1010thth American History American HistoryUnit VI – Looking Toward the Unit VI – Looking Toward the

FutureFuture

Chapter 23 – Into the Twenty-First CenturyChapter 23 – Into the Twenty-First Century

Section 3 – How September 11, 2001, Section 3 – How September 11, 2001, Changed AmericaChanged America

How September 11, 2001, How September 11, 2001, Changed AmericaChanged America

The Main Idea

A horrific attack on September 11, 2001, awakened the nation to the threat of terrorism and changed America’s

view of the world.

Reading Focus

• What happened on September 11, 2001?

• What was the background to the September 11 attacks?

• How did the United States respond to the attacks?

• How did the 9/11 attacks eventually lead to war with Iraq?

September 11, 2001September 11, 2001A Deliberate Attack

• Terrorists hijack two planes—American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines flight 175—and crash them into the World Trade Center.

• Terrorists hijack American Airlines Flight 77 and crash it into the Pentagon.

• Terrorists hijack United Airlines Flight 93, which crashes in southwestern Pennsylvania.

• In New York and Virginia, firefighters and police officers rush to the scene of the attacks.

The Twin Towers Collapse

• Both the South and the North Towers of the World Trade Center collapsed.

• Fires caused by the planes full fuel tanks weakened the buildings’ structures.

• A stunned nation watches these events unfold on television.

September 11, 2001September 11, 2001The Death Toll

• All 265 people on the four airplanes were killed.

• Estimates of the deaths at the World Trade Center were in the thousands.

• After years of investigations, the New York death toll stood at 2,749.

• 125 people died in the attack on the Pentagon.

The Nation Reacts

• People were sad and angry.

• Many admired New York’s firefighters and mayor, Rudolph Giuliani.

• Americans reached out to the victims, donating blood and money.

• Rescue workers from around the country traveled to New York to help at Ground Zero.

World Trade Center: Attacked (03:58)World Trade Center: Attacked (03:58)

Background to the September 11 Background to the September 11 AttacksAttacks

• Osama bin Laden and his terrorist network, known as al Qaeda, planned and carried out the attacks.

• Bin Laden wanted to promote a worldwide Islamic revolution.

• He claimed this required the destruction of the United States.

• Al Qaeda terrorists began entering the United States in 2000 and were ready for the attack by September 11, 2001.

September 11,2001September 11,2001

• Attack on the World Trade Center.– Twin Towers, Pentagon and

hijacked airliners. The purpose was to start a world wide confrontation between the true Muslims and the “Heretics”

– Death Toll- 2,749– Osama bin laden

• Saudi, fought in Afghanistan• Promoted world wide Islamic

revolution- the U.S. must be destroyed.

• al Qaeda- “the base”, terrorist network.

• Osama linked to World Trade Center bombing in 1993 and other bombings (such as the Cole)

• Some of the terrorist trained in America.

September 11,2001September 11,2001 5:38 min.

Background to the AttacksBackground to the AttacksOsama bin Laden

• Member of a wealthy Saudi Arabian family

• Wanted to start a worldwide Islamic revolution

• Angry at the presence of American military in Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War

• Developed a terrorist network called al Qaeda, or “the base”

• Had links to a 1993 bombing at the World Trade Center

• Trained attackers that killed American soldiers in Somalia

Al Qaeda• Made a number of threats against

the United States

• Connected to the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

• Clinton launched a missile attack into an al Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan.

• Carried out a bomb attack against the USS Cole

• Terrorists entered the United States in 2000 and enrolled in flight schools to learn to fly airplanes.

The World Trade Center Disaster and Its Aftermath (02:53)The World Trade Center Disaster and Its Aftermath (02:53)

Post 9/11Post 9/11 2:51 min.

How did the United States How did the United States respond to the attacks?respond to the attacks?

War in Afghanistan• A group known as the Taliban

ruled in Afghanistan.

• Governed according to strict Islamic law

• Close relationship with bin Laden

• Bush demanded that the Taliban seize bin Laden and give him to the United States.

• The Taliban refused and so on October 7, 2001, the United States and Great Britain attacked the Taliban in Afghanistan.

Results of the War• U.S. and British troops relied on

fighters of Afghanistan’s Northern Alliance—a group that opposed the Taliban.

• The Taliban was defeated by early December.

• Bin Laden, however, managed to avoid being captured.

Small Victories (05:31) – al QaedaSmall Victories (05:31) – al Qaeda

War in Afghanistan- “Enduring Freedom”War in Afghanistan- “Enduring Freedom”• Taliban- government of

Afghanistan.– Strict application of Islamic law

with harsh punishment.– Close relationship with Osama.

Terrorist training camps.

• Bush puts pressure on Taliban to give up Osama.

• Oct. 7, 2001 U.S. and Great Britain launch attack against Taliban.

