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Today is Friday, January 11th

DO NOW

Be sure to take a copy of Chem w/s and complete #1 - 9

Organic vs. Inorganic

• View the organic molecules and compare them to the inorganic molecules. What qualifies them as “organic”?

• Organic • Inorganic– CO2

– H2O

– NaCl

– AgNO3

– HCl

- C6H12O6

- CH11N5O4

- C2H4NO

Organic Chem – the study of C based compounds (must have both C & H)

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2 - 3 Carbon Compounds

1. All living things are considered organic

compounds

2. Contains carbon & hydrogen atoms

3. DOES NOT MEAN that it is found in the organic

section in the Supermarket

I. Living things are made of carbon compounds

A. Organic

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B. Inorganic

1. Does NOT contain carbon compounds 2. may have carbon but will have other elements as well

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Organic vs. Inorganic w/s

Intro to OrgoII. Why Carbon?

A. It’s versatile – makes many structures or chains

B. 4 valence electrons (4 covalent bonds)

C. Form simple or complex compounds

D. chains form backbone of most biological molecules (straight, bent, double bond, rings)

III. Four main organic compounds found in living things

A. Macromolecules

1. large molecules in living things

2. contains numerous amounts of atoms

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Living organisms

• Four main organic compounds found in living things– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Made of C, H, O• Main source of energy• Can be used for structural

purposes• Glucose = immediate

energy• Complex carbs ~

starches ~ stored• Can have 4 valence

electrons • Uses its versatility to form

chains

• 4 classes: – Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic Acids

• Polymers – long molecule made of building blocks called monomers – Ex. Carbs, Proteins,

Nucleic acids

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“mer” Activity

Carbohydrates

• We get most of their energy from carbs

• Carbs are sugars, most end in “-ose”

• Multiple of molecular formula: CH2O

• Monosaccharides– Monomers: simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbons

– Ex. (C6H12O6): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Carbohydrates (cont’d)• Disaccharide – formed by 2

monosaccharides forming a glycosidic linkage by dehydration synthesis

• Ex. glucose + glucose maltose + H2O

glucose + fructose sucrose + H2O

glucose + galactose lactose + H2O

Carbohydrates (cont’d)• Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of monosaccharides

joined by glycosidic linkages• Storage polysaccharides:

– Starch AKA Amylose• monomer-glucose (helical)• Plants store starch in plastids, and hydrolyze when needed

– Glycogen• Monomer – glucose (branched)• Vertebrates temporarily store glycogen in liver & muscle

• Structural polysaccharides:– Cellulose – plant cell walls

• Monomer – glucose (linear)

– Chitin• Arthropod exoskeletons• Fungi cell walls

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Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide

• Mono = 1• Saccharide = sugar

– Glucose– Galactose– Fructose

• Many monosaccharide = polysaccharides

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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

• Animals store as glycogen

• BS ↓ glycogen gets released from liver

• Plants ~ starch is stored excess sugar

• Cellulose gives strength & rigidity

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Lipids• No true monomer• Made of C & H• Used to store energy effectiently (2x’s more than carbs)

• Part of biological membranes & waterproof coverings

• Used as insulation• Protective cushion

around organs

• Not soluble in H20

Lipids

• Examples:– Fats & oils– Phospholipids– Steroids– Waxes

Fats & Oils

• Fat is assembled when a glycerol combines with a fatty acid

• Two types of fats: - saturated - unsaturated

Saturated Fats• When a carbon bond chain

is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond

• Contain no double bonds

• Straight chain

• Have as many H’s as possible

• Solid at room temperature

• Most animal fat

• ex. Butter, lard, adipose

Unsaturated Fats (Oils)• When there’s at least 1

double bond in a fatty acid

• 1 or more C double bond

• Chain is bent or kinked

• Most plants and fish fat

• Liquid at room temperature

• ex. olive oil, cod liver

oil, corn oil

Phospholipids

• Phosphate head – hydrophilic

- loves water

• Fatty Acid tails – hydrophobic– Not soluable in water

• In water, phospholipids form a bilayer

• Phospholipid bilayer is major component of cell membrane

Steroids

• 4 fused carbon rings w/various functional groups

• Ex. Cholesterol – component of cell membrane, and many hormones

• Muscle building

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Nucleic Acids• Made mostly of C & P• Some H,O, N, S• Monomer is a nucleic

acid• Function– Store & transmit genetic info

• Two kinds– RNA – Ribonucleic Acid– DNA – Deoxyribonucleic

Acid

Structure of Nucleic Acids

• Monomers – nucleotides • Multiple nucleotides – polymers

– form nucleic acids

• composed of 3 parts:– 5 carbon sugar

• Pentose (ribose or deoxyribose)– Phosphate group– Nitrogenous base

– In DNA : Cytosine (C); Thymine (T); Adenine (A); Guanine (G)

– In RNA : Cytosine (C); Uracil (U); Adenine (A); Guanine (G)

Nucleic Acids

2 types:

– RNA (ribonucleic acid)• Single stranded, variety of shapes• Transfers information from nucleus to cytoplasm (where proteins are

made)

– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)• Found in nucleus of eukarya• Double stranded helix• Provides directions for its own replication• Also directs RNA synthesis• Through RNA controls 10 structure of proteins

DNA RNA Proteins

DNA vs. RNA

DNA RNA

Double Strand Single Strand

Composed of bases A,T,G,C Composed of bases A,U,G,C

Self-Replicating Made from DNA strand

Found only in nucleus Made in nucleus, then moves to cytoplasm (ribosomes)

DNA is the template for the production of RNA, which is then used to make proteins

DNA RNA Proteins

Another molecule of biological importance:ATP

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – primary energy transferring molecule in the cell

• ATP ↔ ADP + Pi + Energy

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Proteins

• Contain N, H, C, & O• consist amino acids

(AA) – > 20 different

• Specific functions:– Regulation– Control reaction rate– Bone & muscle

formation– Transport substances– Infection control

Structure of Proteins• 10 Structure (primary)

- Sequence of amino acid chain (length vary)- Determined by genes

• 20 Structure (secondry)– How polypeptide folds or coils– Helix form – Pleats form

Structure of Proteins• 30 Structure (teritary) - 3D (fold onto itself)

– H bonds– Hydrophobic interaction– Disulfide bridges

• 40 Structure – – bonds to other polypeptides– 2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together

Protein Conformation• Structure of a protein is directly related to its function

• Protein conformation is determined when it is synthesized, and maintained by chemical interactions

• Protein conformation also depends on environmental factors: pH, salt concentration, temp…etc

• Protein can be denatured – unravel and lose conformation, therefore biologically inactive… when conditions change again, protein can be renatured (restored to normal)

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Assignment:

- complete worksheet