10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )

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Misr Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura.

Runway Design


Runway System

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Runway System

Structural pavement, shoulders, blast pad, runway safety

area, various obstruction-free surfaces, and runway

protection zone.


Object Free Zone

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Runway System

• Structural pavement supports the aircraft with respect to

structural load, maneuverability, control, stability, and other

operational and dimensional criteria.

• Shoulder adjacent to the edges of the structural pavement

resists jet blast erosion and accommodates maintenance and

emergency equipment.

• Blast pad is an area designed to prevent erosion of the

surfaces adjacent to the ends of runways due to jet blast or

propeller wash.

• Runway safety area (RSA) or runway strip is an area

surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the

risk of damage to aircraft in the event of an undershoot,

overshoot, or excursion from the runway.


Runway System• Object-free area (OFA) is a two-dimensional ground area

surrounding the runway which must be clear of parked

aircraft and objects other than those whose location is fixed

by function.

• Obstacle-free zone (OFZ) is a defined volume of airspace

centered above the runway which supports the transition

between ground and airborne operations.

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Runway Reference Code


Airport Code

• For example, an airport which is designed to

accommodate a Boeing 767–200:

• Outer main gear wheel span width = 10.44 m,

• Wingspan = 48 m,

• Maximum takeoff weight = 317,000 lb,

• Requiring a runway length of about 1830 m at sea

level on a standard day,

• Reference code = 4-D.

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Runway Width


The basic runway length as recommended by ICAO

Runway Length and Width

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Runway

Longitudinal

and Transverse

Gradient


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It is the length of runway under the followingassumed conditions at the airport:

1. Airport altitude is at the sea level2. Temperature at the airport is standard (150C)3. Runway is leveled in the longitudinal direction (zero

gradient)4. No wind is blowing on the runway5. Aircraft is loaded to its full loading capacity

Basic Runway Length


Runway Length Corrections

The basic runway length is for mean sea level having standard atmospheric conditions, necessary corrections are therefore applied after determining the basic runway length are:-

1. Correction for Elevation

2. Correction for Temperature

3. Check for total correction for Elevation and Temperature

4. Correction for Gradient

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Correction for Elevation

ICAO recommends that the basic runway length should be

increased at the rate of 7% per 300 m (1000 ft) rise in

elevation above sea level.

L1 = LB + D L1

300100

71

ElevationxxLL BD


Correction for Temperature

T = Airport reference temperatureTa = Monthly mean of average daily temperature for the

hottest month of the yearTm = Monthly mean of maximum daily temperature for same

month of the year

Standard temperature Ts = 150C – 0.0065* Elevation

DT = T – Ts ,

D L2 = (L1/100) * DT

L2 = L1 + D L2

3

ama

TTTT

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Check for Total correction for Elevation and Temperature

ICAO further recommends that, if the total correction forelevation plus temperature exceeds 35% of the basic runwaylength

%351002

xL

LL

B

B


Correction for Gradient

• Temperature should be increased at 20% for every 1percent of effective gradient

• Effective gradient is defined as the maximum difference inelevation between the highest and lowest points of runwaydivided by the total length of runway

D L3 =

%100*minmax

2L

ElevElevGeff

effxGxL2100

20

L3 = L2 + D L3

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Example

The monthly mean temperature of the atmosphere at aparticular site where an airport is to be developed, are givenbelow. Determine the airport reference temperature. If thesite is at mean sea level determine the actual runway length.The runway is assumed to be level.

TemperatureMonth

Temperature

Month Mean Max Daily

Mean Aver Daily

Mean Max Daily

Mean Ave. Daily

3732July53January

3530August1715February

3127September2320March

2822October3225April

1812November4735May

96December5040June


Solution

The table indicate that the hottest month of the year is June.Hence the mean of maximum daily temperature,

Tm= 500C

Mean of average daily temperature,

Ta= 400C

Airport reference temperature

C

TTTT am

a

033.43

3

405040

3

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Suppose the basic runway length= L meters.

Standard atmospheric temperature at mean sea level (150C ).

The rise of temperature = 43.330- 150= 28.330C

The required correction

The corrected length = L + 0.2833 L = 1. 2833 L meters

No correction for elevation or gradient is required

33.28*100

LL D


The length of runway under standard conditions is 1620 m.the airport site has an elevation of 270 m. its referencetemperature is 32.9 0C. If the runway is to be constructed withan effective gradient of 0.2 percent, determine the correctedrunway length.

1. Correction for elevation

Solution

mxxL 102300

2701620

100

71 D

Corrected length = 1620+102 = 1722 m

Example

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2. Correction for temperature

Standard atmospheric temp Ts = 150C – 0.0065* 270 = 13.180C

Rise of temp DT = 32.9 – 13.18 = 19.720C

3. Check for total correction of Elev. and Temp.

< 35% ok

4. Correction for gradient

mxL 34072.19100

17222 D

Corrected length = 1722 + 340 = 2062 m

percentx 2.271001620

16202062

mxxL 48.8220.02062100

203 D

Corrected length = 2062 + 82.48 = 2144.48 m rounding this value to the nearest 10 meters, Corrected Runway Length = 2150 m


Single Runway Airport

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High Speed Exit Taxiway

• The function of the exit taxiways is to minimize the runway occupancy

by landing aircraft.

• At high speeds a compound

curve was necessary

• To minimize tire wear on the

nose gear and, therefore, the

central or main curve radius

R2 should be preceded by a

much larger radius curve R1.

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Common Taxiway Exit

and Intersection

Configuration

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FAA Taxiway Curvature Dimensional Standards, ft


• These are located where the aircrafts wait for their return to

take off and where they are finally checked before the take

off.

• Holding aprons are usually provided near the runway ends

and are made sufficiently large so that, if one aircraft is

unable to take off because of some defects in the

machinery, another aircraft can bypass it for the take off.

• The size of holding apron depends on the peak hour aircraft

movements, the aircraft size and its ground maneuvering

characteristics.

• Holding apron may not be required if the volume of traffic is

small. The size of holding apron should be sufficient to

accommodate 2 to 4 aircrafts and allow one additional

aircraft to bypass without any difficulty.

Holding Apron

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Holding Apron


Holding Apron

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Holding Apron


Flow-through bypass holding pad

10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )

Engineering

Transcript of 10-Runway Design ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )