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1
Watering Efficiently
Author: Rebecca McNairEdited by: Allison Steele
Domestic Water Use
Sources
Depletion
Conservation
Efficient Water Use
Plant Selection
Turfgrass Areas
Selecting Drought Tolerant Species
Landscaped Beds
Plant Maintenance
How to Water
Rain Catching Devices
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Water Use In Florida
Despite our location in the rainy southeast, Florida ranks high in several categories of water use
Domestic-1st
Mining-2nd
Public-4th
Irrigation-11th
USGS, 1998
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Plants Need Water… For cell growth and expansion
For plant metabolism
Transporting soil minerals to roots
Physical support through turgor pressure
Transporting sugars within the plant
Cooling through transpiration
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What Can I Do?
Right plant, right place Choose low
maintenance plants and natives
Group plants according to their water needs
Use mulch
Design a water efficient landscape:
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Water Use Efficiency Uncontrollable
Factors Temperature Precipitation Sunlight Wind Soil texture Drainage Water quality Local water
restrictions
Controllable Factors Plant selection Plant placement Soil structure Mulching Irrigation Maintenance
practices Human Tolerance Education
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Based on research, 1,000 ft2 of:
requires 12,480 – 21,840 gallons of irrigation water/year
require 6,240 gallons irrigation water/year
Woody landscapes can conserve up to 15,600 gallons of irrigation water/year.
Grass Woody plants in a mulched area
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Functional Turf AreasBerms and SwalesExcellent filter, and diminishes pollutants and stormwater run-off
Recreational areasResistant to foot traffic, produces oxygen and reduces temperature, glare, noise, and dust
Pet areas
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Functional Landscaped Beds
Screen a view
Cover oddly-shaped areas difficult to mow or irrigate
Plant a shady area where turf won’t grow
Group plants for easy maintenance
Provide color, shade, or windbreak
Periwinkle
Annuals, perennials, ground covers, shrubs or trees in a mulched area, to:
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Drought Tolerant Turf Select drought tolerant turf
varieties When establishing a new lawn,
sod requires less water than seeding
Follow maintenance guidelines to promote drought tolerance During extreme drought, slower growth
and browning are normal! Very little water is required to keep the turf alive and turf recovers quickly once irrigation is resumed.
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Selecting Drought Tolerant TurfSeashore Paspalum ‘SeaIsle
Excellent drought tolerance
Excellent salt tolerance
Disease and pest resistant
Tolerates flooding and some shade
Mow at 1.5 – 2 inches in height
Does require lot of mowing and fertilizing
Seashore paspalum Paspalum vaginatum (Swartz)
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Selecting Drought Tolerant Turf
Bahiagrass Paspalum notatum
Bahiagrass Argentine
Good cold and drought tolerance
Coarse, dense growth
Wear tolerant
Dormant in winter
Poor salt and shade tolerance
Mow at 3-4 inches
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Maintenance Guidelines for Drought Tolerant
TurfgrassNever mow grass that needs waterNever mow wet grass Keep blade sharp
Clean cuts heal quickly and reduce water loss
Mow lawn at the highest setting
Taller grass has deeper, more extensive roots
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Turfgrass Maintenance
Fertilize conservativelyRapid growth promotes thatch build-upRefer to UF/IFAS guidelines
Remove thatchThatch restricts water movement
Use a stiff rake or coring tool to aerate the soil Thatc
h
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Landscape Maintenance
2-3 inches of mulch in plant bedsImproves water infiltrationReduces storm water runoffReduces evaporationPrevents erosionControls weeds
Minimize pruning
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When Do I Water?Early morning or evening
Temperature is cool and wind is calm 40% - 60% of water applied
evaporates in the afternoon sun!SWFWMD mandates:
No watering between 10 AM and 4 PM
Year - round!
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How Much? Apply ½ to ¾ inch water per
application Soak soil thoroughly to promote a
deeper, more drought tolerant root system
Efficient watering wets only the root zone.
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Measure It Use a rain gauge, or…
1)Place cans of equal diameter in random places underneath the sprinkler’s spray pattern
2)Measure the depth of water in each can
3)Add depth measurements & divide by the number of cansDetermine the length of time it takes
for your sprinkler system to deliver ¾ inch water.
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How Often?
Water “as needed,” not routinely! Less frequently in the fall and winter Check with CCU or SWFWMD about water
restrictions during drought
Typically, Florida’s rainy season is June - September.
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Watering TipsLearn to recognize
when plants need water
In the heat of midday, some plants wilt. No amount of water will change this. If the plant is still wilted by evening, water it then.Wilting azalea
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Water “As Needed”
Folded leaflets, a blue color, and footprints that remain on the lawn are indications of a lawn that needs water.
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Too much of a good thing?Over watering occurs when water is applied too frequently or in excessive amounts Encourages growth of
fungi and bacteria Promotes a shallow
root system Reduces oxygen
to the roots, causing stress
Encourages weed growth
Pennywort is a good indication of an over
watered lawn.
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Irrigation Systems Calibrate the
sprinkler system Install a rain shut-
off device** Have your sprinkler
system “tuned up” yearly
Replace worn hose and faucet washers
Rain Shut-off Device
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Efficient Irrigation Separate lawn
zones from landscape zones
Convert landscape beds to drip or low volume irrigation
Divert sprinklers to avoid spraying water on sidewalks and streets
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Low Volume Sprinklers
Micro-jet sprinkler
Drip emitters
Micro-irrigation can improve watering efficiency.
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Tips on Conserving Water
Use recycled or gray water to irrigate From showers or
washing machines, but not toilets
Direct downspouts toward beds or lawnCover pools and hot tubs to prevent evaporation
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Rain Barrels Collect and
harvest rain water for irrigation purposes
Rainwater runs off roof into the barrel from the downspout
A screen fastened over the inlet prevents leaves or insects from entering
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Imply greater storage capacity and a bit more engineering
Water travels by gravity or pump action
Diagram after Ray Bucklin
Cisterns
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Further Readinghttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu
Fact Sheet WRC-11: Conserving Water in the Home Landscape
ENH-70: Coping with Drought in the Landscape
Circular 807: Drought Tolerant Plants for North and Central Florida
ENH-860: Fertilization and Irrigation Needs for Florida Lawns and Landscapes
ENH-72: Landscape Design for Water Conservation