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University of Washington Ballast Water Research Update

Russ Herwig, Jeff Cordell, Dave Lawrence

School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, UW

Washington Sea Grant

herwig@u.washington.edu

December 6, 2007

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Jeff Cordell Principal Research Scientist

Zooplankton

Dave LawrenceResearch Scientist

Phytoplankton

The current team

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Team, continued

Nissa FermSMA Graduate Student

zooplankton

Olga KalataResearch Scientist

zooplankton

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Major Projects and Collaborations

State of Washington Ballast SamplingWashington Department of Fish and Wildlife

Allen Pleus, Pam Meacham, Keith Streick, Gary Gertsen

Sodium Hypochlorite Ballast Water Treatment StudiesSevern Trent De Nora

Rudy Matousek

Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) - Surrogate Species Project

Old Dominion UniversityFred Dobbs

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDon Anderson

Marshall UniversityAndrew Rogerson

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Presentation Outline

Preliminary CommentsDifferent types of ships

“Famous” introductions

Ballast water exchange

State of Washington Ballast Water SamplingNecessity for ballast water treatment

Inoculation and propagule pressure

Ballast Water Treatment Development and ExperimentsProposed and existing discharge standards

Technologies “on the table”

Scaling up treatment tests

Shipboard tests

Concluding Remarks

6Cougar Ace, Gulf of Alaska, July 2006

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Comment 1Know your vessel types and voyage

patterns.

8Russ Herwig

9Russ Herwig

10Russ Herwig

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Other vessel types

Container ships

Tankers and Tanker Barges

Bryan Nielsen

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Port of Seattle

Year Vessel Calls

2002 990

2003 1,012

2004 1,095

2005 1,345

2006 1,301

2006

Vessel Type Number

Container 814

Cruise 196

Grain 109

Barge 182

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Comment 2Not all invasive species are

created equal.

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15

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It’s not just zebra and quagga mussels.

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Native to: Japan, China, Korea

Pseudodiaptomus inopinus

Copepod first appeared in Columbia River, 1990

Found as “monoculture” in many other west coast rivers

Displaced native copepods

Important in diet of crabs and mysid shrimp

Replaced in the Columbia River by two new invasive copepod species

Jeff Cordell

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Pseudodiaptomus forbesiNative to: Japan, China, Korea • First recorded in San Francisco

Estuary, 1987

• Appears to have displaced previously introduced P. inopinus in the Columbia River, which is no longer abundant

• Recorded in Columbia River Estuary, 2002

Jeff Cordell

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May and August 2005May and August 2005

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P. forbesi Native Holoplankton

Station Location Cyclopoida Calanoida Daphnia spp. Other

Cladocera Snake River

46 24 N 117 12 W 0 66 1 0 33 46 39 N 117 23 W 0 86 0 14 0 46 42 N 117 28 W 0 74 0 25 1 46 36 N 117 47 W 0 83 0 17 0 46 37 N 117 47 W 0 61 0 38 1 46 35 N 118 0 W 0 23 0 66 11 46 34 N 118 5 W 0 78 0 22 0 46 35 N 118 12 W 0 42 0 58 0 46 31 N 118 34 W <1% 32 0 66 2 46 18 N 118 46 W 0 20 1 69 10 46 15 N 118 51 W 0 4 1 95 0

Hanford Reach

46 41 N 119 26 W 0 35 60 0 5

46 35 N 119 22 W 0 6 81 0 13 Columbia River

46 12 N 119 1 W 14 15 1 64 6 46 3 N 118 54 W 15 47 2 4 32 46 7 N 118 58 W 44 38 4 6 8 46 11 N 119 1 W 17 64 1 6 12 45 54 N 119 28 W 88 6 2 0 4 45 55 N 119 21 W 84 9 1 0 6 45 44 N 120 12 W 72 19 1 0 8 45 56 N 119 9 W 34 24 8 1 33 45 56 N 119 17 W 3 3 1 2 91 45 56 N 119 17 W 24 64 0 1 11 45 51 N 119 51 W 26 25 9 0 40 45 43 N 120 41 W 83 7 2 0 8 45 43 N 121 31 W 95 4 0 0 1 45 40 N 121 13 W 98 1 0 0 1 45 41 N 121 51 W 97 0 0 0 3

Bonneville

John Day

McNary

Ice Harbor

Lower Monumental

Lower Granite

Little Goose

Reservoir

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Washington Non-Indigenous Marine/Estuarine Species “Introduced” by Ballast Water

The biggiesCarcinus maenus

Crab, European green

Eriocheir sinensis

Crab, mitten

Styela clava

Tunicate, club (solitary)

Ciona savignyi

Tunicate, transparent (solitary)

Molgula manhattensis

Tunicate (solitary)

Botrylloides violaceus

Tunicate, chain (colonial)

Botryllus schlosseri

Tunicate, golden star (colonial)

Didemnum sp.