• Northern Alliance fighter help the U.S. and the Taliban are defeated.

• However, Osama hard to capture in mountainous regions.

• Afghanistan still has problems but has a Parliamentary government - freely elected.

Fighting Terrorism at HomeFighting Terrorism at HomeBush and Congress created the Department of Homeland Security.

After 9/11 the nation experienced another type of terrorist threat: deliberate anthrax poisoning.

The crisis was limited to a handful of specific locations, but it alarmed the American people.

The White House proposed the USA PATRIOT Act, which made it easier for law enforcement to secretly collect information about suspected terrorists.

Critics claimed this act gave law enforcement too much power and posed a threat to basic freedoms.

Homeland SecurityHomeland Security• Department of Homeland

Security- Anti-Terrorism bill. 180,000 employees and 22 agencies merged.

• Color coded warning system for terrorist threats.

• Biological agents- such as anthrax.

• Airport security.• U.S. Patriot act

– Strengthen powers of law enforcement and collect secret information.

– Some believe this is a threat to basic freedoms.

• Axis of Evil- Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.

The National Strategy for Homeland The National Strategy for Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Security and the Homeland Security Act of 2002 served to mobilize and organize our nation to served to mobilize and organize our nation to secure the homeland from terrorist attacks.secure the homeland from terrorist attacks.

• Critical Mission AreasCritical Mission Areas

– Intelligence and warningIntelligence and warning

– Border and Transportation SecurityBorder and Transportation Security

– Domestic CounterterrorismDomestic Counterterrorism

– Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets.Assets.

– Defending against Catastrophic Threats.Defending against Catastrophic Threats.

– Emergency Preparedness and Response.Emergency Preparedness and Response.

Dept. of Homeland SecurityDept. of Homeland SecurityStrategic GoalsStrategic Goals

• AwarenessAwareness -- Identify and understand threats, assess vulnerabilities, determine potential impacts and -- Identify and understand threats, assess vulnerabilities, determine potential impacts and disseminate timely information to our homeland security partners and the American public. disseminate timely information to our homeland security partners and the American public.

• PreventionPrevention -- Detect, deter and mitigate threats to our homeland. -- Detect, deter and mitigate threats to our homeland.

• Protection -- Protection -- Safeguard our people and their freedoms, critical infrastructure, property and the Safeguard our people and their freedoms, critical infrastructure, property and the economy of our Nation from acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.economy of our Nation from acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

• ResponseResponse -- Lead, manage and coordinate the national response to acts of terrorism, natural -- Lead, manage and coordinate the national response to acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.disasters, or other emergencies.

• RecoveryRecovery -- Lead national, state, local and private sector efforts to restore services and rebuild -- Lead national, state, local and private sector efforts to restore services and rebuild communities after acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.communities after acts of terrorism, natural disasters, or other emergencies.

• ServiceService -- Serve the public effectively by facilitating lawful trade, travel and immigration. -- Serve the public effectively by facilitating lawful trade, travel and immigration.

• Organizational ExcellenceOrganizational Excellence -- Value our most important resource, our people. Create a culture that -- Value our most important resource, our people. Create a culture that promotes a common identity, innovation, mutual respect, accountability and teamwork to achieve promotes a common identity, innovation, mutual respect, accountability and teamwork to achieve efficiencies, effectiveness, and operational synergies.efficiencies, effectiveness, and operational synergies.

U.S. Patriot ActU.S. Patriot Act 2:24 min.

Use of the MilitaryUse of the Military• According to President Bush our

troops out to be used to fight and win war. Critical of Somalia and Haiti intervention.

• We need a military that is prepared to fight conflicts of the future.

• Keep troops in NATO and Korea not Haiti and Balkans.

• Patrol borders with free trade.• Preemptive, unprovoked action against

emerging threats.- Bush Doctrine.

War in IraqWar in Iraq

• Bush declared a war on terror and listed Iraq as a possible foe.

• Iraq was to destroy its weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War and allow UN weapons inspectors inside the country.

• Although Iraq allowed weapons inspections following 9/11, Bush insisted that Iraq had failed to account for weapons it was known to have possessed after the Persian Gulf War.

• Many of America’s longtime allies advised against going to war, but Bush insisted that Iraq was a threat and invaded Iraq in March 2003.

Results of the Iraqi WarResults of the Iraqi War• Within a month, Saddam’s regime fell and

Saddam was captured within the year.

• American forces remained in Iraq to help keep order and train a new Iraqi security force.

• Terrorists continued to take a terrible toll on American soldiers and Iraqi citizens.

• Bush faced criticism when no weapons of mass destruction were found.

• However, he was re-elected and made clear that U.S. forces would remain in Iraq for as long as necessary to ensure peace and order there.

