e'bargo !o"ld be dee'ed "nla! "l&.


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#ns!er78 $here are vario"s types o 'arine ins"rance policies available and theyco"ld broadly be classi=ed into > types.

(. $i'e policy 8 Ins"res property or a period o ti'e.2. Foyage policy 8 It ins"res property ro' one place to another it 'ay

incl"de a date li'it.;. . loating policy 8 cargo policy that ins"res a n"'ber o ship'ents. InCanada US this policy is contin"o"s and covers all ship'ents to ali'it o liability or any ( loss. $he 'arine ins"rance policies that a ship o!ner can ta-e are(& 0"ll 'achinery policy2& 1rotection inde'nity cover. $he ins"rance policies or a cargo o!ner incl"de(& & liability against collision !ith =/ed orfoating ob6ects +& third party in6"ry death clai's & oil poll"tionliability *& 'iscellaneo"s clai's.#estrictio)s o) P I co*er i)clu'e :

(& Eeviation 2& delivery o cargo at port other then port speci=ed in thecontract o carriage. ;& ail"re to arrive or late arrival at port o loading,& delivery o cargo !itho"t bill o lading >& O"t dated bill o lading +&clean bill o lading in respect to da'aged cargo & arrest or detention.$ar!o i)sura)ce (olicies : $he policies !ill incorporate instit"te o cargo cla"se # M or Instit"te o cargo cla"se C 7 $his covers only against 'a6or cas"alties eg =re5e/plosion5 gro"nding or vessel stranded5 sin-ing or capsi@ing5 coll"sionor contact disc at port o distress general average sacri=ce and 6ettison.Instit"te o cargo cla"se M 7 In addition to the above !ill also covercas"alties li-e earth4"a-e5 volcanic er"ption5 lightening stri-e !ashingobd entry o sea.Instit"te o cargo cla"se # 8 O9ers cover against all possible ris-s.Ite's e/cl"ded ro' 'ariti'e cargo ins"rance policy are

(& Clai's res"lting ro' ins":cient or in s"itable pac-ing or protection o 'atter ins"red.

2& Clai's or loss or da'age arising ro' =nancial de a"lt o o!ners

co'pany cannot be responsible or per or'ance o the carrier and thise/cl"sion is ai'ed at enco"raging the "se o rep"table co'pany.;& Clai's arising ro' "se o n"clear !eapons.


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,& Clai's arising ro' da'age by terrorists or politically 'otivatedgro"ps.

>& Clai's arising ro' "n=tness o vessel !are ris- and stri-e ris-cover is available or cargo ins"rance or an additional pre'i"' or long ter'ins"rance5 open cover policy and foating policies are available.,). 0o! 'any types o !arranties are there in


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gro"p !ho !ish to pool their ris-s together in order to obtain Jat costK ins"rancecover.

T,e e!i))i)! of t,e P I $lu s

$he present 1 I Cl"bs are the re'ote descendants o the 'any s'all h"llins"rance Cl"bs that !ere or'ed by Mritish shipo!ners in the (* th cent"ry. $hese

!ere set "p by gro"ps o shipo!ners5 dra!n in each case ro' a s'allgeographical area5 !ho !ere dissatis=ed !ith the scope and cost o the h"llins"rance then provided by the t!o co'panies !ho had been granted in ( 2D astat"tory 'onopoly !hich e/cl"ded other co'panies ro' s"ch b"siness5 na'elythe Goyal /change #ss"rance and the London #ss"rance5 and by individ"alsoperating in London ro'5 or e/a'ple5 Lloyd’s Co9ee 0o"se. $hese h"ll Cl"bs!ere essentially "nincorporated associations or co8operatives o shipo!ners !hoca'e together to share !ith each other their h"ll ris-s on a '"t"al basis5 eachbeing at the sa'e ti'e an ins"red and an ins"rer o others 8 still the basicconcept o the present 1 I Cl"bs5 despite the act that they are no! incorporatedso that in la! it is the Cl"b and not the individ"al


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While all the original 1 I Cl"bs !ere based on vario"s to!ns and cities !ithin theUnited Qingdo'5 Cl"bs !ere s"bse4"ently established and today fo"rish inScandinavia5 in the United States and in Papan.


