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UNIVERSITIES AS INTERNATIONAL PLAYERS: THE UNIVERSITIES AS INTERNATIONAL PLAYERS: THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATIONINTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Humane Seminar Trieste, 15Humane Seminar Trieste, 15thth – 16° September 2006 – 16° September 2006
Mobility of researchers: SISSA’s experienceMobility of researchers: SISSA’s experience
Giuliana Zotta Vittur - Tatiana UsenichGiuliana Zotta Vittur - Tatiana Usenich
SISSASISSA
International School for Advanced Studies – Trieste, ItalyInternational School for Advanced Studies – Trieste, Italyhttp://http://www.sissa.itwww.sissa.it/main//main/
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SISSA
training of young graduate students in pure and applied research, also for university teaching career.
Founded in 1978, it is focused on two basic missions:
• promotion and development of culture and scientific top-quality research in the fields of physics, mathematics and neuroscience;
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10 m
The Research Sectors
Astrophysics
NeurobiologyHigh Energy Physics
Statistical and Biological Physics
Condensed Matter Theory
Cognitive Neuroscience
Functional Analysis and Applications
Mathematical Physics
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Thanks to a small and flexible structure, SISSA is able to continually reshape its teaching and research programmes to meet new scientific challenges and to attract private and public research funds.
SISSA
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Number of researchers compared to the labour forceNumber of researchers compared to the labour force
USA Average
Japan Average
EuropeanUnion
Average
Italy Average
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Region*
Trieste
Number of researchers per 1000 persons in Labour Force 9 10,1 5,4 2,9 8,8 37,1
*Data 2004: Department of Economics and Statistical Sciences, University of Trieste
Source: Key Figures 2005 on Science, Technology and Innovation – July 2005
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Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in
the academic year 2004/2005the academic year 2004/2005
4.01%
22.05%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
Italian Universities Higher Education Institutions
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Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Figures of foreign PhD students enrolled in Italian Universities and in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in Higher Education Institutions (Scuole Superiori) in
the academic year 2004/2005the academic year 2004/2005
4,01
7,3
27,7829,5
Italian Universities Scuola Normale Scuola Sant'Anna SISSA
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MOBILITYMOBILITY
IncomingOutgoing
99
OUTGOING MOBILITYOUTGOING MOBILITY
Former SISSA students have obtained successful positions in the best Former SISSA students have obtained successful positions in the best laboratories and research institutes in the world:laboratories and research institutes in the world:
USA•Massachusetts Institute of Technology•University of California at Davis•Institute for Advanced Study•New Your University School of Medicine•University of Chicago•Columbia University•CBR Instute - Harvard Medical School•Stanford University•Washington University•Tuft University•University of California at Berkeley•University of Virginia•University of California at Riverside•Johns Hopkins University
Switzerland•Ecole Politechnique•ITP - Zurich University•CERN•Basel University
Germany•Max Planck Institute for Medical Research•Humboldt University•GWDG - Max Planck Institut•Bonn University•University of Heidelberg
United Kingdom•Oxford University•Edinburgh University•University of Sussex•Cambridge University
Japan•Kyoto University
Pop. Rep. China•Tsinghua University
Sweden•Karolinska Institutet
France•Université Paris V (R. Descartes)•Université Toulouse
Belgium•Université Libre Bruxelles
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INCOMING MOBILITYINCOMING MOBILITYForeign students at SISSAForeign students at SISSA
67%
33%
76%
24%
71%
29%
1979-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005
Italian Students
Foreign Students
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Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the period 1979/1989in the period 1979/1989
Africa4%
Non EU21%
EU11%
Asia40%
North America2% South America
22%
EU
Non EU
Africa
South America
North America
Asia
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Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the period 1990/1999in the period 1990/1999
Oceania1%
Africa10%
Non EU37%
EU9%
Asia29%
North America1%
South America13%
EU
Non EU
Africa
South America
North America
Asia
Oceania
1313
Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the period 2000/2005in the period 2000/2005
Africa4%
Non EU29%
EU19%
Asia23%
North America4%
South America21%
EU
Non EU
Africa
South America
North America
Asia
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Students’ countries of origin Students’ countries of origin in the three periods considered in the three periods considered
(expressed in percentages)(expressed in percentages)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1979-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005
EU
Non EU
Africa
South America
North America
Asia
Oceania
%
1515
Figures of foreign students at SISSA Figures of foreign students at SISSA in the academic year 2005-2006in the academic year 2005-2006
PhD students in the academic year 2005/2006
34%
66%
Foreigners Italians
Students' Countries of Origin
16%
19%
3%31%
9%
22%
South America
EU
North America
Asia
Africa
Non UE
1616
Other research positions Other research positions at SISSA in 2005at SISSA in 2005
Post-docs
78%
22%
ForeignersItalians
Research Assignments 45%
55%ForeignersItalians
Visiting and "Brain gain"
65%
35%
ForeignersItalians
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STRATEGIES TO ENCOURAGE STRATEGIES TO ENCOURAGE INTERNATIONALIZATION ANDINTERNATIONALIZATION AND
MOBILITY AT SISSA MOBILITY AT SISSA
Strategies at European levelStrategies at European level Stategies at national levelStategies at national level Strategies at local levelStrategies at local level SISSA’s own strategiesSISSA’s own strategies
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Strategies at European levelStrategies at European level
Participation in the Research and Cooperation Participation in the Research and Cooperation Programmes of the European CommissionProgrammes of the European Commission