Tunicate (colonial)

Diadumene lineateAnemone, orange-stripe

Petricolaria pholadiformis Angelwing, false

Zoobotryon verticillatum Bryozoan, spaghetti

Neotrapezium liratum Clam, Japanese

Potamocorbula amurensisClam, Asian

Gemma gemmaClam, Atlantic gem

Mercenaria mercenaria Clam, Northern quahog

Mnemiopsis leidyiComb jelly, Leidy’s

Pseudodiaptomus inopinusCopepod

Rhithropanopeus harrisii Crab, Harris mud

Sabella spallanzaniiFan worm, Mediterranean

Tridentiger trigonocephalusGoby, chameleon goby

Orthione griffensisIsopod, Griffen’s (parasitic)

Maeotias inexspectata Jellyfish, Black Sea

Phyllorhiza punctata Jellyfish, spotted

Batallaria attramentariaMudsnail, Asian

Geukensia demissaMussel, Atlantic ribbed

Perna spp.Mussel, New Zealand green

Musculista senhousia Mussel, Japanese

Exopalaemon modestus Prawn, Siberian

Crepidula fornicata Snail, Atlantic slipper

Clathria proliferaSponge, red beard

Busycotypus canaliculatus Whelk, channeled

Nuttallia obscurataClam, purple varnish

Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Watch List (Invasive Species Council, August 2007)

The others

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What to do? Ballast water exchange.

Ship exchanges the water in its ballast tanks 50 to 200 nautical miles from coast

Empty-refill method

Flow through method2 to 3 times volume of water is flushed through ballast tank

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State of Washington Ballast Sampling

Sampling initiated 6 years ago by University of Washington

Later, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife began sampling; preserved zooplankton samples provided to UW

2 ship inspectors - Puget Sound and Columbia River

Sampling: 3 vertical plankton tows per sampled ballast tank73 µm mesh net

Zooplankton identified to lowest taxonomic level possible

Examined ballast samples from 246 ships, 2001 - 2005Accepted for publication, Aquatic Conservation

UW developing MS Access databaseQuicker analysis of data

Less errors in data entry

Today, preliminary 2006 - 2007 sample analysis, 172 ships

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26

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Ballast water zooplankton samples per month2006 (n=76) and 2007 (n=96)

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Number of boardings by ship type (2006 - 2007)

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Number of boardings by source country (2006 - 2007)

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

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59

36

07

34

56

86

32

28

10

54

71

04

38

24

96

42

17

21

32

22

24

17

92

00

75

26

12

63

12

11

92

24

32

34

12

22

51

13

02

38

69

12

81

10

23

92

25

10

61

40

24

51

41

10

02

30

21

91

07

20

91

08

11

76

62

42

11

18

93

67

87

11

14

11

21

02

95

25

22

35

22

92

26

21

11

67

13

31

29

11

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Sample #

% N

I +

Co

as

tal

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

NI +

Co

astal Org

anism

s per m

3

% NI + Coastal

Zooplankton per m3

% and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms (2006 - 2007) (n=133, others in process)

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

62

12

4

67

68

25

4

63

26

2

24

7

25

7

21

7

21

3

76

25

6

75

21

6

26

1

26

3

12

1

10

3

20

3

12

2

24

8

23

8

96

69

25

9

13

4

72

26

4

22

5

26

0

98

21

2

21

9

20

9

70

77

66

97

24

2

89

90

74

71

12

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Sample #

% N

I + C

oas

tal

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

NI +

Co

astal Org

anism

s per m

3

% NI + Coastal

Zooplankton per m3

% and abundance of NI + Coastal Organisms (2006 and 2007) - CA as BW source (n=45)

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All ships sampledEstimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship

Geometric mean 1.47E+05

Mean 1.35E+07

Standard Error 8.33E+06

Median 1.99E+05

Standard Deviation 6.40E+07

Minimum 0

Maximum 4.38E+08

Count 59

   

frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples) 47.4%

 

Ships with CA as BW sourceEstimated # of Oithona davisae discharged per ship

Geometric Mean 1.37E+05

Mean 2.66E+07

Standard Error 1.67E+07

Median 3.11E+05

Standard Deviation 9.01E+07

Minimum 0

Maximum 4.38E+08

Count 29

   

frequency of occurrence (2006 and 2007 samples) 73.3%

Oithona davisae Most commonly discharged non-indigenous

zooplankton from sampled vessels(2006 + 2007 data)

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Conclusions from Puget Sound Ship Sampling (Cordell et. al in press)

Despite Washington State regulations requiring oceanic exchange (OE), ships had high densities and/or percentages of NIS and/or coastal species.

Densities of both NIS and coastal taxa, and percentages of NIS were consistently and significantly higher from domestic trips; lower in samples from transpacific trips. Domestic trips dominated by tankers carrying ballast water from

California.

International trips dominated by container ships and bulk carriers with ballast from Japan, China, and South Korea.

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Comment 3Proposed discharged standard will challenge technologies and testing

protocols.

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Discharge Standards

Size of organisms

International Maritime

Organization (IMO)

Washington California Canada U.S. S.1578

> 50 µm < 10 m-3Kill or remove

95% zooplankton

No detectable living

organisms< 10 m-3 < 0.1 m-3

10 to 50 µm < 10 mL-1Kill or remove

95% phytoplankton

< 10-2 mL-1 < 10 mL-1 < 1 mL-1

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Public Health Microorganisms

Type of organism

International Maritime

Organization (IMO)

Washington California Canada U.S. S.1578

Toxigenic Vibrio

cholerae

1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU g-1 wet zooplankton

1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU

g-1 wet zooplankton

1 CFU 100 mL-1, 1 CFU

g-1 wet zooplankton

< 1 CFU 100 mL-1; <1 CFU g-1 zoological

sample

E. coli 250 CFU 100 mL-1

126 CFU 100 mL-1

250 CFU 100 mL-1

<126 CFU 100 mL-1

Intestinal enterococci

100 CFU 100 mL-1

33 CFU 100 mL-1

100 CFU 100 mL-1

< 33 CFU 100 mL-1

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Treatment Technologies

Chemical biocidesOzone

Sodium hypochlorite

Chlorine dioxide

PERACLEAN® Ocean (peroxyacetic acid)

SeaKleen® (menadione, vitamin K3)

Advanced oxidation methods

Size separationFiltration

Cyclonic separation

Physical methodsUltraviolet light

Deoxygenation

Electrolysis

Heat

Combinations of treatment

Red = UW work

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“Scale Up” Process

Shipboard or Testbed Experiments(100's of cubic meters)

Mescocosm Experiments(100's of liters)

Microcosm Experiments(milliliters to few liters)

Literature Review

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Comment 4Don’t scale-up a screw-up.

Comment 5Do your homework before you install a

treatment system on a ship.

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Upcoming Shipboard Tests

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Severn Trent De Nora BalPure Treatment System onboard the SeaRiver American Pride

STDN electrolytic sodium hypochlorite generatorNeutralization step before discharge

American Pride - tanker, petroleum product

Voyage: Port Everglades, FL (Miami) to Beaumont, TX

U.S. Coast Guard STEP

IMO - compatible tests (G8)3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast uplift

3 replicate 1.1 m3 samples collected during each 1/3 of ballast discharge

Samples collected from control and treatment ballast tanks during voyage

3 biological tests in 6 monthsFebruary, May, August 2008

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Concluding Comments

Ballast water exchange, as currently practiced, is releasing large numbers of non-indigenous and/or coastal organisms in Puget Sound.

Many potential treatment technologies being considered.Limitations and positive attributes of each technology need to be

evaluated.

Different technologies may be applicable to different vessel classes.

Many treatment technologies appear better than ballast water exchange (e.g., concentration of discharged organisms)

Scientists and engineers must work together in not only finding environmental problems, but also in providing solutions.

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Funding Acknowledgements

National Sea Grant Program

U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Washington Sea Grant

United States Geological Survey (USGS)

IndustryBP Oil Transportation

Severn Trent De Nora

MARENCO Technology Group