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#n o!ner !ho ails to -eep his vessel in the contin"o"s re4"ired by thecl"bs r"le 'ay be e/pelled ro' the cl"b.DIVID"NDS : #s the 1 I cl"bs do operate on non8pro=l 'a-ing basis5 there is nopolicy o giving dividends to cl"b 'e'bers or 'anager o the cl"b.S$OP" OF $OV"# :

1 I cl"bs 'ay cover their 'e'bers e/pos"re to clai's or da'age o co'pensation o the ollo!ing 7

• $re- : $he 'e'bers liability or in6"ry5 illness or death and 'edicale/penses arising ro' in6"ry5 illness or death5 costs o repatriation and'aintenance ashore res"lting ro' in6"ry illness or death5 costs o repatriation and 'aintenance ashore res"lting ro' in6"ry illness or death.

• 1ersonnel In6"ry to or loss o li e o stevdores.• 1ersonnel in6"ry to or illness or loss o li e o passengers and others.• Loss o personnel e9ects

• Ships Eiversion e/penses incl"ding r"nning e/penses and port chargesinc"rred solely or this p"rpose.• Li e salvage 7 a!ard to a person !ho has saved or atte'pted to save the li e

o person onboard the salvaged vessel.• One o"rth collision liability• Oil poll"tion

o Standard oil poll"tion covero Oil poll"tion cover or US#

• Liabilities "nder contracts and inde'nities• Wrea-s liabilities• Cargo liabilities

$he 'e'bers liability or cargo loss5 shortage5 da'age or delayocc"rring in relation to the carriage o cargo on the entered vessel.• Cargos proportion o general average or salvages.• Certain e/penses o salvers• ines• Legal Cost

O/)i us $o*er : In recognition o the act that the list o liabilities to!hich ship o!ners are s"b6ected is constantly increasing in "n oreseen !ays5the valves o the cl"bs give their directions discretion to pass or pay'entcertain clai' that are not e/pressly covered by any o the heads o cover seto"t in their r"les provided that they are !ithin the general scope o the cl"bcover and are not e/pressly e/cl"ded else!here !ithin the r"les.Letter of )'erta+i)! :

When there is an incident o poll"tion ollo!ing a b"n-ering accident or 6ellyda'age to 6elly ca"sed by the ship then cl"b 'ay be re4"ired to post the bondto avoid the arrest o the ship !hich can lead to delay o ship sched"le.

$o avoid this the correspondent o the cl"b can o9er a letter o "nderta-ingon the instr"ction o cl"bR to pay or the possible liabilities o the ship arising

ro' the accident or da'age.

>;. Ill"strate the present service philosophy o 1 I Cl"bs and ho! they !or-

on a day8 to8 day basis !orld8 !ide? 0o! is it controlled?#ns& Introd"ction78 1 I cl"bs properly called J1oll"tion and inde'nityassociationsK


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1rotection in the little originally re erred to shipo!ners protection ro' theX o collision liability that traditionally. London 0"ll and 'achinery I o!ners didnot cover !hile Jinde'nityK re erred to cl"b inde'nity or co'pensation orliability to cargo "nder a contract o carriage.

1 I cl"bs are association o 'e'bers ship o!ners and charterers5 o!nedand controlled by the ins"red shipo!ner or chartered 'e'bers or the p"rpose o basically o '"t"al ins"rance against their party liabilities !hich arise inconnection !ith the operation o ship.

1 I cl"b incl"de (; 'e'bers o the international gro"p o 1 I cl"b and their ,associates cl"bs

Ser*ice (,iloso(,@1 I cl"b o9er shipo!ners and characters vario"s classes o over eg. 1rotection

and inde'nity stri-e reight de'"rrage and da'age etc. & $hird party in6"ry and death clai's7 ro' stevedores cre! 'e'bers and

passengers+& Oil poll"tion liability7 #nd liability ro' poll"tion by other s"bstances& Special co'pensation7 payable in accordance !ith article (, o the

international convention o salvage ())) incl"ding pay'ents to assessed"nder the scopic cla"se

*&


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2& When the 'e'ber vessel is to"ring another vessel5 loss or da'age to lo! orcargo on the to! or !rec- re'oval o the lo! and cargo is only covered ito!age contract is approved by the 'anagers.

;& Liabilities arising "nder inde'nities in respect o delivery o cargo re4"ested ata port other than that stated in the bill o lading or !itho"t prod"ction o bill olading 'ay be covered only on approval o the cl"b 'anage'ent and o ter'so inde'nity have been approved by the diet.

,& Liability to res"'es "nder a cre! contract are carried only i the contract hasbeen approved in !riting by the 'anger. $his also applies to cover orrepatriation loss o sea'en e9ect o ship !rec-5 "ne'ploy'ent inde'nity.

