1 to 36 November 2015

36
www.kisankiawaaz.org Vol.7 No.11. , 2015 November Rs. 25/- Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary addressing National Agrochemicals Conference 2015 organized by FICCI on 18th November 2015, New Delhi In left Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav MP, & Chairman Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture & Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary President, Bharatiya Krishak Samaj, 18th November 2015, New Delhi

Transcript of 1 to 36 November 2015

Page 1: 1 to 36 November 2015

www.kisankiawaaz.org Vol.7 No.11. , 2015 November

Rs. 25/-

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary addressing National Agrochemicals Conference 2015 organized by FICCI on 18th November 2015, New Delhi

In left Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav

MP, & Chairman Parliamentary Standing

Committee on Agriculture &

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary President,

Bharatiya Krishak Samaj,18th November 2015,

New Delhi

Page 2: 1 to 36 November 2015

Editor : Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary, President, Bharatiya Krishak Samaj, F-1/A, Pandav Nagar, Delhi-110091

Advisory Board : S. P. Gulati, Sect. G.O.I., Retd. Lingraj B. Patil Ashok B Sharma Ms. Rohini Reddy Ms. Jyoti Surse D. Gurusamy, Adv. Rajesh Sharma “Bittoo” Pratap Singh, DIG Retd. Hatam Singh Nagar, Adv. K. Sareen

Designed by : Rahul Sharma Aastha Chaudhary Printed & Published by :

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary on behalf of Bharatiya Krishak Samaj. Printed at Everest Press, E-49/8, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-20.

Published at :

F-1/A, Pandav Nagar, Delhi-110091Mob.:9810331366, Telefax:011-22751281,E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]:- www.kisankiawaaz.org

Altered genes and twisted truth 2* K P Prabhakaran Nair

NEW PATHOGEN FOUND IN ROUND UP READY 5

Pests destroy Bt Cotton: GMOs not sustainable 7* Sandhya Jain

Olive Oil Superior to Mammography In Preventing 9* Margie King, Health Coach

Eat More Nuts to Lower Cancer Risks 10* Margie King, Health Coach

The medical industry is losing the cancer battle. 11* Sayer Ji

“Are GM crops better for consumers?” 13

letter to PM on import of illegal GM Soya meal 16

Digital India Project & Agriculture 19* Dr. Amrit Patel

FDI - INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND ECONOM 24* Yılmaz Akyüz

9 Ways That Eating Processed Food Made the World Sick 29* Dr. Mercola

1November 2015KISAN KI AWAAZ

November, 2015 Vol. 7 No.11

The views expressed by the authors are their own. the editor does not accept responsibility for returning unsolicited publication material. Disputes arising if any will be under Jurisdiction of Delhi Court

Krishan Bir Chaudhary

PM should ban import of illegal GM Soya meal

Respected Sh. Modi Jee,We are writing this to bring to your notice that there is a sinister move by a section of the poultry and feed industry to completely wipe out our own soybean cultivation, for their short term gain. We understand that large scale import of soybean meal is being contemplated at cheap prices from South America, China and USA, to flood the Indian market, inspite of the fact that more than adequate quantity of soybean meal is available from locally produced soybean. Our current laws do not permit import of any GMO based food or feed item. We fear that the importers may bring in GMO soybean meal at cheap rates, which will get cleared at ports without testing for presence of GM organisms. As you are aware, India is the only country in the world which grows Non-GM soybean and if imports of GM material starts, it will amount to playing a fraud on our farmers, who cannot compete with farmers in the exporting countries.

Currently, import of soybean meal is freely permitted, with a low customs duty of 15%. Import of GM is strictly prohibited. Soybean prices in these countries are between 30 to 40% lower because of huge subsidies and imports of cheap soymeal will leave no outlet for indigenous production, which will directly hurt the farmers, who are already suffering from huge losses caused by erratic monsoon this year. It is unfortunate that the poultry industry which is opposing import of finished products from abroad, on the ground that they cannot compete, is wanting to import soybean meal, without any sympathy or consideration for the poor Indian farmer and want him to compete with the farmer abroad.

There appears to be a deep rooted conspiracy against soybean farmers of India. Import of GM soybean meal, a clamor for import of soybean itself, discouragement to soy cultivation by political leaders, active involvement of foreign seed and pesticide companies in promoting GM Soy cultivation, promotional activities by a foreign agency to encourage import of soybean .are moves which directly point towards killing soybean cultivation in India. We cannot allow our farmers' interest to be jeopardized by selfish elements. We would, therefore, request you to kindly immediately put a ban on soybean meal import. Kindly also issue instructions to all customs officers that the law of the land with regard to prohibition on import of GMOs is strictly followed and any soybean meal imported into India is checked in a Government laboratory to ensure that it does not contain traces of GM material.

Sh.Narendra ModiHon'ble Prime Minister of IndiaNew Delhi

Page 3: 1 to 36 November 2015

Editor : Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary, President, Bharatiya Krishak Samaj, F-1/A, Pandav Nagar, Delhi-110091

Advisory Board : S. P. Gulati, Sect. G.O.I., Retd. Lingraj B. Patil Ashok B Sharma Ms. Rohini Reddy Ms. Jyoti Surse D. Gurusamy, Adv. Rajesh Sharma “Bittoo” Pratap Singh, DIG Retd. Hatam Singh Nagar, Adv. K. Sareen

Designed by : Rahul Sharma Aastha Chaudhary Printed & Published by :

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary on behalf of Bharatiya Krishak Samaj. Printed at Everest Press, E-49/8, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-20.