Marie Curie ActionsMarie Curie Actions Early Stage ResearchersEarly Stage Researchers Research Training NetworksResearch Training Networks Intra-European Fellowships (for researchers from EU and Associated Intra-European Fellowships (for researchers from EU and Associated
States with at least 4 years experienceStates with at least 4 years experience )) Incoming International Fellowships (for experienced researchers coming Incoming International Fellowships (for experienced researchers coming
from outside the EU and Associated States)from outside the EU and Associated States) Transfer of Knowledge Fellowships (for experienced researchers with more Transfer of Knowledge Fellowships (for experienced researchers with more
than 10 years research experiencethan 10 years research experience Reintegration Grants (for researchers who have been awarded a 2-year Reintegration Grants (for researchers who have been awarded a 2-year
Marie Curie fellowship in another European country)Marie Curie fellowship in another European country)
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Strategies at national levelStrategies at national level
Direct call of eminent scientists Programme (“Chiamata Direct call of eminent scientists Programme (“Chiamata per chiara fama”)per chiara fama”)
Brain gain Programme (“Rientro dei cervelli”)Brain gain Programme (“Rientro dei cervelli”) Mobility fellowshipsMobility fellowships Fiscal incentives which encourage re-entry in Italy of Fiscal incentives which encourage re-entry in Italy of
researchersresearchers
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Strategies at local levelStrategies at local level
The International Fellowship Programme “Talents”The International Fellowship Programme “Talents” D4 ProgrammeD4 Programme The Central European Initiative (CEI) recognized SISSA The Central European Initiative (CEI) recognized SISSA
as one of its centres of excellenceas one of its centres of excellence Close collaboration with the ICTP (International Centre of Close collaboration with the ICTP (International Centre of
Theoretical Physics)Theoretical Physics)
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SISSA’s own strategies SISSA’s own strategies
Maintaining the high level of the international recognition Maintaining the high level of the international recognition of its teaching and research activitiesof its teaching and research activities
Dynamism in research and interdisciplinarityDynamism in research and interdisciplinarity Use of international criteria in recruitmentUse of international criteria in recruitment Presence of a significant number of foreign academics in Presence of a significant number of foreign academics in
the staffthe staff Promotion of inter-university cooperation agreements Promotion of inter-university cooperation agreements
and international joint degreesand international joint degrees Spring preselectionSpring preselection Practical assistance offered to researchersPractical assistance offered to researchers English as the working language of the SchoolEnglish as the working language of the School
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OBSTACLES TO OVERCOMEOBSTACLES TO OVERCOME
Citizens of third countries need an entry visa for ItalyCitizens of third countries need an entry visa for Italy
Visa for studyVisa for study Visa for workVisa for work
Students, fellowship Students, fellowship holdersholders
Research assignments, Research assignments, work contractswork contracts
Family reunionFamily reunion Family reunionFamily reunion
The European Commission proposed the creation of the The European Commission proposed the creation of the
SCIENTIFIC VISASCIENTIFIC VISA
(Optional)(Optional)
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OBSTACLES TO OVERCOMEOBSTACLES TO OVERCOME
linguistic problemslinguistic problems legal and administrative barriers to enter the country (visas and legal and administrative barriers to enter the country (visas and
residence permits)residence permits) academic career (problems in recognition of periods of studying and academic career (problems in recognition of periods of studying and
working abroad)working abroad) lack of career prospectslack of career prospects salary disparitiessalary disparities transfer of pension rightstransfer of pension rights financial obstaclesfinancial obstacles different taxation rulesdifferent taxation rules lack of information (both on procedures and on opportunities)lack of information (both on procedures and on opportunities) inadequate facilities and support servicesinadequate facilities and support services
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HOW TO STIMULATE MOBILITY?HOW TO STIMULATE MOBILITY?
The ambitious challenges of the European Union can The ambitious challenges of the European Union can be summarized in the following three political milestones:be summarized in the following three political milestones:
The launching of the European Research Area (ERA) in The launching of the European Research Area (ERA) in January 2000;January 2000;
The commitment by the Heads of State and The commitment by the Heads of State and Governments, undertaken in Lisbon in March 2000, to Governments, undertaken in Lisbon in March 2000, to turn Europe into the most dynamic and competitive turn Europe into the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy by the year 2010;knowledge-based economy by the year 2010;
The commitment by the European Council of Barcelona The commitment by the European Council of Barcelona (March 2002) to increase investments in research up to (March 2002) to increase investments in research up to an average of 3% of the Member States’ GDP.an average of 3% of the Member States’ GDP.
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CURRENT TOOLS…….CURRENT TOOLS…….
New strategies, policies and conditions are required so New strategies, policies and conditions are required so as to make Europe more attractive for researchers:as to make Europe more attractive for researchers:
The 7th European Framework Programme (Focus on The 7th European Framework Programme (Focus on People: “People: “To develop and strengthen the human potential To develop and strengthen the human potential of European research through support to training, of European research through support to training, mobility and the development of….research careersmobility and the development of….research careers.”.”
The European Charter for Researchers and the Code of The European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for recruitmentConduct for recruitment
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THANK YOU THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION FOR YOUR ATTENTION