>& Liability arising ro' carriage "nder bills o lading are nor'ally only covered ithe bills o lading are s"b6ect to the hag"e r"les or 0ag"e Fisby r"les

+& $he board o directors o each cl"b !ill "s"ally deter'ine in accordance !iththe cl"b r"les the li'it o the cl"b liability in respect o any and all clai's or oilpoll"tion or ne/t policy yo"r. $he disc"ssion bring ta-en to!ards the end o ac"rrent year.

[So'e cl"bs i'pose a li'it o (DDD 'illion USO or each accident or occ"rrence inrespect o each ship entered on behal o o!ner5 de'ise or bare boat charter\


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Cl"b 'e'bers entered ships 'ay be s"b6ected to rando' ship inspectionconcentrating on 'anage'ent o vessel. I ailed a 'ore intensive conditions"rvey by independent s"rveyors 'ay be called by the cl"b 'anager.#n o!ner !ho ails to -eep the vessel in condition re4"ired by the cl"b r"les 'aybe co'pelled ro' the cl"b


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(2. #cco"nts or o!ners repairs e9ected conc"rrently !ith da'agerepairs

(;. Copies o a/es and tele/es sent and details o long distance calls'ade in connection !ith the cas"als.

(,. #cco"nts or the o"t!ard port charges at the last port prior to therepair part5 in!ard and o"t!ard part charges at the repair part5 and5 i thevessel ret"rns to her original part ro' !hich she originally 'anned5

in!ards part charges at that part.(>. 1ortage bill sho!ing the o:cers and the cre! d"ring the re'oval tothe repair part and also or the ret"rn passage i the vessel ret"rns to heroriginal part.

(+. details o adapters o original3dep at the relevant parts( . #cco"nts in respect o and te'p repairs e9ected solely to enable the

vessel to 'ove to the repair port

I)for/atio) reEuire' after a collisio)(. Eetails o steps ta-en to establish liability or the collision and the

essential settle'ent 'ade bet!een the t!o parties2. # detailed copy o any clai' received ro' the other vessel together!ith details o !hich ite's incl"ded in the clai' have been agreed

;. I a recovery has been atte'pted against the colliding vessel5 adetailed copy o the clai'

+ . # second hand single h"ll FLCC b"ilt in ())D is to be ac4"ired by yo"rCo'pany. $he vessel is to be registered "nder Indian fag #s Chie

ngineer 3 O!ner representative5 !hat aspects yo" !o"ld loo- or5 !ithrespect to7

%a& SOL#S , %b&


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#nne/ T ( Geg. ) %a& T or tan-er cargo i'portant thing is instantaneo"s rateo discharge ;D^ 3 N 11< 'achinery space bilges or operation

o OWS in special area (> 11< %it& sho"ld have J stopping derive #lar'.

Calibration o (> 11< e4"ip'ent sho"ld be every 2 years. %Oil content'onitor& every 2 years calibrate.

I !ill chec- that s":cient =lters spare are available or OWS.

Geg (; A Since it is a single h"ll tan-er it is allo!ed to operate as do"bleh"ll tan-er or 2> years and co'ply !ith Geg"lation (;A. #s per this I !illchec- carried o"t and also s"rvey EOCU< N$ IL is on board. $he s"rveydoc"'ent =le contains

a& 1lan or enhance s"rveyb& #ccess and lighting arrange'ent d"ring s"rveyc& #rea or !hich close "p s"rvey sho"ld be carried o"t close "p s"rvey

is %it ar'’s length&.

d& $hic-ness 'eas"re'ent.e& Ships inspection report o cargo co'port'ents and Mallast tan-sGeg"lation 2+ T Chec- SO1 1 is on board5Geg"lation 2D T Oil Gecord boo- %Old Gecord to -eep on board till ;years&.SO1 1 > !hich givesdetails o acco''odation o cre!5 each cabin sho"ld be 'ar-ed as =t orsea'en etc. and sho"ld co'ply !ith the re4"ire'ents o si@e cabin sanitaryarrange'ents etc.

In addition recreation acilities5 'ess roo' and !ashing and drying acilitiesare re4"ired !hich I !ill chec- !hether are satis actory as per


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Steering gear o s"ch ship %FLCC& '"st be =tted !ith a sa e'atic syste' sothat in case o 0yd f"id lea-age5 the pair o ra's !ill a"to'atically beconnected disconnected to retain control re4"ired or tan-er above DDDDEW$.