Published at :

F-1/A, Pandav Nagar, Delhi-110091Mob.:9810331366, Telefax:011-22751281,E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]:- www.kisankiawaaz.org

Altered genes and twisted truth 2* K P Prabhakaran Nair

NEW PATHOGEN FOUND IN ROUND UP READY 5

Pests destroy Bt Cotton: GMOs not sustainable 7* Sandhya Jain

Olive Oil Superior to Mammography In Preventing 9* Margie King, Health Coach

Eat More Nuts to Lower Cancer Risks 10* Margie King, Health Coach

The medical industry is losing the cancer battle. 11* Sayer Ji

“Are GM crops better for consumers?” 13

letter to PM on import of illegal GM Soya meal 16

Digital India Project & Agriculture 19* Dr. Amrit Patel

FDI - INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND ECONOM 24* Yılmaz Akyüz

9 Ways That Eating Processed Food Made the World Sick 29* Dr. Mercola

1November 2015KISAN KI AWAAZ

November, 2015 Vol. 7 No.11

The views expressed by the authors are their own. the editor does not accept responsibility for returning unsolicited publication material. Disputes arising if any will be under Jurisdiction of Delhi Court

Krishan Bir Chaudhary

PM should ban import of illegal GM Soya meal

Respected Sh. Modi Jee,We are writing this to bring to your notice that there is a sinister move by a section of the poultry and feed industry to completely wipe out our own soybean cultivation, for their short term gain. We understand that large scale import of soybean meal is being contemplated at cheap prices from South America, China and USA, to flood the Indian market, inspite of the fact that more than adequate quantity of soybean meal is available from locally produced soybean. Our current laws do not permit import of any GMO based food or feed item. We fear that the importers may bring in GMO soybean meal at cheap rates, which will get cleared at ports without testing for presence of GM organisms. As you are aware, India is the only country in the world which grows Non-GM soybean and if imports of GM material starts, it will amount to playing a fraud on our farmers, who cannot compete with farmers in the exporting countries.

Currently, import of soybean meal is freely permitted, with a low customs duty of 15%. Import of GM is strictly prohibited. Soybean prices in these countries are between 30 to 40% lower because of huge subsidies and imports of cheap soymeal will leave no outlet for indigenous production, which will directly hurt the farmers, who are already suffering from huge losses caused by erratic monsoon this year. It is unfortunate that the poultry industry which is opposing import of finished products from abroad, on the ground that they cannot compete, is wanting to import soybean meal, without any sympathy or consideration for the poor Indian farmer and want him to compete with the farmer abroad.

There appears to be a deep rooted conspiracy against soybean farmers of India. Import of GM soybean meal, a clamor for import of soybean itself, discouragement to soy cultivation by political leaders, active involvement of foreign seed and pesticide companies in promoting GM Soy cultivation, promotional activities by a foreign agency to encourage import of soybean .are moves which directly point towards killing soybean cultivation in India. We cannot allow our farmers' interest to be jeopardized by selfish elements. We would, therefore, request you to kindly immediately put a ban on soybean meal import. Kindly also issue instructions to all customs officers that the law of the land with regard to prohibition on import of GMOs is strictly followed and any soybean meal imported into India is checked in a Government laboratory to ensure that it does not contain traces of GM material.

Sh.Narendra ModiHon'ble Prime Minister of IndiaNew Delhi

Page 4: 1 to 36 November 2015

2 KISAN KI AWAAZ

Altered genes and twisted truth

here is a disconcerting parallel between what happened in the US back then and what happened in India in 2006. Monsanto was T

already into Bt cotton and trying to push Bt brinjal through its Indian subsidiary Mahyco (Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company). The former Chief Justice of India, the late Y.K. Sabharwal, said against the background of an on-going PIL on GM crops in the Supreme Court that an “independent, competent and committed expert committee” examine the question of GM crops vis-à-vis Bt brinjal. An independent expert committee set up under the chairmanship of this writer found several instances where the safety protocol prescribed by the Department of Biotechnology was breached, in field and laboratory trials. The report of this committee was submitted to the Supreme Court in October 2006. The forerunner of the biotechnology industry was the molecular biology establishment. James Watson, co-discoverer of the DNA structure, was a founding member and, for obvious reasons, a big proponent of genetic engineering. He was extremely vocal, claiming genetic engineering was safe and that earlier concerns had been exaggerated. And the molecular biologists in favour of pushing ahead with genetic engineering without adequate safeguards wielded great power in the US National Academy of Sciences. Druker claims: “The National Academy of Sciences - because their agenda was so strongly influenced by molecular biologists - were afraid of a full and fair review of the possible ecological problems of releasing genetically engineered organisms.” Dr. Philip Regal, an eminent biologist and believer in scientific integrity and accountability, became the point man for attempting to get genetic engineering venture aligned with sound science during the first 15 to 20 years of its existence.

Dr. Regal and some collaborators managed to put together two major conferences, and were shocked to learn just how many high-risk projects genetic engineers had in the pipeline. The prime objective of those so engaged was driven by the motto “Come what may, we have to have a product genetically engineered to reach the market”. Dr Regal's attempts to stall these projects had little success. The media, on the whole, tended to support the adventurers. “The media tended to present all of the statements about how good these foods were and how safe they were in the mouths of the scientific experts. Anytime concerns were raised, they would put that in the mouth of non-scientists; activists presented as not knowing very much about science.” That same tactic is used to great effect today. Rarely if ever does a concerned scientist get any kind of airtime in conventional media. Scientists are also crippled by threats of losing grant money, or their career. It's not very different in India where the Prime Minister's Office in UPA-II unrolled the red carpet for vocal votaries of the GM lobby. Ministers affiliated to the ministry of environment and forests, directly responsible for the GM agenda, who expressed an opinion contrary to the PMO were unceremoniously shifted and others who favoured GM were brought in. The classic case involved Jayanthi Natrajan, who voiced strong objections to open field testing of GM crops without a safety protocol in place. She was moved out and replaced by Veerappa Moily who at one stroke cleared several field trials during the fag end of the UPA-II regime. The central agenda of the GM lobby was to keep regulations at the barest minimum right from the start. If safety regulations had been stricter, it's unlikely that the industry would have been able to pull it off.

