10 05 12 School Building Expo - HED - Grid Neutral Schools-1

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California Case Studies

Tuesday, May 11, 2010

1.30 – 2.30pm



Presenters

• John R. Dale FAIA,LEED AP, Principal / Education Studio Leader,

Harley Ellis Devereaux

• r s un ne , , us a na e es gn pec a s ,

Greenworks Studio

• Elisabeth Newell RA, LEED AP, Senior Architect, Sustainable

Design Specialist, Greenworks Studio

2



Learning Objectives

1. Understand the nature of new whole building performance

goals such as grid neutrality and zero net energy

2. Gain exposure to the range of energy efficiency measures that

3. Understand the role of advanced energy modeling as a tool to

quantify the impact of design changes

4. Gain a new awareness of the design considerations required to

facilitate grid neutral performance

3



Expanding Number of Zero Net Initiatives

• DSA Grid Neutral Schools Program

-

– All new construction ZNE by 2030

– o ex s ng u ngs y

• Others – Architecture 2030

– New CHPS Grid Neutral / ZNE Points

– Community College District / UC initiatives

– Zero Energy Commercial Buildings Consortium

4



Climate Change – Significant Rise in Average Temperatures

Average Monthly Temperatures in Van Nuys, California• IPCC climate models

predict significant

80

85

u r e ( F )

Van Nuys 1990 Van Nuys 2020 Van Nuys 2050 increase in averagetemperatures (3.5 to 5F)

65

70

75

n t h l y

T e m p e r a t • requency o g

temperature periods

(>100F) would increase

50

55

60

A v e r a g e M from 30 to 120 hours

• Frequency of low

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (<40F) would decrease

from 20 to 2 hours

5



Climate Change – Big Impacts on HVAC Energy

Impact of Climate Change on Heating and Cooling Energy

Consumption

• Impact on LAUSD 12

based on

12

o n

Space Heating Space Cooling

temperature

increases between

1990 and 2050

6

8

10

C o n s u m p t i

s f / y r )

-29%-50%

• 50% reduction in

heating energy

2

4

n u a l E n e r g

( k B t u

+22% +45%

• 45 ncrease n

cooling energy

• Passive strate ies to

1990 2020 2050 A

reduce cooling load

will become even

6



Valley Region Elementary School 12

7




• Includes classrooms, a

, -

room, food service andlunch shelter,

playfields and

underground parking

• Play yard with

landscape, kindergarten

la round

multipurpose track &

field.

8



LAUSD #12CHPS 2006 certified

9



LAUSD #12Overview

East - West axis orientation

Exterior shading on South

Low LPD lighting system

SEER 12 - 14 on rooftop packaged

Light shelves and daylightingwindows

High performance glazing Cross ventilation in assembly and

multipurpose areas

CHPS Certified

10




• Completion: Summer 2010

• School Year Occupancy: 2010-11



13



How could a typical, urban school be designed, built, occupied

& maintained as Grid Neutral ?

• 2 story buildings• Double loaded corridors

• ng e aspec c assrooms

• Rooftop package units for each classroom

• Limited acreage for landscape and playgrounds

• Tight space allowances and low grossing factors

• Tight construction and O&M budgets

• 50 ear buildin lifes an

• Typical inland CA climate, very hot, dry daytime temperatures, cooler night

time temperatures

19



Software Simulation Analysis

• Thermal modeling

• Human comfort models

• Shading and Daylighting• Renewables

20



Simulated Annual Energy Consumption

• Can’t use code compliancemodels to estimate energyconsumption

• Need customized energy

model – Occupancy, lighting and plug

oa consump on pro es

– Outside lighting

– Natural ventilation strategies Multi-track Schedule (37 kBtu/sf/yr)• o e ng prov es o a

energy consumption andEnergy Use Intensity

–

benchmark for energyperformance

21



Energy Modeling Results

71 kBtu/sf/ r

58 kBtu/sf/yr

Predictive

Energy Model

30 kBtu/sf/yr

Baseline Proposed Proposed

Tit e 24 (Title 24) (eQuest)

22



On-Site Generation – Harvesting the Solar PV Resource

Total Roof Area = 30,000 sf

Typically only 50% of roof area is available for PV




Minimum Area of PV Required to Reach Grid

Neutral (Traditional Calendar) = 14,000 sf




Minimum Area of PV Required to Reach Net

Zero (Traditional Calendar) = 20,000 sf



Opportunities for Improved Building Performance

• Passive

• High R-value wall and ceiling insulation

• Overhangs / light shelves

• High performance windows

• Skylights

• Operable windows

• Night flushing

• Active

• Low LPD lighting system

• High EER package units

• Energy recovery

• Displacement ventilation

26



Climate Profile – Monthly Temperatures

• Summer conditions frequently involve temperatures over 80F

27



Climate Profile – Daylight Levels

• Average illumination during daylight hours is 5000 footcandles

•

28



Climate Profile – Average Wind Speeds

• Typical wind turbine requires average wind speeds over 9mph• Urban wind profiles and turbulence from building further reduce

29



Climate Profile – Ground Temperatures

• Deep ground temperatures provide a potential source of heating

and cooling through geo-exchange• Effectiveness will depend on soil conditions, level of water table,

