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Unit 15 CitiesUnit 15 CitiesLanguage focusLanguage focus

I.I. Pronunciation :Pronunciation :

//θθ/ / / / ðð / /

throughthrough therethere

theatretheatre fatherfather

clothcloth clothesclothes

breathbreath breathebreathe

tenthtenth togethertogether

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Practise the sentencesPractise the sentences

Notes:Notes:

*/*/θθ/: thought, Smith, thirty, three, Thursday, /: thought, Smith, thirty, three, Thursday, thirtieth, birthday, something, think , thin.thirtieth, birthday, something, think , thin.

*/ */ ðð / : brother, the, that, clothes, there. / : brother, the, that, clothes, there.

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Choose the underlined part which is differently Choose the underlined part which is differently

pronounced from the otherspronounced from the others.. 1.1.ththemem monmonthth babaththee gagaththerer 2.wea2.weaththerer moumouthth lenglengthth ththinging 3. 3. ththreatenreaten ththeireir whewheththerer ththoughough 4. tru4. truthth ththumbumb ththenen

strengstrengthth 5. 5. ththousandousand cloclothth ththrillerriller feafeaththerer

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II. Grammar and vocabularyII. Grammar and vocabulary

1.1. Non- defining and defining relative clauses:Non- defining and defining relative clauses:

Examples:Examples:• The lady The lady who lives next doorwho lives next door is a teacher. is a teacher.• We stayed at the hotel We stayed at the hotel that you recommendedthat you recommended..• My youngest brother, My youngest brother, who lives in Hanoiwho lives in Hanoi, is a , is a

teacher.teacher.• We stayed at the King Hotel, We stayed at the King Hotel, which is very which is very

nice.nice.

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Rules:Rules:Defining relative clauseDefining relative clause

((restrictive clauserestrictive clause))

Non- defining relative clauseNon- defining relative clause

((non-restrictive clause)non-restrictive clause)

-To identify the noun To identify the noun before it.before it.- ThatThat can be used. can be used.- “ “,”,” can’t be used. can’t be used.

Eg: The flowers that you Eg: The flowers that you gave her are lovely.gave her are lovely.

-To provide more To provide more information about the information about the noun.noun.- We use “We use “,,” before and ” before and after this kind of clause.after this kind of clause.- We can’t use We can’t use thatthat-Eg:Eg: Hanoi,Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam, is very beautiful.

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Exercise 1Exercise 1

Underline the relative clauses , indicate if they are defining Underline the relative clauses , indicate if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND) and add a comma where (D) or non-defining (ND) and add a comma where required.required.

Answers:Answers:1….., which is located on the East Coast of the United 1….., which is located on the East Coast of the United

States,… NDStates,… ND2. …,which is located on the Granada` River,…. ND 2. …,which is located on the Granada` River,…. ND

3….., which has a population of nearly 20,000,000 ,…. ND 3….., which has a population of nearly 20,000,000 ,…. ND

4. ….., which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics ,….ND4. ….., which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics ,….ND5….., which used to be the capital of Japan,…. ND5….., which used to be the capital of Japan,…. ND

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More exerciseMore exerciseRewrite the sentences, using relative clauses.Rewrite the sentences, using relative clauses.

1.1. We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.the capital of Scotland.

2.2. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.Holmes stories.

3.3. I sent you a postcard. It was written on I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.the summit of Ben Nevis.

4.4. Our flight was delayed. This meant we Our flight was delayed. This meant we had to wait three hours at the airport.had to wait three hours at the airport.

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II. Grammar and vocabularyII. Grammar and vocabulary

2. Connecting contrasting ideas : Although2. Connecting contrasting ideas : Although

Examples :Examples :

* Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. It is not the * Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam. It is not the largest city of Vietnam.largest city of Vietnam.

→→Although Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam ,it Although Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam ,it is not the largest city .is not the largest city .

* Although he had tried hard, he didn’t pass * Although he had tried hard, he didn’t pass his driving test.his driving test.

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Rules :Rules :

* We use * We use althoughalthough or or thoughthough or or even thougheven though to to connect contrasting ideas.connect contrasting ideas.

• Though/ although/ even though + clauseThough/ although/ even though + clause

= despite the fact that + clause= despite the fact that + clause

= despite/ in spite of + N phrase / V-ing= despite/ in spite of + N phrase / V-ing

Note : do not use BUT with Note : do not use BUT with althoughalthough

Eg: Even though he is a millionaire, he is very Eg: Even though he is a millionaire, he is very mean.mean.

In spite of being a millionaire, he is very mean.In spite of being a millionaire, he is very mean.

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Exercise 2Exercise 2Combine the sentences using Combine the sentences using althoughalthough

Answers:Answers:1.Although there is not much to do in the 1.Although there is not much to do in the

countryside, I prefer living in there.countryside, I prefer living in there.2. Although there is a lot of pollution in Los 2. Although there is a lot of pollution in Los

Angeles, it is an ideal place to live.Angeles, it is an ideal place to live.3.Although the shops are crowded, people are not 3.Although the shops are crowded, people are not

buying much.buying much.4. Although the city is a favourite tourist destination 4. Although the city is a favourite tourist destination

for many people, it has its problems.for many people, it has its problems.5.Although it is a safe neighbourhood, it is best to 5.Although it is a safe neighbourhood, it is best to

be careful.be careful.

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More practiceMore practice

• Choose the best answers.Choose the best answers.

1.She will never stop working ….. she is very rich.1.She will never stop working ….. she is very rich.

a. despitea. despite b. becauseb. because c. althoughc. although d. sod. so

2. The chemistry book….. was a little expensive.2. The chemistry book….. was a little expensive.

a. that I bought it b. I bought that c. what I bought d. I boughta. that I bought it b. I bought that c. what I bought d. I bought

3…the fact that she is young, she is given a high position .3…the fact that she is young, she is given a high position .

a. despitea. despite b. althoughb. although c. in spitec. in spite d. both a and cd. both a and c

4…..we are close friends, we’ve known each other for a short time.4…..we are close friends, we’ve known each other for a short time.

a. In spite ofa. In spite of b. Although b. Although c. Despite c. Despite d. none is correctd. none is correct

5.They couldn’t go to the party, …was a pity.5.They couldn’t go to the party, …was a pity.

a. thata. that b. whichb. which c. whatc. what d. both a and bd. both a and b

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Choose the underlined part which needs Choose the underlined part which needs correcting.correcting.

1.1. I I don’t knowdon’t know the name the name of of the woman the woman whomwhom I spoke I spoke on on the phone.the phone.

2.2. AlthoughAlthough his t his tirednessiredness, he , he walkedwalked to to thethe office. office.

3.3. Are you Are you the kind ofthe kind of person person whomwhom are are shyshy aroundaround people?people?

4.4. Because ofBecause of heavy heavy rainrain, we , we went went on on aa picnic. picnic.

5.5. He is overHe is over seventy seventy a althoughlthough he s he stilltill wants to continue wants to continue working.working.

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HomeworkHomework

Make two sentences using Make two sentences using defining defining relative clauserelative clause and two with and two with non-defining non-defining relative clause.relative clause.

Make two sentences with Make two sentences with although.although.