November 2015

* K P Prabhakaran Nair

3KISAN KI AWAAZ

“If that fraudulent groundwork hadn't been laid by the mainstream scientific establishment, especially the molecular biology establishment, the FDA could not have done what it did. It wouldn't have had the aura of scientific respectability, nor could Monsanto and the biotech industry have later been able to do what they've done. “As Dr. Philip Regal mentioned: 'Within the scientific community, gossip became as good as truth; as good as fact.' And people just parroted what they heard other people saying.” In the 1980s, a major GMO disaster took place with the essential amino acid L-tryptophan, produced by genetic engineering. In the US it killed at least 27 people and over 1,500 were sickened. The novel disorder that afflicted these unfortunate people was named eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS). In the mid-1980s, one of the main developers of L-tryptophan supplements, Showa Denko Corporation of Japan, decided it could turn out more L-tryptophan in the same time if they endowed the bacteria they were using with extra genes. The bacteria have the genetic components to synthesise L-tryptophan. Showa reasoned that by giving the bacteria an extra copy of those genes more L-tryptophan would be produced more quickly. But in order to achieve maximum production rates, they also had to boost one of those genes with a promoter from a virus, which led to a very unnatural situation. Druker notes in his book, “They were messing around in very radical, unprecedented ways with the metabolism of bacteria that have been safely used for many, many years.” There were early reports of the supplement causing trouble, and as production was increased, it appears to have become more toxic. L-tryptophan was prescribed by physicians for patients suffering from depression and sleep disorder. The supplements were manufactured conventionally. Disaster struck only when the GE version came into the market.

“The scientific evidence is very clear: tryptophan supplements were not a problem. To our knowledge, the only tryptophan supplement that ever created a problem was the one created through genetically engineered bacteria.” Druker continues, “The final version [of this genetically engineered bacteria], which was the most souped-up, cranked out not only a lot of L-tryptophan but some unusual contaminants. The profile of that toxic tryptophan was highly unusual. It contained many more contaminants than most products do. They were very low level, though. It was still pure according to pharmacological standards. It tested pure. Generally, most chemicals are not dangerous at that extremely low concentration, but at least one of those [contaminants] was, and it created a major epidemic. “This epidemic... was only determined because the symptoms were highly unusual and unique... It was fortuitous in a sense that it was such a strange disease, otherwise, it would not have been even recognized, and those tryptophan supplements would still be marketed and still be killing and maiming people.” The FDA response was to take all brands of L-tryptophan, conventionally produced and genetically engineered, off the shelves. It used this occasion to attack natural supplements with a pristine safety record. Prior to the release of the GE version of L-tryptophan, the supplement had never led to a problem in anyone. Most people, including many scientists, do not know that this epidemic was caused by a genetically engineered food supplement. Druker dismisses the stand of the pro-GM side that the toxins originated during the manufacturing process. He suggests that the bacterial enzymes, probably within the bacteria themselves, or in the broth before it was put through the purification system, were responsible, which would place the blame squarely on genetic tampering itself. In the early '80s, corporations such as Monsanto saw great commercial opportunity for genetic

November 2015

Page 5: 1 to 36 November 2015

2 KISAN KI AWAAZ

Altered genes and twisted truth

here is a disconcerting parallel between what happened in the US back then and what happened in India in 2006. Monsanto was T

already into Bt cotton and trying to push Bt brinjal through its Indian subsidiary Mahyco (Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company). The former Chief Justice of India, the late Y.K. Sabharwal, said against the background of an on-going PIL on GM crops in the Supreme Court that an “independent, competent and committed expert committee” examine the question of GM crops vis-à-vis Bt brinjal. An independent expert committee set up under the chairmanship of this writer found several instances where the safety protocol prescribed by the Department of Biotechnology was breached, in field and laboratory trials. The report of this committee was submitted to the Supreme Court in October 2006. The forerunner of the biotechnology industry was the molecular biology establishment. James Watson, co-discoverer of the DNA structure, was a founding member and, for obvious reasons, a big proponent of genetic engineering. He was extremely vocal, claiming genetic engineering was safe and that earlier concerns had been exaggerated. And the molecular biologists in favour of pushing ahead with genetic engineering without adequate safeguards wielded great power in the US National Academy of Sciences. Druker claims: “The National Academy of Sciences - because their agenda was so strongly influenced by molecular biologists - were afraid of a full and fair review of the possible ecological problems of releasing genetically engineered organisms.” Dr. Philip Regal, an eminent biologist and believer in scientific integrity and accountability, became the point man for attempting to get genetic engineering venture aligned with sound science during the first 15 to 20 years of its existence.

Dr. Regal and some collaborators managed to put together two major conferences, and were shocked to learn just how many high-risk projects genetic engineers had in the pipeline. The prime objective of those so engaged was driven by the motto “Come what may, we have to have a product genetically engineered to reach the market”. Dr Regal's attempts to stall these projects had little success. The media, on the whole, tended to support the adventurers. “The media tended to present all of the statements about how good these foods were and how safe they were in the mouths of the scientific experts. Anytime concerns were raised, they would put that in the mouth of non-scientists; activists presented as not knowing very much about science.” That same tactic is used to great effect today. Rarely if ever does a concerned scientist get any kind of airtime in conventional media. Scientists are also crippled by threats of losing grant money, or their career. It's not very different in India where the Prime Minister's Office in UPA-II unrolled the red carpet for vocal votaries of the GM lobby. Ministers affiliated to the ministry of environment and forests, directly responsible for the GM agenda, who expressed an opinion contrary to the PMO were unceremoniously shifted and others who favoured GM were brought in. The classic case involved Jayanthi Natrajan, who voiced strong objections to open field testing of GM crops without a safety protocol in place. She was moved out and replaced by Veerappa Moily who at one stroke cleared several field trials during the fag end of the UPA-II regime. The central agenda of the GM lobby was to keep regulations at the barest minimum right from the start. If safety regulations had been stricter, it's unlikely that the industry would have been able to pull it off.

