1 Training Session on Energy Equipment Electricity Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide...
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1 Training Session on Energy Training Session on Energy Equipment Equipment Electricity Electricity Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia” www.energyefficiencyasia.org © UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006 E l e c t r i c a l E q u i p m e n t / E l e c t r i c i t y
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Transcript of 1 Training Session on Energy Equipment Electricity Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide...
1
Training Session on Energy Training Session on Energy EquipmentEquipment
ElectricityElectricity
Presentation from the
“Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”
www.energyefficiencyasia.org
©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
El ect ri cal E
quipment /
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
Training Agenda: ElectricityTraining Agenda: Electricity
• Future electricity scenario
• Generation & distribution
• Phase of electricity
• Active and reactive power
• Power factor correction
• Electrical load management
• Electrical billing mechanisms
• Transformers
El ect ri cal E
quipment /
El ect ri c it y
3
©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Development can be measured by a nation’s electricity consumption
• Electricity usage is divided into:a) Industrial
b) Commercial and residential
c) Agriculture and irrigation
• Electricity important input for industry
General Electricity ScenarioEl ect ri cal E
quipment /
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
International Energy Agency predicts for 2030:
• 78% of population in developing countries has access to electricity
• 1.4 billion people no access
• 665 billion US$ needed to overcome this
General Electricity ScenarioEl ect ri cal E
quipment /
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• How can electricity supply shortage be solved?
a) Renovation and modernization of plants, transmission and distribution systems
b) Demand side management with the utilization of energy efficiency technologies
c) Awareness raising among energy users
General Electricity ScenarioEl ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Electricity generation: fossil fuels and uranium
• Renewable energy is growing
Generation & Distribution
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
Renewable 21%
Nuclear 16%
Fossil fuels 63%
World electricity generation by energy
(US Energy Information Administration, 2004)
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
Generation & Distribution
Generator
10.6 KV
GT 220 KV
Step down transformer
Distribution
Power plant Transmission system
Distribution system
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• AC generators (“alternators”) generate electricity
• Electricity generated at 9-13 KV
• Power generated from 67.5 to 1000 MW
• Power stations: generating transformers (GTs) to increase voltage to 132-400 KV
• Substations: step-down transformers to reduce voltage before distribution
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
Generation & Distribution
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Benefits of high voltage transmission
• Less voltage drop: good voltage regulation
• Less power loss: high transmission efficiency
• Smaller conductor: lower costs
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
Generation & Distribution
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Single phase AC circuit:• Two wires connected
to electricity source• Direction of current
changes many times per second
Phase of Electricity
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yst ems/
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3-phases of an electric system(Wikipedia contributors, 2005)Three phase systems:
• 3 lines with electricity from 3 circuits• One neutral line• 3 waveforms offset in time: 50-60 cycles/second
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Star connection
Phase of Electricity
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
Delta connection
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Active power (kW): real power used
• Reactive power (kVAR): virtual power that determines load/demand
• Utility pays for total power (kVA)
Active and Reactive Power
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
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Source: OIT
kVA = (KW)2 + (KVAR)2kVA = (KW)2 + (KVAR)2
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Power Factor Correlation
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Figure: Power factor of electric circuit
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• kVAR demand should be as low as possible for the same kW output
PF Correction: Capacitors
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
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Figure: Capacitor as kVAR generator
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Act as reactive power generators
• Reduce reactive power
• Reduce total power generated by the utilities
PF Correction:CapacitorsE
l ect ri cal Syst em
s/E
l ect ri c it y
Figure: Fixed capacitor banks Source: Ecatalog
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Advantages for company:
• One off investment for capacitor
• Reduced electricity costs:
• Total demand reduced
• No penalty charges
• Reduced distribution losses
• Increased voltage level at load end, improved motor performance
PF Correction: CapacitorsEl ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Advantages for utility:
• Reduced reactive component of network
• Reduced total current in the system from the source end
• Reduced I2R power losses
• Reduced need to install additional distribution network capacity
PF Correction: CapacitorsEl ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Goal: reduce maximum electricity demand to lower the electricity costs
• Load curve predicts patterns in demand
Electrical Load Management
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
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Daily load curve of an engineering industry (National Productivity Council, India)
KV
A
Hours
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Strategies to manage peak load demand:
• Shift non-critical / non-continuous process loads to off-peak time
• Shed non-essential loads during peak time
• Operate in-house generation or diesel generator (dg) sets during peak time
• Operate AC units during off-peak times and utilize cool thermal storage
• Install power factor correction equipment
Electrical Load Management
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Energy charges
• Actual charges based on active power
• Charge based on apparent power
• Maximum demand charges
• Based on maximum demand registered
• Penalty for peak load
Electricity Billing MechanismEl ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Power factor penalty or bonus
• Fuel costs
• Electricity duty charges
• Meter rentals
• Lighting & fan power consumption
• Time of Day (TOD) rates
Electricity Billing MechanismEl ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Electricity Billing Mechanism
El ect ri cal S
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Utility uses trivector meter for measurement during billing cycle (usually month):
• Maximum demand
• Active energy in kWh
• Reactive energy in kVArh
• Apparent energy in kVAh
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Electricity Billing Mechanism
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
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• Demand measured in time intervals
• Maximum demand is highest reading
• Customer charged on highest maximum demand value!
A Typical Demand Curve (National Productivity Council)
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Static electrical device that transforms electrical energy from one voltage level to another
• Two or more coils linked magnetically but electrically insulated
Transformer
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
• Turns Ratio: turns on 2nd coil (connected to load)
turns on 1st coil (connected to power source)
Figure 12: A view of a transformer(Indiamart.com)
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Transformers are classified based on:
• Input voltage
• Operation
• Location
• Connection
Transformer types
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
• Transformer losses: constant and variable
• Best efficiency: load where constant loss = variable loss
Transformer Losses & Efficiency
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yst ems/
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Transformer loss versus percent loading (BEE, 2004)
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (Load KVA/Rated KVA)2 x PLOAD
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (Load KVA/Rated KVA)2 x PLOAD
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©© UNEP 2006 UNEP 2006
ElectricityElectricity
Electricity Formulae
El ect ri cal S
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• Resistance (Ohm)
• Voltage (Volts)
• Reactance
• Impedance
• Real power (Watt)
• Reactive power
• Apparent power
• Power factor
• Efficiency
• Transformer ratio
• Voltage drop in a line
• Star connection
• Delta connection
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Training Session on Energy Training Session on Energy EquipmentEquipment
ElectricityElectricity
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTIONFOR YOUR ATTENTION
©© UNEP GERIAP UNEP GERIAP
El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
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El ect ri cal S
yst ems/
El ect ri c it y
© UNEP 2006© UNEP 2006
Disclaimer and ReferencesDisclaimer and References
• This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006.
• The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida)
• Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org
