1 Utilizing Beamforming Antennas for Wireless Multi-hop Networks Romit Roy Choudhury.
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Transcript of 1 Utilizing Beamforming Antennas for Wireless Multi-hop Networks Romit Roy Choudhury.
1
Utilizing Beamforming Antennas for Wireless Multi-hop Networks
Romit Roy Choudhury
2
ApplicationsSeveral Challenges, Protocols
Internet
3
Internet
Omnidirectional Antennas
4
CTS = Clear To Send
RTS = Request To Send
IEEE 802.11 with Omni Antenna
D
Y
S
M
K
RTS
CTS
X
5
IEEE 802.11 with Omni Antenna
D
Y
S
X
M
Ksilenced
silenced
silenced
silencedData
ACK
6
IEEE 802.11 with Omni Antenna
DS
X
M
Ksilenced
silenced
silenced
Y
silencedData
ACK
D
silenced
E
silencedA
silencedC
silenced
F
silenced
B
silenced
G
silenced
`` Interference management ``A crucial challenge for dense multihop networks
7
Managing Interference
Several approaches Dividing network into different channels Power control Rate Control …
New Approach …Exploiting antenna capabilities to
improve the performance of wireless multihop networks
8
From Omni Antennas …
DS
X
M
Ksilenced
silenced
silenced
Y
silenced
D
silenced
E
silencedA
silencedC
silenced
F
silenced
B
silenced
G
silenced
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To Beamforming Antennas
DS
X
M
K
Y
D
E
A
C
F
B
G
10
To Beamforming Antennas
DS
X
M
K
Y
D
E
A
C
F
B
G
11
Today
Antenna Systems A quick look
New challenges with beamforming antennas
Design of MAC and Routing protocols MMAC, ToneDMAC, CaDMAC DDSR, CaRP Cross-Layer protocols – Anycasting Improved understanding of theoretical capacity
Experiment with prototype testbed
12
Antenna Systems
Signal Processing and Antenna Design research Several existing antenna systems
•Switched Beam Antennas
•Steerable Antennas
•Reconfigurable Antennas, etc.
Many becoming commercially availableFor example …
13
Electronically Steerable Antenna [ATR Japan]
Higher frequency, Smaller size, Lower cost Capable of Omnidirectional mode and Directional
mode
14
Switched and Array Antennas
On poletop or vehicles Antennas bigger No power constraint
15
Antenna Abstraction
3 Possible antenna modes Omnidirectional mode Single Beam mode Multi-Beam mode
Higher Layer protocols select Antenna Mode Direction of Beam
16
Antenna Beam
Energy radiated toward desired direction
A
Pictorial Model
A
Main Lobe (High gain)
Sidelobes (low gain)
17
Directional Reception
Directional reception = Spatial filtering Interference along straight line joining
interferer and receiver
A BC
D
Signal
Interference
No Collision at A
A B
C
D
Signal
Interference
Collision at A
18
Will attaching such antennas at the radio layer yield most of the benefits ?
Or
Is there need for higher layer protocol support ?
19
We design a simple baseline MAC protocol(a directional version of 802.11)
We call this protocol DMAC and investigate its behavior through simulation
20
Remain omni while idle Nodes cannot predict who will trasmit to it
DMAC Example
D
Y
S
X
21
RTS
DMAC Example
D
Y
S
X
Assume S knows direction of D
22
RTS
RTSCTS
DMAC Example
D
Y
S
X
DATA/ACK
X silenced … but only toward direction of D
23
Intuitively
Performance benefits appear obvious
24
However …
0
100
200
300
400
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Sending Rate (Kbps)
Aggregate Throughput (Kbps)
802.11
DMAC
Sending Rate (Kbps)
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (K
bp
s)
25
Clearly, attaching sophisticated antenna hardware is not sufficient
Simulation traces revealed various new challenges
Motivates higher layer protocol design
26
Antenna Systems A quick look
New challenges with beamforming antennas
Design of MAC and Routing protocols MMAC, ToneDMAC, CaDMAC DDSR, CaRP Cross-Layer protocols – Anycasting Improved understanding of theoretical capacity
Experiment with prototype testbed
27
Self Interferencewith Directional MAC
New Challenges [Mobicom 02]
28
Unutilized Range
Longer range causes interference downstream Offsets benefits
Network layer needs to utilize the long range Or, MAC protocol needs to reduce transmit power
A B CData
D
route
29
Utilize Range – MMAC
Learn far away neighbor via ngbr discovery Approaches proposed in literature