November 2015

* K P Prabhakaran Nair

3KISAN KI AWAAZ

“If that fraudulent groundwork hadn't been laid by the mainstream scientific establishment, especially the molecular biology establishment, the FDA could not have done what it did. It wouldn't have had the aura of scientific respectability, nor could Monsanto and the biotech industry have later been able to do what they've done. “As Dr. Philip Regal mentioned: 'Within the scientific community, gossip became as good as truth; as good as fact.' And people just parroted what they heard other people saying.” In the 1980s, a major GMO disaster took place with the essential amino acid L-tryptophan, produced by genetic engineering. In the US it killed at least 27 people and over 1,500 were sickened. The novel disorder that afflicted these unfortunate people was named eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS). In the mid-1980s, one of the main developers of L-tryptophan supplements, Showa Denko Corporation of Japan, decided it could turn out more L-tryptophan in the same time if they endowed the bacteria they were using with extra genes. The bacteria have the genetic components to synthesise L-tryptophan. Showa reasoned that by giving the bacteria an extra copy of those genes more L-tryptophan would be produced more quickly. But in order to achieve maximum production rates, they also had to boost one of those genes with a promoter from a virus, which led to a very unnatural situation. Druker notes in his book, “They were messing around in very radical, unprecedented ways with the metabolism of bacteria that have been safely used for many, many years.” There were early reports of the supplement causing trouble, and as production was increased, it appears to have become more toxic. L-tryptophan was prescribed by physicians for patients suffering from depression and sleep disorder. The supplements were manufactured conventionally. Disaster struck only when the GE version came into the market.

“The scientific evidence is very clear: tryptophan supplements were not a problem. To our knowledge, the only tryptophan supplement that ever created a problem was the one created through genetically engineered bacteria.” Druker continues, “The final version [of this genetically engineered bacteria], which was the most souped-up, cranked out not only a lot of L-tryptophan but some unusual contaminants. The profile of that toxic tryptophan was highly unusual. It contained many more contaminants than most products do. They were very low level, though. It was still pure according to pharmacological standards. It tested pure. Generally, most chemicals are not dangerous at that extremely low concentration, but at least one of those [contaminants] was, and it created a major epidemic. “This epidemic... was only determined because the symptoms were highly unusual and unique... It was fortuitous in a sense that it was such a strange disease, otherwise, it would not have been even recognized, and those tryptophan supplements would still be marketed and still be killing and maiming people.” The FDA response was to take all brands of L-tryptophan, conventionally produced and genetically engineered, off the shelves. It used this occasion to attack natural supplements with a pristine safety record. Prior to the release of the GE version of L-tryptophan, the supplement had never led to a problem in anyone. Most people, including many scientists, do not know that this epidemic was caused by a genetically engineered food supplement. Druker dismisses the stand of the pro-GM side that the toxins originated during the manufacturing process. He suggests that the bacterial enzymes, probably within the bacteria themselves, or in the broth before it was put through the purification system, were responsible, which would place the blame squarely on genetic tampering itself. In the early '80s, corporations such as Monsanto saw great commercial opportunity for genetic

November 2015

Page 6: 1 to 36 November 2015

4 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

engineering in agriculture. It is important to remember that had preliminary groundwork by molecular biologists not been laid out, Monsanto, Dow, Syngenta and smaller players would not have invested the huge sums they did in GM seeds as they would have never been able to get these products presumed GRAS by the FDA. So the path forward was open. It is at this point that Michael Taylor, a partner at a major Washington, D.C., law firm that represented Monsanto entered the scene. After serving as Monsanto's legal counsel, Taylor was installed as Deputy Commissioner on Food Policy at the FDA, a position that did not exist before Taylor got the job. This is a very carefully crafted business strategy to push GM crops globally. Druker gives the following reason: “It was because, I think, as I looked through the records, there were FDA scientists who were objecting to the drafts of the policy statement, saying, 'Wait, what's happening to all the scientific elements in this?' ... I believe that Michael Taylor was brought in at that critical junction to start getting things moving in the direction that the Bush White House and the people directing the FDA wanted. “Certainly, we can see within the memos... where the clout was. It was coming from the White House and the Office of Management and Budget. Economic and political considerations were trumping the scientific considerations. And the poor FDA scientists were spending their time trying to do their job as scientists, and it turned out it didn't come to anything.” The decisions of the political establishment at the time dovetailed with that of the biotechnology establishment. Two points deserve mention, first, deregulation by President Ronald Reagan to give a push to the American economy and that of his Vice-President Dan Quayle when he announced the FDA policy as a regulatory relief for the industry. He said “We're freeing the industry from any new burdens and regulations”. What he did not know at the time was that the industry was also being freed

from a very stringent law enacted in 1958, which stipulated that any new additives to the food chain cannot just be “presumed to be safe”, but, “demonstrated to be safe”.

This is the law FDA broke, pretending it simply did not exist. This allowed the biotech industry to perpetuate and increase market penetration without ever having to actually prove the safety of any product. Remember, the safety of GE foods is merely presumed. It's not proven. Sadly, Druker's lawsuit against the FDA was stymied partly by the judge's pro-establishment bias, but mainly by the FDA's stand that genetically engineered foods are GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe).

It happened despite nine scientists with impeccable credentials taking the unprecedented step of signing a complaint, as plaintiffs, to say that genetically engineered foods are unsafe for human consumption. It proves, beyond a shade of doubt, that when the powers-that-be are driven by capitalistic and pecuniary tendencies, human values get short shrift. What has India to learn from this? The Bhopal gas tragedy destroyed the lives of tens of thousands of Indians but the culprits went scot free, showing how far they had reached into the government. Now, with Monsanto relentlessly pushing its GM products with the help of establishment scientists and politicians we have a “gene revolution” at our doorstep. In 1905, the philosopher George Santayana famously said “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”. It seems to sum up the case pretty much for those Indians intoxicated by this opportunity for enrichment. They are so carried away by the myth of this half-baked technology that they are willing to put millions of Indian lives in peril.

http://vijayvaani.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?aid=3740

5KISAN KI AWAAZ

NEW PATHOGEN FOUND IN ROUND UP READY SOYA

* Dr.Don M. Huber

Dear Secretary Vilsack:

A team of senior plant and animal scientists have recently brought to my attention the discovery of an electron microscopic pathogen that appears to significantly impact the health of plants, animals, and probably human beings. Based on a review of the data, it is widespread, very serious, and is in much higher concentrations in Roundup Ready (RR) soybeans and corn-suggesting a link with the RR gene or more likely the presence of Roundup. This organism appears NEW to science!

