10 f2015 Great London Fire 1666
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Transcript of 10 f2015 Great London Fire 1666
1666 Great Fire
Dutch School 1675
Plague
Average Mortality ~5 times normalRich/Poor
1563 1.401593 0.951603 0.881625 0.791665 0.60
Great Fire−Spread
Thomas Faryner's bakehouse/ Pudding Lane
320 Years Later
June 10, 1986
Immediate Responses
• Demolish houses to create firebreaks– Mayor Bloodworth accused of inaction in
expediting this before order from Charles– Personal supervision and participation by Charles
and James• Call out militia from neighboring shires
Extent
Problems
• Overhanging upper floors• Pitch used as sealant• Hollow walls• Proximity to warehouses storing flammable
materials• Wooden buildings• Poor water supply
Consequences
• 200,000 displaced– To Moorfields and Highgate (north) and Soho
fields (west).• Rents in surviving buildings increase• End of Dutch War• Increased imports of timber; Work for
bricklayers• Growth outside the City
Losses
3,200 housesSt Paul's Cathedral87 parish churches6 chapelsBridewell PrisonNewgate PrisonThe Guildhall
3 City gatesThe Custom House4 stone bridgesSessions HouseThe Royal Exchange52 livery company halls
Rebuilding London
LawPlanning
Architecture
Zoning by DeclarationAny houses to be inhabited by Brewers, or Diers, or
Sugar-Bakers, which Trades by their continual Smoaks contribute very much to the unhealthiness of the adjacent places.
We require the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of London upon a ful consideration, and weighing all conveniences and inconveniences that can be foreseen, to propose such a place as may be fit for all those Trades which are carried on by smoak to inhabit together.
Charles II, 1666
Charles II cont.
We resolve that all Streets cannot be of equal breadth, yet none shall be so narrow as to make the passage uneasy or inconvenient.
His Majestie ’s Declaration To His City of LONDON, Upon Occasion of the late Calamity by the lamentable FIRE, 1666
Fire of London Disputes Act 1666
• Special court to settle disputes between landlords and tenant of burnt buildings– Continuing rents– Renegotiating leases– New codes reduce area of stores
Commission
• Christopher Wren • Robert Hooke, Royal Society and Professor of
Geometry at Gresham College • Hugh May, a royal official with experience of
architecture • Roger Pratt, architect • Edward Jerman, City surveyor, carpenter,
architect• Peter Mills, City Surveyor
Rebuilding Act of 1667.
• Ban overhanging fronts• Ban hanging signs (replace by plaques)• New buildings must be brick or stone• Height of buildings dependent on road widths;
road widths specified• Tax on coal to finance rebuilding
Signs
Hammersmith, outside city limits
The Three Kings, 1667
1720
Rebuilding Act of 1670
• Widen certain streets• Rebuild Guildhall, Royal Exchange, Sessions
house in the Old Bailey• Compensation for land taken for these
projects• Inspections before laying foundations
Rebuilding acts
• Require downspouts• Set back window frames 4” from outer walls• Streets to be 14’ wide• Employment of non-London labor permitted
Sewage and Paving Act 1671
• Mayor and commission to be in sole charge • Rebuild roads with side drains• Assessments on wards, fronting properties
including church parishes• Laystalls for waste transfer
Finance
• Initial: 1s/ton coal tax• Contributions from livery companies• Charity in London and elsewhere
– Collected £16,486.92– St. Paul’s brief £7,329.97
Distribution of Charity
Plans
• Richard Newcourt – grid system• Christopher Wren – vistas and widened streets
Richard Newcourt, Grid Plan X
Wren plan, 1744 map based on lost plan X
Plans Gone Agley
• Reconfiguring London is not implemented– Need to acquire rights of way and government
intervention was not used– Political problem of acquiring private land– Private financing
Monuments
Golden Boy of Pye Corner
Where London’s column, pointing at the skies, Like a tall bully, lifts the head and lies.
Alexander Pope
Insurance Companies
• c. 1681 Insurance Office for Houses at the Royal Exchange
• Fire companies establish their own brigades
• Issue fire marks to identify covered buildings
Insurance
1696 Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society at Tom’s Coffee House
– Mutual society– Fire brigade
After the FireCoffee Houses
Roger Pratt (1620-85)
1658 Coleshill, Berkshire
Edward Jerman (1605-68)
• Master carpenter• Surveyor of City works• Mercer’s Hall• St. Paul’s School• Royal Exchange
Royal Exchange1751 engraving
St. Paul’s School (1670-1822), engraved 1755
Christopher Wren (1632–1723)
Early interest in science and mathematics1657 Chair of astronomy at Gresham CollegeMember of the Royal Society1661 Savilian chair of astronomy, OxfordAdvised on repair of old St. Pauls1669 Surveyor of the King’s Works
1663 Pembroke College Chapel
• For his uncle, bishop of Ely
Wadham College, Oxford
OxfordSheldonian Theatre
1664
Wren−Rebuilding London
1672 Temple Bar
Rebuilding Progress
1667 Report of 700 to 800 rebuilt houses considered an overestimate1668 1450 houses1670 7,000 sites surveyed, 6,000 homes built1676 Entire area rebuilt except for some churches including St. Pauls• 20% or more fewer houses
– Larger homes occupied by merchants and aldermen (aristocrats continue pre-fire move out of City)
New Churches
• Modern (classical) design– Adapt steeple to more horizontal plan– Restricted by existing sites
• More light; better sound• Designed for liturgy using Book of Common
Prayer
1666 St. Paul’s –Pre-fire Design
1670-2 Greek Cross Design
1675 Warrant Design
St. Paul’s – Final Design
• Large central dome• Emphasized central
space• Towers on west
end
St. Paul’s
Wren’s Churches
• Wren designed 51 of the 87 parish churches lost or in need of major repairs– 10 demolished by 1860 Act – 6 demolished to add space for streets and
buildings– 3 destroyed by Blitz
1680 St. Mary-le-Bow
1672-9 St Stephen Walbrook
Interior, St Stephen Walbrook