Send RTS packets over multiple DO links Request Rx to beamform back toward Tx Tx sends Data over DD link, followed by DD Ack
30
New Hidden Terminal Problemswith Directional MAC
New Challenges II …
31
New Hidden Terminal Problem
Due to gain asymmetry
Node A may not receive CTS from C i.e., A might be out of DO-range from C
B CAData
RTSCTS
32
New Hidden Terminal Problem
Due to gain asymmetry
Node A later intends to transmit to node B A cannot carrier-sense B’s transmission to C
B CAData
Carrier Sense
RTSCTS
33
New Hidden Terminal Problem
Due to gain asymmetry
Node A may initiate RTS meant for B A can interfere at C causing collision
B CADataRTS
Collision
34
New Hidden Terminal Problemswith Directional MAC
New Challenges II …
35
While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D
New Hidden Terminal Problem II
D
Y
S
X
DataData
36
While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D X may later initiate RTS toward D, causing
collision
New Hidden Terminal Problem II
D
Y
S
X
Data
RTS
Collision
37
Deafnesswith Directional MAC
New Challenges III …
38
Deafness
Node N initiates communication to S S does not respond as S is beamformed toward
D N cannot classify cause of failure Can be collision or deafness
S D
N
Data
RTS
M
39
Channel Underutilized
Collision: N must attempt less often Deafness: N should attempt more often
Misclassification incurs penalty (similar to TCP)
S D
N
Data
RTS
M
Deafness not a problem with omnidirectional antennas
40
Deafness and “Deadlock”
Directional sensing and backoff ... Causes S to always stay beamformed to D X keeps retransmitting to S without success Similarly Z to X a “deadlock”
DATA
RTS
X
DS
Z
RTS
41
MAC-Layer CaptureThe bottleneck to spatial reuse
New Challenges IV …
42
Typically, idle nodes remain in omni mode When signal arrives, nodes get engaged in
receiving the packet Received packet passed to MAC If packet not meant for that node, it is dropped
Capture
Wastage because the receiver could accomplish useful communication
instead of receiving the unproductive packet
43
Capture Example
A B
C
D
Both B and D are omni whensignal arrives from A
A B
C
D
B and D beamform to receivearriving signal
44
Outline / Contribution
Antenna Systems A closer look
New challenges with beamforming antennas
Design of MAC and Routing protocols MMAC, ToneDMAC, CaDMAC DDSR, CaRP Cross-Layer protocols – Anycasting Improved understanding of theoretical capacity
Experiment with prototype testbed
45
Impact of Capture
Beamforming for transmission and reception only is not sufficient
Antenna control necessary during idle state also
A B
C
DA B
C
D
46
Capture-Aware MAC (CaDMAC) D monitors all incident traffic Identifies unproductive traffic
Beams that receive onlyunproductive packets are turned off
However, turning beams offcan prevent useful communication in future
MAC Layer Solution
A B
C
D
47
CaDMAC turns off beams periodically Time divided into cycles Each cycle consists of
1.Monitoring window + 2. Filtering window
1 2
CaDMAC Time Cycles
1 12 2
cycle
time
All beams remain ON,monitors unproductive beams
Node turns OFF unproductivebeams while it is idle.
Can avoid capture
48
CaDMAC Communication
Transmission / Reception uses only necessary single beam
When node becomes idle, it switches back to appropriate
beam pattern Depending upon current time window
A B
C
D
A B
C
D
49
During Monitoring window, idle nodes are omni
Spatial Reuse in CaDMAC
A B
C
EF
D
50
At the end of Monitoring window CaDMAC identifies unproductive links
Spatial Reuse in CaDMAC
A B
C
EF
D
51
During Filtering window use spatial filtering
Spatial Reuse in CaDMAC
A B
C
EF
D
Parallel CommunicationsCaDMAC : 3 DMAC & others : ≤ 2Omni 802.11 : 1
52
Questions?
53
ToneDMAC timeline
54
Common Receiver
Another possible improvement:
Backoff Counter for DMAC flows
Backoff Counter for ToneDMAC flows
time
Ba
cko
ff V
alu
es
55
Network Transport Capacity
Transport capacity defined as:bit-meters per second
(like man-miles per day for airline companies)
Capacity analysis∑∑
= =
≥nT
bit
bith
h
hbit nTLr
λ
λ1
)(
1
∑∑= =
≤nT
bit
bith
h
AWTkrλ
1
)(
1
2 .
⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎝
⎛∞→
n
WOLimn
56
Directional Capacity
Existing results show Capacity improvement lower bounded by
Results do not consider side lobes of radiation patterns
We consider main lobe and side lobe gains (gm
and gs)
We find capacity upper bounded by
i.e., improvement of
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
θβπ2
O
α
α
α
βπ
2
1
1
21⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
s
m
g
g
n
W
⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ α2
s
m
g
gO
CaDMAC still below achievable capacity
57
CaDMAC cannot eliminate capture completely
Happens because CaDMAC cannot choose routes Avoiding capture-prone links A routing
problem
Discussion
YX
AB
58
Routing using Beamforming AntennasIncorporating capture-awareness
59
Motivating Capture-Aware Routing
YX
AB
YX
AB
D
S
Z DZ
S
Find a route from S to D, given AB exists Options are SXYD, SXZG
Capture No Capture
60
1. Sum capture costs of all beams on the route Capture cost of a Beam j =
how much unproductive traffic incident on Beam j
2. Route’s hop count3. Cost of participation
1. How many intermediate nodes participate in cross traffic
Measuring Route Cost
X
DS
61
Source routing protocol (like DSR) Intermediate node X updates route cost from S -
X
Destination chooses route with least cost (Uroute) Routing protocol shown to be loop-free
Protocol Design
X
DS
C1
C2
C3
C5
USX
USD = USX + C2 + C5 + PD + 1
62
Uroute = Weighted Combination of1. Capture cost (K)2. Participation cost (P)3. Hop count (H)
Weights chosen based on sensitivity analysis
Unified Routing Metric
ijipijrouteij
kroute HPU ++= ∑∈
ωκω
63
CaRP Vs DSR
1
2
34
64
CaRP Vs DSR
65
CaRP Vs DSR
66
CaRP Vs DSR
67
CaRP Vs DSR
68
CaRP Vs DSR
69
CaRP Vs DSR
70
CaRP Vs DSR
71
CaRP Vs DSR
DSR CaRP
CaRP prefers a traffic-free direction“Squeezes in” more traffic in given area
72
Performance of CaDMAC
CaDMAC
DMAC
802.11
CBR Traffic (Mbps)
Ag
gre
gate
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
CMAC
73
Throughput with CaRP CaRP +CaDMAC
DSR +CaDMAC
DSR +802.11
Ag
gre
gate
Th
rou
gh
pu
t (M
bp
s)
Topology Number
Random Topologies
74
Outline / Contribution
Antenna Systems A closer look
New challenges with beamforming antennas
Design of MAC and Routing protocols MMAC, ToneDMAC, CaDMAC DDSR, CaRP Cross-Layer protocols – Anycasting Improved understanding of theoretical capacity
Experiment with prototype testbed
75
Testbed Prototype [VTC 05, Mobihoc 05]
Network of 6 laptops using ESPAR antennas ESPAR attached to external antenna port Beams controlled from higher layer via USB
Validated basic operations and tradeoffs Neighbor discovery
•Observed multipath
•60 degrees beamwidth useful
Basic link state routing • Improves route stability
•Higher throughput, less delay
76
Summary
Future = Dense wireless networks Better interference management necessary
Typical approach = Omni antennas Inefficient energy management PHY layer research needs be exploited
77
Omnidirectional Antennas
Internet
78
Summary
Our focus = Exploiting antenna capabilities Existing protocols not sufficient
Our work Identified several new challenges
•Lot of ongoing research toward these challenges
Designed MAC, Network layer protocols
Theoretical capacity analysis
Prototype implementation Our vision …
79
Beamforming
Internet
80
Other Work
Sensor Networks Reliable broadcast [submitted]
Exploiting mobility [StoDis 05]
K-Coverage problems
Location management in mobile networks Distributed algorithms [IPDPS], [Mobihoc]
Scheduling protocols for 802.11n Combination of CSMA + TDMA schemes [WTS 04]
81
Future Work
Next generation radios (software, cognitive) PHY layer not be sufficient to harness flexibility
Example•When should a radio toggle between TDMA and CSMA
?