This is highly sensitive information that could result in a collapse of US soy and corn export markets and significant disruption of domestic food and feed supplies. On the other hand, this new organism may already be responsible for significant harm (see below). My colleagues and I are therefore moving our investigation forward with speed and discretion, and seek assistance from the USDA and other entities to identify the pathogen's source, prevalence, implications, and remedies.

We are informing the USDA of our findings at this early stage, specifically due to your pending decision regarding approval of RR alfalfa. Naturally, if either the RR gene or Roundup itself is a promoter or co-factor of this pathogen, then such approval could be a calamity. Based on the current evidence, the only reasonable action at this time would be to delay deregulation at least until sufficient data has exonerated the RR system, if it does.

For the past 40 years, I have been a scientist in the professional and military agencies that evaluate and prepare for natural and manmade biological threats, including germ warfare and disease outbreaks. Based on this experience, I believe the threat we are facing from this pathogen is unique and of a high risk status. In layman's terms, it should be treated as an emergency.

A diverse set of researchers working on this problem have contributed various pieces of the puzzle, which together presents the following disturbing scenario:

Unique Physical Properties

November 2015

OVER 85% OF GM CROPS ARE HERBICIDE TOLERANT - SINCE MONSANTO, SYNGENTA, DOW, DUPONT ETC

ARE ESSENTIALLY PESTICIDE COMPANIES WHO HAVE AS MUCH OR MORE TO GAIN FROM SALE OF

HERBICIDES AS FROM GM SEEDS. THERE IS LITTLE CONCERN FOR THE SIDE EFFECTS OF THE

TECHNOLOGY EITHER ON FARMERS OR CONSUMERS OR THE EXCHEQUER WHICH PAYS FOR FARMER

LOSSES AND LOAN WAIVERS.

GM TECHNOLOGY HAS A NARROW FOCUS. IN THE CASE OF BT COTTON, THE BOLL WORM WAS

CONTROLLED BUT THERE ARE HUGE INFESTATIONS OF SUCKING PESTS IN VIDARBHA AND OF WHITE

FLIES IN PUNJAB. THESE WERE NEVER PESTS BEFORE BT COTTON.

THERE IS A CONCERTED ATTEMPT TO BRING HERBICIDE TOLERANT GM SOYA . IT IS WORTH READING THIS

LETTER TO TOM VILSACK, SECRETARY AGRICULTURE, USDA, FROM

Page 7: 1 to 36 November 2015

4 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

engineering in agriculture. It is important to remember that had preliminary groundwork by molecular biologists not been laid out, Monsanto, Dow, Syngenta and smaller players would not have invested the huge sums they did in GM seeds as they would have never been able to get these products presumed GRAS by the FDA. So the path forward was open. It is at this point that Michael Taylor, a partner at a major Washington, D.C., law firm that represented Monsanto entered the scene. After serving as Monsanto's legal counsel, Taylor was installed as Deputy Commissioner on Food Policy at the FDA, a position that did not exist before Taylor got the job. This is a very carefully crafted business strategy to push GM crops globally. Druker gives the following reason: “It was because, I think, as I looked through the records, there were FDA scientists who were objecting to the drafts of the policy statement, saying, 'Wait, what's happening to all the scientific elements in this?' ... I believe that Michael Taylor was brought in at that critical junction to start getting things moving in the direction that the Bush White House and the people directing the FDA wanted. “Certainly, we can see within the memos... where the clout was. It was coming from the White House and the Office of Management and Budget. Economic and political considerations were trumping the scientific considerations. And the poor FDA scientists were spending their time trying to do their job as scientists, and it turned out it didn't come to anything.” The decisions of the political establishment at the time dovetailed with that of the biotechnology establishment. Two points deserve mention, first, deregulation by President Ronald Reagan to give a push to the American economy and that of his Vice-President Dan Quayle when he announced the FDA policy as a regulatory relief for the industry. He said “We're freeing the industry from any new burdens and regulations”. What he did not know at the time was that the industry was also being freed

from a very stringent law enacted in 1958, which stipulated that any new additives to the food chain cannot just be “presumed to be safe”, but, “demonstrated to be safe”.

This is the law FDA broke, pretending it simply did not exist. This allowed the biotech industry to perpetuate and increase market penetration without ever having to actually prove the safety of any product. Remember, the safety of GE foods is merely presumed. It's not proven. Sadly, Druker's lawsuit against the FDA was stymied partly by the judge's pro-establishment bias, but mainly by the FDA's stand that genetically engineered foods are GRAS (Generally Recognised As Safe).

It happened despite nine scientists with impeccable credentials taking the unprecedented step of signing a complaint, as plaintiffs, to say that genetically engineered foods are unsafe for human consumption. It proves, beyond a shade of doubt, that when the powers-that-be are driven by capitalistic and pecuniary tendencies, human values get short shrift. What has India to learn from this? The Bhopal gas tragedy destroyed the lives of tens of thousands of Indians but the culprits went scot free, showing how far they had reached into the government. Now, with Monsanto relentlessly pushing its GM products with the help of establishment scientists and politicians we have a “gene revolution” at our doorstep. In 1905, the philosopher George Santayana famously said “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”. It seems to sum up the case pretty much for those Indians intoxicated by this opportunity for enrichment. They are so carried away by the myth of this half-baked technology that they are willing to put millions of Indian lives in peril.

http://vijayvaani.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?aid=3740

5KISAN KI AWAAZ

NEW PATHOGEN FOUND IN ROUND UP READY SOYA

* Dr.Don M. Huber

Dear Secretary Vilsack:

A team of senior plant and animal scientists have recently brought to my attention the discovery of an electron microscopic pathogen that appears to significantly impact the health of plants, animals, and probably human beings. Based on a review of the data, it is widespread, very serious, and is in much higher concentrations in Roundup Ready (RR) soybeans and corn-suggesting a link with the RR gene or more likely the presence of Roundup. This organism appears NEW to science!

