1. Which of the following occurred as a result of the development of agriculture…..

Foundations Period Review: (8000 BCE – 600CE)What are the key developments that define this

period?

2. TRADE evolves from simple barter system to long distance trade (Silk Roads, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea trade).

1. NEOLITHIC TRANSITION marks the shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture.

3. MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE: settled life leads to new gender roles and responsibilities, women lose status

4. MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS develop at this time: Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Christianity and Judaism.

5. SEDENTARY LIFE = complex political, economic and social organization, arts, architecture and literature and development of EMPIRES (Persian, Han, Roman, Gupta)

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6. Cultures in North and South America are physically and culturally isolated

Middle East/ North Africa

Middle East/ North Africa

Mesopotamia/ Tigris and Euphrates/ wheatSumer/ BabylonZiggarutsPolytheisticCuneiform/ Epic of GilgameshCode of HammurabiHittites (iron)Assyrians (iron/ army)Persian Empire (Darius/Royal Road/ postal system/ qanats/ satraps/ tolerance

LydiansPhoeniciansHebrews (1000 BCE)

Egypt (Old Kingdom/ New Kingdom)/ NubiansHieroglyphs/ Book of the Dead/ Rosetta StoneMummification/ pharaohs/ Queen Hatshepsut

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

The Bantu ( West Africa: 2000 BCE- 1000 CE)DesertificationMigrationsAgricultureBananasLanguageIron metallurgy

Europe

EuropeAncient GreeceAthens/ Sparta/ City States (polis)Polis = citizens, free people no political rights, noncitizensPolytheism/ Greek mythology/ ParthenonPersian Wars (Battle of Marathon 490 BCE)Delian League (Pericles)Democracy (slavery allows this)Socrates, Plato, AristotlePeloponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE) > Philip of Macedon > Alexander the Great (Hellenistic)

Ancient Rome/ Roman mythologyRoman Republic (patricians/ plebeians/ Senate/ Assembly (later opened to plebeians)Twelve Tables of RomePunic Wars (264-146 BCE) v Carthage

Roman Empire / power of Senate weakened = First Triumvirate (Pompey, Crassus, J Caesar)Julius Caesar = Emperor for LifeArchitecture/ Roads/ Arches/ Coliseum/ Bread and Circuses/ Pax Romana (31 BCE-180 CE)PaterfamiliasLegal inventions: precedent, equity of citizens, interpretation of the law (judges), natural law> SPLIT in 286 CE = Rome and Constantinople (Christianity = 313, Constantine movedCapital to Constantinople 330)

sinicization of nomadic peoples(adoption of sedentary lifestyle, adoption of Chinese names, dress, intermarriagerise in Buddhism and Daoism (Confucianism loses credibility: WHY?) disintegration into regional states

Collapse of the Han Dynasty: Internal Decay and External Pressures

Effects?

Germanic invasions and the fall of the Western Roman empire: 450-476 CE

External Pressures:

Visigoths Attila the Hun Germanic nomads Germanic peopleSack Rome in 410 CE Establish GermanicEmperor in 476 CE

East Asia (China/Japan)

East Asia (China/Japan)

Huang He River/ loess/ riceShang Dynasty (oracle bones/ bronze metallurgy/ dynastic cycles)Zhou Dynasty (mandate of heaven/ veneration of ancestors)Social class system: elite/ free artisans craftsmen/merchants/ peasants/ slaves

Confucianism/ Daoism/ LegalismQin Dynasty: (221 -210 BCE) Shi Huangdi “First Emperor”/ centralization/Great Wall/ book burning/Standardized script, weights and measures/ roads/ tomb of terracotta warriors

Han Dynasty: (206 BCE-220 CE): Confucian tradition, civil service exam, paper, Sundials, calendars, silk technology, Silk Road, iron metallurgy, iron plow, scholargentry, coins, patriarchal…

Collapse: land issues, Xiongnu, social unrest, persistent floods and famines, taxes (officials exempt), population increases

South Asia (India)

South Asia (India)

Harappa/ Mohenjo-DaroIndus River/ rice and cotton/ sophisticated irrigation systems, sewers, baths

Aryans (1000 BCE) vs. Dravidiansvarna/ caste system = Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra (jati)Lawbook of ManuVedas (Bhagavad-Gita) > Upanishads (800-400 BCE)= Brahman, reincarnation (samsara), moksha, karmaSiddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)= Buddhism/ Four Noble Truths

