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What is a “law?”
Norms are behavioral codes that guide people into actions that conform to societal expectation
Folkways are everyday norms based on custom, tradition, or etiquette (violate somebody’s personal space)
Mores are norms based on broad societal morals (illegitimate childbearing)
Laws are norms supported by codified social sanctions. BUT: Mores and folkways have always influenced the law
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Brief History of Law I
2000 BC Earliest Surviving Legal Codes 1750 BC Code of Hammurabi: lex talionis Roman “Twelve Tables”: 451 BC
“Dark Ages” (500-1000 AD) Written codes were lost and superstitions and
fear of magic dominated thinking.
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Before the Norman Conquest (1060 AD), the legal system in England was decentralized. Power given to tithings, hundreds and shires. Several legal/court systems were active Wergild (compensation) was divided
between the King and victim.
Brief History of Law IIBrief History of Law II
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Development of Common Law
Norman Conquest (1066 AD) William the Conqueror establishes “royal court” Stare decisis became the dominant standard
English common law born during the reign of Henry II (1154-1189) “Circuit Judges” Royal Prosecutors and movement toward national
law Development of Jury System
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Common Law v. Statutory LawCommon Law v. Statutory Law
Common Law is judge-madelaw. The law is found in previously decided cases.
Common Law is judge-madelaw. The law is found in previously decided cases.
Statutory Laws are derived fromlegislative acts that decide the definition of the behavior that iscodified into law.
Statutory Laws are derived fromlegislative acts that decide the definition of the behavior that iscodified into law.
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Criminal and Tort LawCriminal and Tort Law
Both seek to control behavior.Both impose sanctions (punishments)Similar areas of legal action exist: e.g.,
personal assaults white-collar offenses like environmental
pollution
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Criminal and Tort Law
A public offense Enforcement is state
business Punishment is often
loss of liberties or sometimes death
Fines go to the state State doesn’t ordinarily
appeal Proof beyond a
reasonable doubt
A civil or private wrong Individuals bring action Sanction is normally
monetary damages Both parties can appeal Individuals receives the
compensation for harmdone
“Preponderance of the evidence” is required for a decision.
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Classification of Crime
More serious offenses
Punishable by deathor imprisonment for more than a year in astate prison.
FELONY
Less serious offenses
Punishable by incar-ceration for less than ayear in a local jail or house of correction.
MISDEMEANOR
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Types of Crime
Mala in Se
Illegal acts rooted in the core values inherent in
Western civilization.Also referred to as
“natural law”
Mala Prohibitum
Violations of lawthat reflect currentpublic opinion and
social value. Also called“statutory crime”
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Substantive vs. Procedural Law
Substantive Law Written code that defines crimes and
punishments
Procedural Law Rules of the court, trials...
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Social ControlSocial ControlBanishes Banishes PersonalPersonal
RetributionRetributionExpressesExpresses
Public OpinionPublic Opinionandand
MoralityMoralityDetersDeters
Criminal Criminal BehaviorBehavior
MaintainsMaintainsthe Socialthe Social
OrderOrder
Functions of the Criminal LawFunctions of the Criminal LawFunctions of the Criminal LawFunctions of the Criminal Law
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A criminal law must indicate a typeof criminal intent and the specific elements of a behavior that are illegal.
A criminal law must indicate a typeof criminal intent and the specific elements of a behavior that are illegal.
Actus Reas Physical act must be voluntary If crime is“Failure to act,” there must be legal
obligation.
Mens Rea General or specific intent Negligence
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Specific Criminal Defenses
Deny the Actus Reas (I didn’t do it)
Deny the Mens Rea Insanity Defense Ignorance / Mistake Intoxication?
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The Dreaded “INANITY PLEA”
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Other Specific Criminal Defenses
Justifications: Acknowledge actus reas and mens rea, but… Necessity Duress Self-defense Entrapment Exotic Defenses (PMS, PTSS…insert your
favorite acronym here)