This is highly sensitive information that could result in a collapse of US soy and corn export markets and significant disruption of domestic food and feed supplies. On the other hand, this new organism may already be responsible for significant harm (see below). My colleagues and I are therefore moving our investigation forward with speed and discretion, and seek assistance from the USDA and other entities to identify the pathogen's source, prevalence, implications, and remedies.

We are informing the USDA of our findings at this early stage, specifically due to your pending decision regarding approval of RR alfalfa. Naturally, if either the RR gene or Roundup itself is a promoter or co-factor of this pathogen, then such approval could be a calamity. Based on the current evidence, the only reasonable action at this time would be to delay deregulation at least until sufficient data has exonerated the RR system, if it does.

For the past 40 years, I have been a scientist in the professional and military agencies that evaluate and prepare for natural and manmade biological threats, including germ warfare and disease outbreaks. Based on this experience, I believe the threat we are facing from this pathogen is unique and of a high risk status. In layman's terms, it should be treated as an emergency.

A diverse set of researchers working on this problem have contributed various pieces of the puzzle, which together presents the following disturbing scenario:

Unique Physical Properties

November 2015

OVER 85% OF GM CROPS ARE HERBICIDE TOLERANT - SINCE MONSANTO, SYNGENTA, DOW, DUPONT ETC

ARE ESSENTIALLY PESTICIDE COMPANIES WHO HAVE AS MUCH OR MORE TO GAIN FROM SALE OF

HERBICIDES AS FROM GM SEEDS. THERE IS LITTLE CONCERN FOR THE SIDE EFFECTS OF THE

TECHNOLOGY EITHER ON FARMERS OR CONSUMERS OR THE EXCHEQUER WHICH PAYS FOR FARMER

LOSSES AND LOAN WAIVERS.

GM TECHNOLOGY HAS A NARROW FOCUS. IN THE CASE OF BT COTTON, THE BOLL WORM WAS

CONTROLLED BUT THERE ARE HUGE INFESTATIONS OF SUCKING PESTS IN VIDARBHA AND OF WHITE

FLIES IN PUNJAB. THESE WERE NEVER PESTS BEFORE BT COTTON.

THERE IS A CONCERTED ATTEMPT TO BRING HERBICIDE TOLERANT GM SOYA . IT IS WORTH READING THIS

LETTER TO TOM VILSACK, SECRETARY AGRICULTURE, USDA, FROM

Page 8: 1 to 36 November 2015

6 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

This previously unknown organism is only visible under an electron microscope (36,000X), with an approximate size range equal to a medium size virus. It is able to reproduce and appears to be a micro-fungal-like organism. If so, it would be the first such micro-fungus ever identified. There is strong evidence that this infectious agent promotes diseases of both plants and mammals, which is very rare.

Pathogen Location and Concentration

It is found in high concentrations in Roundup Ready soybean meal and corn, distillers meal, fermentation feed products, pig stomach contents, and pig and cattle placentas.

Linked with Outbreaks of Plant Disease

The organism is prolific in plants infected with two pervasive diseases that are driving down yields and farmer income-sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soy, and Goss' wilt in corn. The pathogen is also found in the fungal causative agent of SDS (Fusarium solani fsp glycines).

Implicated in Animal Reproductive Failure

Laboratory tests have confirmed the presence of this organism in a wide variety of livestock that have experienced spontaneous abortions and infertility. Preliminary results from ongoing research have also been able to reproduce abortions in a clinical setting.

The pathogen may explain the escalating frequency of infertility and spontaneous abortions over the past few years in US cattle, dairy, swine, and horse operations. These include recent reports of infertility rates in dairy heifers of over 20%, and spontaneous abortions in cattle as high as 45%.

For example, 450 of 1,000 pregnant heifers fed wheatlege experienced spontaneous abortions. Over the same period, another 1,000 heifers from the same herd that were raised on hay had no abortions. High concentrations of the pathogen were confirmed on the wheatlege, which likely had been under weed management using glyphosate.

Recommendations

In summary, because of the high titer of this new animal pathogen in Roundup Ready crops, and its association with plant and animal diseases that are reaching epidemic proportions, we request USDA's participation in a multi-agency investigation, and an immediate moratorium on the deregulation of RR crops until the causal/predisposing relationship with glyphosate and/or RR plants can be ruled out as a threat to crop and animal production and human health.

It is urgent to examine whether the side-effects of glyphosate use may have facilitated the growth of this pathogen, or allowed it to cause greater harm to weakened plant and animal hosts. It is well-documented that glyphosate promotes soil pathogens and is already implicated with the increase of more than 40 plant diseases; it dismantles plant defenses by chelating vital nutrients; and it reduces the bioavailability of nutrients in feed, which in turn can cause animal disorders. To properly evaluate these factors, we request access to the relevant USDA data.

I have studied plant pathogens for more than 50 years. We are now seeing an unprecedented trend of increasing plant and animal diseases and disorders. This pathogen may be instrumental to understanding and solving this problem. It deserves immediate attention with significant resources to avoid a general collapse of our critical agricultural infrastructure.

Sincerely,

COL (Ret.) Don M. Huber

Emeritus Professor, Purdue University

APS Coordinator, USDA National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS)

7KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

he whitefly attack on the Bt Cotton crop in Punjab and Haryana, which has decimated almost fifty per cent of the harvest, T

demolishes the myopic view of the Genetically Modified Organisms industry that introducing a bacterium into plant genes produces disease-resistant high-yielding crops on a sustainable basis. The devastation has triggered over two dozen suicides among farmers, though district authorities are reluctant to speak on record. Rajasthan's Ganganagar district has also been affected.

GM seeds, nearly four times costlier than normal hybrid seeds, need expensive pesticides and fertilisers to thrive. This inflates costs and degrades the quality of soil in which GM crops are planted, which affects yields in subsequent crops.

Even without chemical inputs, a study by the Australian government has found that the Bt toxin expresses itself in the plant's root zone and affects soil biodiversity and ecosystem function, thus impacting yields of subsequent crops. Further, GM crop productivity declines swiftly, forcing farmers to use more fertilisers and pesticides to maintain output, thus increasing costs (and debts) while continuously degrading the soil.