War in Iraq- Iraqi FreedomWar in Iraq- Iraqi Freedom• Iraq failed to account for weapons it

was known to have possessed after the Persian Gulf War. WMD’s???? UN inspections.

• New Iraqi weapons systems?• March 2003- Allies storm into Iraq.• Saddam was captured later in 2003-

and stood trial• New Iraqi government

– 2004- Interim Iraqi government and new security forces

– 2005- elections to create new constitution.

• Terrorists (insurgents) in Iraq- on going violence and suicide bombings.

War in Iraq- Iraqi FreedomWar in Iraq- Iraqi Freedom• 5 Steps to help Iraq

– Transfer full sovereignty to a government of Iraqi citizens.

– Establish stability and security for Iraqi democracy.

– Rebuild Iraqi infrastructure.

– Enlist international support

– free national elections.

The military objectives of The military objectives of Operation Iraqi Operation Iraqi FreedomFreedom

• First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein. First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.

• Second, to identify, isolate and eliminate, Iraq's weapons of mass Second, to identify, isolate and eliminate, Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. destruction.

• Third, to search for, to capture and to drive out terrorists from the Third, to search for, to capture and to drive out terrorists from the country. country.

• Fourth, to collect intelligence related to terrorist networks. Fourth, to collect intelligence related to terrorist networks.

• Fifth, to collect such intelligence as is related to the global network of illicit Fifth, to collect such intelligence as is related to the global network of illicit weapons of mass destruction. weapons of mass destruction.

• Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately deliver humanitarian support to Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately deliver humanitarian support to the displaced and to many needed citizens.the displaced and to many needed citizens.

• Seventh, to secure Iraq's oil fields and resources, which belong to the Iraqi Seventh, to secure Iraq's oil fields and resources, which belong to the Iraqi people. people.

• Finally, to help the Iraqi people create conditions for a transition to a Finally, to help the Iraqi people create conditions for a transition to a representative self-government.representative self-government.

Operation Iraqi Freedom ReasonsOperation Iraqi Freedom ReasonsForFor

• Generally, Hussein is a proven threat to international security, Generally, Hussein is a proven threat to international security, he is interested in developing chemical, biological, and nuclear he is interested in developing chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons and has shown a willingness to use such weapons on weapons and has shown a willingness to use such weapons on Iraq's neighbors but also against Iraq's Kurdish population.Iraq's neighbors but also against Iraq's Kurdish population.

• Alternatives to invasion won't solve the problem.Alternatives to invasion won't solve the problem.

• If Iraq were to acquire Weapons of Mass Destruction it could If Iraq were to acquire Weapons of Mass Destruction it could threaten regional stability and deter any potential military threaten regional stability and deter any potential military action against Iraq.action against Iraq.

• Winning the war would be easy and the costs would be minimalWinning the war would be easy and the costs would be minimal

• Removing Hussein would be consistent with the goals of the war Removing Hussein would be consistent with the goals of the war on terrorismon terrorism.

• The Iraqi people would support this actionThe Iraqi people would support this action

• Toppling Hussein will have little or no negative impacts the Toppling Hussein will have little or no negative impacts the region.region.

• If Hussein develops chemical, biological or nuclear weapons he If Hussein develops chemical, biological or nuclear weapons he could give the weapons to terrorist organization who could use could give the weapons to terrorist organization who could use those materials against the United States or its allies.those materials against the United States or its allies.

AgainstAgainst• Iraq is effectively contained.Iraq is effectively contained.

• Inspections will work and were successful in the 1990s.Inspections will work and were successful in the 1990s.

• The United States' nuclear capability currently deters The United States' nuclear capability currently deters Hussein from using WMD on its neighbors.Hussein from using WMD on its neighbors.

• The costs of this war could be prohibitive. Reports The costs of this war could be prohibitive. Reports indicate that over 200,000 troops could be needed and indicate that over 200,000 troops could be needed and that the war could cost $80 billion.that the war could cost $80 billion.

• Invading Iraq will hurt the war on terrorism. A US Invading Iraq will hurt the war on terrorism. A US attack will alienate Muslim countries especially the attack will alienate Muslim countries especially the ArabArab

• The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians The conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians centers on cultural and territorial issues that transcend centers on cultural and territorial issues that transcend political systems.political systems.

• Iran, fearing that it could be the next state to be Iran, fearing that it could be the next state to be attacked, could nuclearize.attacked, could nuclearize.

• Fears that Iraq would give WMD to terrorists lack Fears that Iraq would give WMD to terrorists lack credibility.credibility.

George W. Bush's Mission Accomplished (04:33)George W. Bush's Mission Accomplished (04:33)

09.10.02 by JML

September 11, 2001September 11, 2001

Never Forget!Never Forget!

Please pass this on so WEPlease pass this on so WENever Forget the day thatNever Forget the day thatchanged ALL of our lives!changed ALL of our lives!