#ll certi=cates to be iss"ed by Aovt. o India !ill be chec-ed as iss"ed byAovt o India EAS.

T IO11 S# CON S ILLC

0o!ever certi=cate o class 'ay contin"e en orced i classi=cation society

is not changed.

$here ore contin"o"s S"rvey o


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,&Society '"st have internal a"dit e4"ivalent to ISO )DD(82DDD>&Society '"st present itsel to e/ternal a"dits by a"diting body approved by

fag state govt.So classi=cation societies "l=lling above criteria’s !ill be given stat"s o

recognised organisation by fag state to do d"ties on their behal .Li'itations to the role o classi=cation societies as G. O.7

(&$ho"gh 'any fag stat"s delegate their a"thority o s"rveys andcerti=cation to classi=cation societies5 fag state 'ay not delegate all it’sa"thority to class !hat all a"thorities are to be given to class !ill beclearly 'entioned in the agree'ent bet!een fag state and class.

In so'e cases or e.g. class 'ay "nderta-e the s"rvey o vessels "ndercertain convention i.e. SOL#S %s"rveys or sa ety constr"ction5 sa ety radio andsa ety e4"ip'ent& b"t class is not a"thorised to give certi=cates to vessels"nder that convention. M"t "nder other conventions li-e ca)t re(airi)!

8(. # doc- trial is to be cond"cted at the ti'e o dry8doc-ing at least in theollo!ing cases.

%(& When


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%2& When doc-ing !or- !as cond"cted or t!o !ee-s or longer.It 'ay be allo!ed to cond"ct 'ooring r"n or doc- trial o


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#"/iliary boiler !ere cond"cted5 it 'ay be allo!ed to cond"ct operational test os"b6ect'achinery instead o sea trial.

60

ANN AL3 INT"#%"DIAT"3 #"N"


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=re8=ghting e4"ip'ent5 etc. as speci=ed in Chapter > o this 1art.

%d& Eoc-ing S"rveys $he s"rveys consist o botto' inspections nor'ally carried o"t in a dry8doc-or on slip8!ay as speci=ed in Chapter + o this 1art.

%e& Moiler S"rveys $he s"rveys consist o open8"p e/a'inations and per or'ance tests oboilers as speci=ed in Chapter o this 1art.

% & 1ropeller Sha t and Stern $"be Sha t S"rveys $he s"rveys consist o open8"p e/a'inations etc.o propeller sha ts and thestern t"be sha ts as speci=ed in Chapter * o this 1art.

%2& 1lanned


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associated control syste's5 electrical installations and other e4"ip'ent CO


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a'end'ents to cate 19.9

#n International $onnage Certi=cate %()+)& shall be iss"edto every ship5 the gross and net tonnage o !hich have beendeter'ined in accordance !ith the Convention. $onnage Convention5article I)ter)atio)al Loa' Li)e $erti>cate#n International Load Line Certi=cate shall be iss"ed "nderthe provisions o the International Convention on LoadLines5 ()++5 to every ship !hich has been s"rveyed and'ar-ed in accordance !ith the Convention or theConvention as 'odi=ed by the ()** LL 1rotocol5 asappropriate.LL Convention5article (+R()** LL 1rotocol5article (*I)ter)atio)al Loa' Li)e " e/(tio) $erti>cate#n International Load Line /e'ption Certi=cate shall beiss"ed to any ship to !hich an e/e'ption has been granted"nder and in accordance !ith article + o the Load LineConvention or the Convention as 'odi=ed by the()** LL 1rotocol5 as appropriate.LL Convention5article +R()** LL 1rotocol5


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article (*I)tact sta ilit@ oo+let

very passenger ship regardless o si@e and every cargo shipo 2, 'etres and over shall be inclined on co'pletion andthe ele'ents o their stability deter'ined. $he 'aster shallbe s"pplied !ith a Stability Moo-let containing s"chin or'ation as is necessary to enable hi'5 by rapid and

si'ple proced"res5 to obtain acc"rate g"idance as to thestability o the ship "nder varying conditions o loading.or b"l- carriers5 the in or'ation re4"ired in a b"l- carrier

boo-let 'ay be contained in the stability boo-let.SOL#S () ,5reg"lations II8(322and II8(32>8*R()** LL 1rotocol5reg"lation (DDa/a!e co)trol (la)s a)' oo+letsOn passenger and cargo ships5 there shall be per'anently

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