Punjab and Haryana produce nearly 4.5 million bales of cotton annually. During 2013-14, Punjab had yields of 800 kg/ha., which plunged to 528 kg/ha. in 2014-15, while Haryana yields dropped from 761 kg/ha. to 665 kg/ha., according to industry sources. This year's crisis was aggravated by the supply of spurious pesticides; but productivity declines annually even without untoward events. The experience in Andhra

Pradesh shows that Bt Cotton can affect yields of subsequent crops (wheat, others) by as much as 30 per cent. GM crops have failed in the past as well. In 2007, the pest, Mealy Bug, ravaged Punjab's cotton fields; it was checked by stopping the use of pesticides which allowed its natural predator, Beetle Larvae, to thrive.

At the time, the Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur, found that most Mealy Bug strains were not indigenous, which suggests they came along with the Bt Cotton seeds. It was noted

that the non-Bt crop survived due to natural resistance and the practice of mixed cropping, which prevented the bug from spreading between the rows – a major vindication of indigenous farming practices.

Observant farmers in Punjab uprooted their Bt Cotton crop on realising it was irrecoverable, and planted basmati rice. But the State

Government has refused to buy their harvest, saying this is the domain of the Centre.

The disaster affected the Chief Minister's home district, causing the government to rush relief to the tune of Rs 8,000/acre to farmers and Rs 800/acre to farm labourers, but aggrieved farmers argue that fair compensation should be in the realm of Rs 40,000/acre to affected cultivators and Rs 20,000/acre to labourers.

The afflicted area is huge: Haryana 5.80 lakh ha.; Punjab 4.50 lakh ha. Scientists at the Central Institute for Cotton Research now warn that whitefly could hit all winter (rabi) crops, most notably wheat.

Pests destroy Bt Cotton: GMOs not sustainable

* Sandhya Jain

Page 9: 1 to 36 November 2015

6 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

This previously unknown organism is only visible under an electron microscope (36,000X), with an approximate size range equal to a medium size virus. It is able to reproduce and appears to be a micro-fungal-like organism. If so, it would be the first such micro-fungus ever identified. There is strong evidence that this infectious agent promotes diseases of both plants and mammals, which is very rare.

Pathogen Location and Concentration

It is found in high concentrations in Roundup Ready soybean meal and corn, distillers meal, fermentation feed products, pig stomach contents, and pig and cattle placentas.

Linked with Outbreaks of Plant Disease

The organism is prolific in plants infected with two pervasive diseases that are driving down yields and farmer income-sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soy, and Goss' wilt in corn. The pathogen is also found in the fungal causative agent of SDS (Fusarium solani fsp glycines).

Implicated in Animal Reproductive Failure

Laboratory tests have confirmed the presence of this organism in a wide variety of livestock that have experienced spontaneous abortions and infertility. Preliminary results from ongoing research have also been able to reproduce abortions in a clinical setting.

The pathogen may explain the escalating frequency of infertility and spontaneous abortions over the past few years in US cattle, dairy, swine, and horse operations. These include recent reports of infertility rates in dairy heifers of over 20%, and spontaneous abortions in cattle as high as 45%.

For example, 450 of 1,000 pregnant heifers fed wheatlege experienced spontaneous abortions. Over the same period, another 1,000 heifers from the same herd that were raised on hay had no abortions. High concentrations of the pathogen were confirmed on the wheatlege, which likely had been under weed management using glyphosate.

Recommendations

In summary, because of the high titer of this new animal pathogen in Roundup Ready crops, and its association with plant and animal diseases that are reaching epidemic proportions, we request USDA's participation in a multi-agency investigation, and an immediate moratorium on the deregulation of RR crops until the causal/predisposing relationship with glyphosate and/or RR plants can be ruled out as a threat to crop and animal production and human health.

It is urgent to examine whether the side-effects of glyphosate use may have facilitated the growth of this pathogen, or allowed it to cause greater harm to weakened plant and animal hosts. It is well-documented that glyphosate promotes soil pathogens and is already implicated with the increase of more than 40 plant diseases; it dismantles plant defenses by chelating vital nutrients; and it reduces the bioavailability of nutrients in feed, which in turn can cause animal disorders. To properly evaluate these factors, we request access to the relevant USDA data.

I have studied plant pathogens for more than 50 years. We are now seeing an unprecedented trend of increasing plant and animal diseases and disorders. This pathogen may be instrumental to understanding and solving this problem. It deserves immediate attention with significant resources to avoid a general collapse of our critical agricultural infrastructure.

Sincerely,

COL (Ret.) Don M. Huber

Emeritus Professor, Purdue University

APS Coordinator, USDA National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS)

7KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

he whitefly attack on the Bt Cotton crop in Punjab and Haryana, which has decimated almost fifty per cent of the harvest, T

demolishes the myopic view of the Genetically Modified Organisms industry that introducing a bacterium into plant genes produces disease-resistant high-yielding crops on a sustainable basis. The devastation has triggered over two dozen suicides among farmers, though district authorities are reluctant to speak on record. Rajasthan's Ganganagar district has also been affected.

GM seeds, nearly four times costlier than normal hybrid seeds, need expensive pesticides and fertilisers to thrive. This inflates costs and degrades the quality of soil in which GM crops are planted, which affects yields in subsequent crops.

Even without chemical inputs, a study by the Australian government has found that the Bt toxin expresses itself in the plant's root zone and affects soil biodiversity and ecosystem function, thus impacting yields of subsequent crops. Further, GM crop productivity declines swiftly, forcing farmers to use more fertilisers and pesticides to maintain output, thus increasing costs (and debts) while continuously degrading the soil.

Punjab and Haryana produce nearly 4.5 million bales of cotton annually. During 2013-14, Punjab had yields of 800 kg/ha., which plunged to 528 kg/ha. in 2014-15, while Haryana yields dropped from 761 kg/ha. to 665 kg/ha., according to industry sources. This year's crisis was aggravated by the supply of spurious pesticides; but productivity declines annually even without untoward events. The experience in Andhra

Pradesh shows that Bt Cotton can affect yields of subsequent crops (wheat, others) by as much as 30 per cent. GM crops have failed in the past as well. In 2007, the pest, Mealy Bug, ravaged Punjab's cotton fields; it was checked by stopping the use of pesticides which allowed its natural predator, Beetle Larvae, to thrive.