Mauryan Empire (321-180 BCE ~~)Chandragupta MauryaAshoka/ rock and pillar edicts

Gupta Empire (375-550 CE) “Golden Age”Chandra Gupta/ small bureaucracy but rather relied on tributepi/ zero, Arabic numerals, mathematics, algebra, decimal system, Women lost rights : lost the right to own or inherit property/ child marriage

The Americas

The AmericasMesoamerica:

Olmec (1200-1400 BCE): basalt heads, calendar, ball court, temple architecture, beans,avocados, squash, maize, tomatoes, turkeys, dogs- trade= salt/ cacao/ jade/ potteryabundant rainfall = no intensive irrigation systems

Maya (as early as 600 BCE = El Mirador, Guatemala)Massive temple architecture/ hieroglyphs/ ritual calendar/ polytheism/ pottery/ jade/ social class system, extensive irrigation and trade systems….

Teotihuacan 500 CE

South America:

Chavin ( 900-250 BCE): Peruvian coastal plain/ foothills of the AndesChavin de Huantar (10,300 feet altitude: vertical environmental zones…Maize, llama, silver/gold craftsmen, textiles, social class system

North America:?

600-1450 CE: What are the key

developments that define this period?1. TRADE (a continuity): tremendous growth in long

distance trade: addition of Trans-Saharan trade route: Pax Mongolia

2. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS: magnetic compass, ship-building technology, gunpowder, printing press, paper money

3. POPULATION MOVEMENT: cultural contact increased: Nomadic groups with settled peoples

4. ISLAM (with Christianity and Buddhism) preach equality of all believers: missionary efforts

5. CULTURAL IDENTITES SOLIDIFIED: Church/Christianity as unifying force in Western Europe, spread of Buddhism and Islam create a new cultural world (broad based), dar-al-Islam

6. POLITICAL: centralized empires (Byzantine, Arab Caliphates, Tang/Song, Aztec/Inca) vs. decentralizd (Japan, Europe)

Middle East/ North Africa

Middle East/ North Africa

Muhammad (570 CE- 632 CE)Bedouins/ Ka ba/ Mecca/ Medina/ Five Pillars of Faith/ hijra/

hajjSharia/ umma/ ulama/ madrasas/ minaret

Sunni (Abu Bakr) v Shia (Ali) / caliph

Umayyad Dynasty (Damascus)Abbasid Dynasty (Baghdad) “Golden Age of Islam”

Dar-al-Islam/ Cordoba/ jizya Ibn Battuta

BYZANTINE EMPIRE Justinian (527-565)/ Theodora/ casaeropapismJustinian’s Code/ flourishing of the arts and culture (mosaics)Hagia Sophia/ PATRIARCH/ Orthodox Christianity1054 CE: pope and patriarch excommunicated each other/

Wording, beards, icons, unleavened bread,Doctrine: Father, Son and Holy Ghost??Seat of faith: Rome or Constantinople?Birds and thrones that moved??

The Byzantine empire and its neighbors 527-554 C.E.

• Commercial, strategic location on Bosporus• Constantine moves capital of Early Byzantine Empire herein 340 CE• Byzantine Empire inherits the Roman Empire after fall of Rome 476 CE

Sub-Saharan Africa

West Africa: “Stateless society”: griotsGhana (800-1000 CE) gold/saltMali (1200-1450 CE): Sundiata/ Mansa Musa/ gold/salt/ hajj

East Africa: Kush and Axum/ Swahili City States

Great Zimbabwe

Benin

Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe

Europe

Feudal Middle Ages Early Middle AgesManoralism (economic) (500-1000 CE)Feudalism (political/social) High Middle Ages

Lords/ serfs/ retainers (1000-1500 CE) (1000-1500 CE)(vassals/ knights/ code of chivalry)________________________________Franks/ ClovisCarolingnians/ Charles “The Hammer” Martel/ Charlemagne (800 CE)Vikings> Greenland/ Huns (Attila)….. etcStability = church and Benedictine monasteriesHoly Roman Empire> Otto I_(962

CE)___________________________________Regional monarchs> kingdoms grew to centralized governments by

1450King John of England signs Magna Carta/ parliaments created

BLACK______________________________________________________________

PLAGUECRUSADES/ Pope Urban II 1095/ infidels/ Saladin = effects?

Hanseatic League/ guilds/ growth of trade and banking and towns/troubadouers

Scholasticism/ St. Thomas Aquinas/ Gothic architecture/ stained glass/ printing press/ vernacularRENAISSANCE

East Asia (China/ Japan) AND Central Asia

East Asia (China/ Japan) AND Central AsiaTang Dynasty (618-907 CE): poetry/ Grand Canal/ expansion!tribute system = Vietnam/ Korea/ TibetFast ripening rice/equal field system/ heavy plows/ terrace farming/ porcelain paper money/ letters of credit “flying cash”/ GUNPOWDERCivil service exam = emphasis on bureaucracy of merit

Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE): encyclopedias/ histories/ block printing> Moveable type printing/footbindingShip building/ junks/ water clocks/ compass/ tea/ cotton sails

Buddhism > spreads to China/ Mahayana (vs Theravada?)Chan Buddhism (Zen Buddhism in Japan) (nature/beauty/meditation)Neo-Confucianism (Buddhism/ soul and the individual)

Feudal JapanShogun/ bakufuDaimyo (part nobility)Samurai (part knight)/ code of bushido(loyalty/courage/honor)Women not held in high esteem like in medieval

Europe_________________________________

MONGOLS: “Submit and Live, Resist and Die” > Pax MongoliaGenghis Khan/ steppe diplomacy/ Golden Horde/ Ilkhanate of Persia/ Yuan

DynastyKublai Khan: administration/ treatment of conquered peoples/ Marco PoloTamerlane

Nara Period: 710-794 CEHeight of Chinese influence in Japan/ equal field system….Permanent establishment of BuddhismChinese influence faded with fall of Tang dynasty

Heian Period: 794-1185 CEFujiwara and Minamoto familiesFujiwara become defacto rulersend of period saw rise of military clans/ civil wars

Kamkura Period: 1185-1333 CE (Medieval Period) post-ChineseMinamoto family victorious pre-Moderndid not abolish imperial rule but claimed to rule in the name of the emperoremperor as figureheadinstalled clan leader as SHOGUNestablished tradition of SAMURAI (Bushido)

First Minamoto shogun

South Asia (India)

South Asia (India)

Indian Ocean Basin Trading SystemGoa/ Swahili City States

Fall of Gupta = Harsha (short lived empire)Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Islamic, relied on

cooperation of Hindu kings and large armies to expand their rule, 19/35 sultans assassinated, intolerant of polytheistic Hindu beliefs- tried to convert them to Islam/ jizya tax/ destroyed many Hindu temples/ Buddhism dwindled

merchants celebrated/ sufi mystics

however: colleges were founded, mosques built, some religious conversion in the north (south remained Hindu)Kingdom of Vijayanangar (Deccan Plateau): Islamic but then converted to Hinduism

Southeast Asia: Angkor Wat and Borobudur

The trading world of the Indian Ocean basin, 600-1600 C.E.

Seasonal irrigation techniques crucial to avoid drought and famine: Massive construction of canals, reservoirs, tunnels

Agricultural production increased with knowledge of monsoons

Islam In Southeast Asia:

Early populations of Muslim tradersIncreasing popularity of Sufi activityMany convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions

Angkor Wat: Hinduism, BuddhismKingdom of Angkor (89-1431 CE)

Kalas:TheDestructive sideOf Shiva

Vishnu

Mucalinda, Naga King whoShielded Buddha

Shiva

Borobudur Temple, Java8th-10th Century

98 ft tall, >500 Buddha statues,1000 relief panels, 1500 stupas

The Americas

The AmericasMAYA (600-900 CE)Tikal, Palenque, temple architecture, centralized government

with kings,ceremonial centers, stelae,Hieroglyphs, jade, polytheism, long distance trade routes, ritualbloodletting, salt, obsidian, NO WHEEL, astronomy, ball court

AZTECS (mid 1200s- 1519)Tenochtitlan: 12 million people, centralized government,

warrior class butno standing army, Lake Texcoco, chinampas, heavy tribute,

tribute states,bloodletting, human sacrifice, calpullipochtecas, craft specialization, Topiltzin, nahuatl, ball court

INCA (1100- 1533 (death of Atahualpa)Cuzco, mita labor, centralized government with king, Inca road system, quipu, Inti, llamas, Machu Picchu, Allyu, no merchant class, mummy bundles

North America: Pueblos, Anasazi, Navajo, Woodland, Iroquois, NW Coast: Tlingit