•Dynamic channel access needs coordination
Higher layer protocols necessary for decisions
82
Future Work
Exploiting Diversity Opportunistically Especially in the context of improving
reliability
•Link diversity
•Route diversity
•Antenna diversity
•Channel diversity …
My previous work on Anycasting – a first step I intend to continue in this direction
S
A
B
C
D
83
Future Work
Sensor Networks
Strong guarantees
Weak guarantees
Solu
tion C
om
ple
xit
y
Very complexWorks 100%
Very simpleWorks 80%
Sensor applications Need to operate here
84
Future Work
Experimental Testbeds and Prototypes Evaluate protocols in real conditions
•Mesh Networks
•Sensor Networks
•RFID Networks
85
Thank You
AcknowledgmentsProf. Nitin Vaidya (advisor)
Members of my research group
CollaboratorsXue Yang (Intel)
Ram Ramanathan (BBN)Tetsuro Ueda (ATR Labs, Japan)Steve Emeott (Motorola Labs)
86
RTS = Request To Send
RTS
CTS = Clear To Send
CTS
IEEE 802.11 with Omni Antenna
D
Y
S
X
M
K
87
Enhancing MAC [Mobicom02]
MMAC Transmit multi-hop RTS to far-away receiver Synchronize with receiver using CTS
(rendezvous) Communicate data over long links
88
Routing with Higher Range [PWC03 Best Paper]
Directional routes offer Better connectivity, fewer-hop routes
However, broadcast difficult Sweeping necessary to emulate broadcast
Evaluate tradeoffs Designed directional DSR
89
ToneDMAC’s Impact
Another possible improvement:
Backoff Counter for DMAC flows
Backoff Counter for ToneDMAC flows
time
Ba
cko
ff V
alu
es
90
2-hop flow
DMAC
IEEE 802.11
Dea
fnes
s
91
Neighbor Discovery
Non LOS and multipath important factors However, wide beamwidth (60 degrees)
reasonable envelope
Anechoic Chamber Office Corridor
92
Route Reliability
Routes discovered using sweeping – DO links Data Communication using DD links Improved SINR improves robustness against
fading
93
Optimal Carrier Sense Threshold
When sidelobe abstracted to sphere with gain Gs
T
Sidelobe Gs
Mainlobe Gd
Provided, optimal CS threshold is above the Rx sensitivity thresholdi.e., min {CS_calculate, RxSensitivity}
94
Commercial Antennas …
Paratek (DRWin scanning smart antennas) Beamforming in the RF domain (instead of digital) Multiple simultaneous beams possible, each
steerable http://www.mobileinfo.com/news_2002/issue08/Paratek_Antenna.htm
Motia Inc. (Javelin appliqué to 802.11 cards) Blind beamforming in RF domain (< 2us, within pilot)
CalAmps (DirectedAP offers digital beamforming) Uses RASTER beamforming technology http://www.calamp.com/pro_802_directedap.html
95
Commercial Antennas
Belkin (Pre-N smart antenna router – Airgo tech.) Uses 3 antenna elements for adaptive
beamforming http://www.techonline.com/community/tech_group/37714
Tantivy Communications (switching < 100 nanosec) http://www.prism.gatech.edu/~gtg139k/papers/11-03-025r0-WNG-bene
fitsofSmartAntennasin802.11Networks.pdf
96
While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D
New Hidden Terminal Problem II
D
Y
S
X
DataData
97
While node pairs communicate X misses D’s CTS to S No DNAV toward D X may later initiate RTS toward D, causing
collision
New Hidden Terminal Problem II
D
Y
S
X
Data
RTS
Collision
98
Abstract Antenna Model
N conical beams
Any combination of beams can be turned on
Capable of detecting beam-of-arrival for received packet
99
Wireless Multihop Networks
RFID
RFID
Sensors
RFID Readers
100
Wireless Multihop Networks
101
Wireless Multihop Networks
102
Wireless Multihop Networks
Internet
103
Protocol Design
Numerous challenges Connectivity (nodes can be mobile) Capacity (increasing demand) Reliability (channels fluctuate) Security QoS …
Many protocols designed
One commonality among most protocols
104
CTS = Clear To Send
RTS = Request To Send
IEEE 802.11 with Omni Antenna
D
Y
S
M
K
RTS
CTS
X
105
Testbed Prototype [VTC 05, Mobihoc 05 Poster]
Network of 6 laptops using ESPAR antennas ESPAR attached to external antenna port Beams controlled from higher layer via USB
106
Neighbor Discovery
Non LOS and multipath important factors However, 60 degree beamwidth useful
Anechoic Chamber Office Corridor
107
Route Reliability
Routes discovered using sweeping – DO links Data Communication using DD links Improved SINR improves robustness against
fading
108
Announcements
Please start with project thoughts Come and discuss even if you don’t have a topic
•Do you want me to do a forward pointing class in which I discuss what we will cover in future
•May help in identifying exciting topics …
Planning to buy sensor motes for class•See TinyOS tutorial … talk to me
Download simulator (ns2, Qualnet), code your own• I am arranging Qualnet license for class students