,

30



Climate Profile – Psychrometric Chart

• Indicates that natural ventilation, thermal mass, night flushing

31



Improved Daylighting – North Facing Roof Monitors

• Opportunity for improved daylight harvesting

on top floor

• Use of north facing roof monitors would

provide up to 100% daylight autonomy

• Ground floor light penetration already aided by

light shelf but limited to 20 feet penetration

Ground Floor Top Floor

32

f I i f li h i d V



Roof Integration of Daylighting and PV

33



34



35

Potential for Daytime Natural Ventilation



90% Hours: 8am to 5pm, M-F

Potential for Daytime Natural Ventilation

70%

80%

r s )

Min Temp: 57F

Humidity Limit: 0.012lb/lb

50%

60%

o n ( % o

f h o

30%

40%

r a l

V e n t i l a t i

10%

20% N a t u

0%

36

Adaptive Comfort Allows Adjustment of Cooling Setpoints



Adaptive Comfort – Allows Adjustment of Cooling Setpoints

• 160 feet per minute of natural airflow allows cooling setpoint to

37Source: ASHRAE

e ra se y up o

We’ve Been Here Before



We ve Been Here Before

38

Example from Vernacular Architecture



Example from Vernacular Architecture

39

Example from California Vernacular Architecture




Solar Activated Thermal Chimneys



Design of Solar Absorbtion Surface



Design of Solar Absorbtion Surface

44

Wind Driven Pressure Differentials



45

Interior Airflow Speed and Distribution



p

46

Combined Results – Classroom Building



12

)Plug Loads Water Heating

g

10

( k B t u / s f / y

Heating Cooling15%

25%33%

6

o n s u m

p t i o

• Cooling reduced by

60%

4

a l E n e r g y C

by 44%

• Heating increased

0

A n n

• Lighting reduced by

75%

ase ne

12)

ncrease

CoolingSetpoint (75F

to 80F)

erma

chimney +Natural

Ventilation +

ay g ng

g t us ng

47

Energy Modeling Results



Baseline Proposed Proposed Improved

48

And the Final Answer Is…..



350

400

PV Capacity Required

250

300

( k W )

85kW

150

200

V

C a p a c i t

98kW

0

50

100

As Designed Improved As Designed Improved

Net Zero Grid Neutral

49

And the Final Answer Is…..



20,000

, rea equ re

15,000 q u i r e d ( s f 4800 sqft

Available Space for PV

10,000

a

o f P V R 5500 sqft

5,000 A r

0As Designed Improved As Designed Improved

50

Net Zero Grid Neutral

Required Roof Energy Production (kBtu/sf/yr)



1 Story – 50% of Roof Area Used for PV

200

150

100

50

Grid Neutral

EUI = 25

Net Zero Energy

EUI = 40

0




2 Stories – 50% of Roof Area Used for PV

200

150

100

50

Grid Neutral

EUI = 25

Net Zero Energy

EUI = 40

0




3 Stories – 50% of Roof Area Used for PV

200

150

100

50

Grid Neutral

EUI = 25

Net Zero Energy

EUI = 40

0

Conclusions



In order to achieve success with the goal of Grid Neutral Schools, the

following requirements need to be fulfilled:

1. Up front changes are required in planning, design and construction

procedures in order to maximize energy efficiency

2. Performance Monitoring of building systems must become an integral

part of the scope of services provided by design professionals in all relevant

disciplines

3. Users need to be educated and trained to ensure optimum and sustained

use for the life of the facility.

54



1. Up front changes are required in planning, design and

construction procedures in order to maximize energy efficiency.

implications in terms of site planning, building envelope

design and sectional design and building footprint spaceallocation

• An understanding and buy-in has to occur on many levels

from State Funding Agencies to School District Facilities

accommodate and finance the new requirements.

• Capital and Operating budgets need to be formulated and

eva uate in concert wit eac ot er: Design, systems

performance and user behavior are inextricably linked tothe achievement of this goal.

55

Designing For Grid Neutral – No Singular Solutions



Geothermal

Night Flushing

Real Time Feedback

Radiant Systems

identif & inte rate

Internal Load Reduction

Occupant Education

site and project

specific solutions

Shading Systems

Load Shifting

incorporating

renewable energyDaylightingOn-Site Renewables

systems

Comfort Zone

High Efficiency Technologies

Energy Recovery

Balancing Space Needs for Optimal Solutions



57



2. Performance Monitoring of building systemsmust become an integral part of the scope of

services provided by design professionals in all

relevant disci lines.

• Whole Building commissioning is an essential partof achieving grid neutrality

• Long term achievement of grid neutral goals

requires the application of measurable, defensible

and widel acce ted metrics.

• Measurement and Verification must include

performance benchmarking along with sub

over time and to prevent systems / performancedeterioration.

58

Appropriate Solutions Verified Through Measurement andV ifi ti



Verification

59

3 Educate and train users and facilities management to ensure optimum energy



3. Educate and train users and facilities management to ensure optimum energy

.

• Operating a grid neutral facility includes users

minimizing use of plug and lighting loads.

• User groups need to be integral participants in

the successful operation of school facilities andcan therefore no longer be passive users and

consumers.

• Facility Management Staff are key to successful

implementation and system adjustment asneeds arise.

• Increased energy efficiency and the true

climate change. Users’ comfort standards willhave to adapt and evolve in response to

changing conditions.

60



THANK YOU

www.harleyellisdevereaux.com

www.greenwor stu io.com

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10 05 12 School Building Expo - HED - Grid Neutral Schools-1

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