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Wind Energy

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Preperd by :

Huthefa Flieh

Osama mohamad

Nazer Al Zoubi

Hazem khres

Malek Rezkallh

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Wind Energy Outline

History and Context Advantages Disadvantages Wind Farm Development Future

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History and Context

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Wind Energy History ~ 400 A.D.

Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels 1200 to 1850

Golden era of windmills in western Europe – 50,000

9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany

1850’s Multiblade turbines for water pumping made

and marketed in U.S. 1882

Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in London .

Wind Energy History …..cont. 1900

Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population to fewer than 10,000

1850 – 1930 Heyday of the small multiblade turbines in the US

midwast As many as 6,000,000 units installed

1936+ US Rural Electrification Administration extends the

grid to most formerly isolated rural sites Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade

turbine uses

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Increasingly Significant Power Source

Wind could generate 6% of nation’s electricity by 2020.

Wind currently produces less than 1% of the nation’s power. Source: Energy Information Agency

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Wind Power Advantages

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Advantages of Wind Power

Environmental Economic Development Fuel Diversity & Conservation Cost Stability

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Environmental Benefits

No air pollution No greenhouse gasses Does not pollute water with mercury No water needed for operations

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Pollution from Electric Power

Source: Northwest Foundation, 12/97

23%

28%

33%

34%

70%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Toxic Heavy Metals

Particulate Matter

Nitrous Oxides

Carbon Dioxide

Sulfur Dioxide

Percentage of U.S. Emissions

Electric power is a primary source of industrial air pollution

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Economic Development Benefits

Expanding Wind Power development brings jobs to rural communities

Increased tax revenue Purchase of goods & services

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Fuel Diversity Benefits

Domestic energy source Inexhaustible supply Small, dispersed design

reduces supply risk

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Cost Stability Benefits

Flat-rate pricing hedge against fuel price volatility risk

Wind electricity is inflation-proof

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Wind Disadvantages

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Market Barriers Siting

Avian Noise Aesthetics

Intermittent source of power Transmission constraints Operational characteristics different from

conventional fuel sources Financing

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Wind Energy and the Grid Pros

Small project size Short/flexible development time Dispatchability

Cons Generally remote location Grid connectivity -- lack of transmission capability Intermittent output

Only When the wind blows (night? Day?) Low capacity factor Predicting the wind -- we’re getting better

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Birds - A Serious Obstacle

Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in jeopardy Altamont Pass – News Update – from Sept 22

shut down all the turbines for at least two months each winter eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines Replace all before permits expire in 13 years

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Wind – Characteristics & Consequences Remote location and low capacity factor

Higher transmission investment per unit output Small project size and quick development

time Planning mismatch with transmission investment

Intermittent output Higher system operating costs if systems and

protocols not designed properly

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Balancing Supply & Demand

Base Load – Coal

Gas/Hydro

Gas

3500

4000

4500

3000

Wind Farm Development

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Wind Farm Development

Key parameters Wind resource Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease Connectivity to the grid Financing

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Wind Farm Development Wind resource

Absolutely vital to determine finances Wind is the fuel

Requires historical wind data Daily and hourly detail

Install metrological towers Preferably at projected turbine hub height Multiple towers across proposed site

Multiyear data reduces financial risk Correlate long term offsite data to support short term

onsite data Local NWS metrological station

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Wind Energy Variability

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Wind Farm Development Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease

Obtain local and state governmental approvals Often includes Environmental Impact Studies

Impact to wetlands, birds (especially raptors) NIMBY component

View sheds

Negotiate lease arrangements with ranchers, farmers, Native American tribes, etc.

Annual payments per turbine or production based

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Wind Farm Development Connectivity to the grid

Obtain approvals to tie to the grid Obtain from grid operators – WAPA, BPA, California

ISO Power fluctuations stress the grid

Especially since the grid is operating near max capacity

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Wind Farm Development Financing

Once all components are settled… Wind resource Zoning/Public Approval/Land Lease Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) Connectivity to the grid Turbine procurement Construction costs

…Take the deal to get financed

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Future Trends

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Expectations for Future Growth

20,000 total turbines installed by 2010 6% of electricity supply by 2020

100,000 MW of wind power installed by 2020

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Future Cost Reductions Financing Strategies Manufacturing

Economy of Scale Better Sites and

“Tuning” Turbines for Site Conditions

Technology Improvements

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Future Tech Developments Application Specific Turbines

Offshore Limited land/resource areas Transportation or construction limitations Low wind resource Cold climates

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The Future of Wind - Offshore

•1.5 - 6 MW per turbine•60-120 m hub height•5 km from shore, 30 m deep ideal•Gravity foundation, pole, or tripod formation•Shaft can act as artificial reef•Drawbacks- T&D losses (underground cables lead to shore) and visual eye sore

The EndAny questions ??

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