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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1
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Impact of the Renaissance Review: Rebirth of Antiquity Humanists mastered Latin and Greek Rediscovered classical works
PtolemyArchimedesPlatoAristotle
Studying led to diverse ideas
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Inventions/Developments Printing Press (Gutenberg)
LiteracySpread of ideas
Accurate MeasurementsWeights ships could carry
InstrumentsTelescopeMicroscope
MathematicsFrancios Viete (French lawyer)Used of variables (letters)
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Astronomy
Geocentric ModelPtolemaic systemEarth-centeredUniverse – concentric spheres
Heliocentric modelCopernicus’ systemSun-centeredUniverse – Elliptical orbits
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Nicholas Copernicus
Polish mathematician Born: May 1543 Publication
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric System
Sun-centeredEarth revolves and rotates
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Johannes Kepler
German mathematician Against Ptolemy
Used detailed astronomical data Laws of Planetary Movement
Confirmed sun-centered universeElliptical Orbits of planets
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Galileo Galilei Italian teacher of mathematics Telescope
Inventor/developerMade regular observations of the heavens
DiscoveriesMountains on the moon4 moons of JupiterSunspots
Issues with the church**Cardinal BellarmineDebate: Church teachings vs. Science
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Sir Isaac Newton Most brilliant mind of the era
United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Background
Born: 1642 in EnglandCambridge University scholarMathematics professor
Important WorksMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyPrincipia
Universal Law of GravitationExplains planetary movementMotion of objects in the universe
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Medicine Developments
AntiquityGalen (100 AD)Greek physician
Andres VesaliusDissected human bodiesDescription of organsDetailed account on the body
William Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liverBlood cycle through veins
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Chemistry
Robert BoyleChemistry experimentsBoyle’s Law
○ Property of gasses○ Volume varies based on pressure applied
Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry
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Women’s Contributions Margaret Cavendish
English aristocratic familyWrote on scientific matters
○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy○ Published under her own name
Maria WinkelmannGerman astronomer Discovered a cometApplied to ranking position
○ After husband’s death○ Denied: lack of education and a woman
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Philosophy and Reason
Rene DescartesFrench philosopherIdeaology
○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere○ “I think, therefor I am” certain
Philosophy dominated Western thought○ Until the 20th century
RationalismReason is the chief source of knowledge
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Scientific Method Francis Bacon
English philosopher ○ Few scientific credentials○ Not a scientist
“The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”
Scientific MethodSystematic procedure for collecting and analyzing
evidenceMajor element of modern science
Inductive reasoningParticular General thinking
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Scientific Method
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1