At the time, the Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur, found that most Mealy Bug strains were not indigenous, which suggests they came along with the Bt Cotton seeds. It was noted

that the non-Bt crop survived due to natural resistance and the practice of mixed cropping, which prevented the bug from spreading between the rows – a major vindication of indigenous farming practices.

Observant farmers in Punjab uprooted their Bt Cotton crop on realising it was irrecoverable, and planted basmati rice. But the State

Government has refused to buy their harvest, saying this is the domain of the Centre.

The disaster affected the Chief Minister's home district, causing the government to rush relief to the tune of Rs 8,000/acre to farmers and Rs 800/acre to farm labourers, but aggrieved farmers argue that fair compensation should be in the realm of Rs 40,000/acre to affected cultivators and Rs 20,000/acre to labourers.

The afflicted area is huge: Haryana 5.80 lakh ha.; Punjab 4.50 lakh ha. Scientists at the Central Institute for Cotton Research now warn that whitefly could hit all winter (rabi) crops, most notably wheat.

Pests destroy Bt Cotton: GMOs not sustainable

* Sandhya Jain

Page 10: 1 to 36 November 2015

8 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

The whitefly epidemic attracted national attention due to proximity to the capital, which led angry farmers to block the national highway and stop trains to Delhi for a week. Their agitation has exposed the inability of GM seeds to create new species of commercial (or edible) plants that are completely resistant to pests and disease, which is a natural and scientific impossibility.

This knocks the bottom out of the rationale for GM crops. Why should farmers pay steep prices, in every sowing season, for seeds allegedly resistant to a particular pest (but still needing costly pesticides), only to have the entire crop fall prey to a different pest? This is so obvious, yet muscular well-funded lobbying among critical sections of agricultural scientists, bureaucrats and politicians have led the nation to this pass.

Cotton is vulnerable to attack by 165 pests. Bt Cotton was adopted by India in 2002, and today Monsanto enjoys a near monopoly over the country's entire crop. The Monsanto seed is supposed to produce its own insecticide to kill certain types of bollworms which cause maximum damage to the crop.

It is claimed that two years of drought triggered the whitefly outbreak, against which the plant has no defence. The pest attacks leaves, sucking out the sap and stunting the plant's growth. The “solution” is to pour more “approved pesticides” on the crop, but this makes the pests resistant – they subside for a week and resurface with greater virulence – and also kills their natural predators. Punjab's excessive reliance on chemical agriculture has severely degraded its groundwater; many believe this is the cause of the rising incidence of cancer in the cotton belt.

The experience of the past decade shows that Bt Cotton has become highly vulnerable to secondary pests, while farms with desi cotton have been spared. Hence, scientists feel that sustainable agriculture must be based on harmony with crop ecosystems and the balance of nature. Currently, a

committee of experts appointed by the Haryana and Punjab governments to examine the whitefly attack has suggested that the monoculture of Bt sowing must be ended. This is a blow to the GM seed industry which depends on mono-cultivation for volume, which alone can generate the desired profits.

The Bharatiya Kisan Union is now demanding a ban on Bt Cotton and withholding introduction of crops like GM mustard (an edible oilseed). It wants rigorous testing of all GM seeds before they are sold to farmers. This is justified. India's seed market is worth over Rs 5,200 crore ($1.3 billion), the sixth highest in the world. In the last five years, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, of which the Union Ministry of Agriculture is a member, has approved as many as 135 varieties of Bt Cotton.

The GEAC endorsed cultivation of Bt Cotton varieties without carrying out adequate field tests for resurgence of secondary pests and diseases. Farmers are now paying the price for the incompetence (or worse) of this apex regulatory body.

A dispute over royalty payment between Monsanto and local firms licensed to produce and market its seeds reveals that the corporation has earned over Rs 5,000 crore in trait fee collected from farmers. Even the seed companies want this moderated. If secondary bugs can wipe out a harvest, such profits are unwarranted.

In a 'chai pe charcha' at Yavatmal, Maharashtra, in March 2014, where farmer suicides dominated the public mood prior to the general election, Mr Narendra Modi admitted that there were divergent views on GM seeds and insisted that the interests of farmers are paramount. It is time to act on this commitment.

http://vijayvaani.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?aid=3743

* Margie King, Health Coach

9KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

Breast cancer diagnoses have jumped 20% worldwide in just the last seven years. At the same time deaths have risen 14%. It's now the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Clearly equating mammography with "prevention" is not accurate when all it does is "detect cancer early." Additionally, research indicates that breast screening programs are actually accelerating the breast cancer epidemic.

A growing body of research exists showing that dietary components have potent anti-breast cancer activity. Also, plenty of studies now suggest the Mediterranean diet might make a difference. Population studies show that, historically, breast cancer rates are lower in Mediterranean countries than in the U.S. or Northern and Central Europe.

The Mediterranean diet diverges from the typical Western diet (a "lethal disease vector" itself) by emphasizing eating fish, nuts, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and olive oil. But until now, no intervention studies had tested the effect of the Mediterranean diet on breast cancer.

A Spanish study published in JAMA Internal Medicine pitted two variations of the Mediterranean diet against a low-fat diet in 4,282 obese women aged 60 to 80 years old. Obesity is considered a risk factor for breast cancer.

The women were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was instructed to follow a low-fat diet. The second group followed the Mediterranean diet with the addition of 30 grams of mixed nuts per day. The third group also followed a Mediterranean diet but instead of adding nuts, they added four tablespoons of extra-virgin olive oil every day.

After five years the women who followed the Mediterranean diet with the added olive oil had a 68% lower risk of breast cancer diagnosis compared to the control group on the low-fat diet. Each additional 5% of calories from olive oil reduced risk by 28%.

The women who supplemented with mixed nuts had a 41% lower risk compared to the control group. Collectively, the women on either version of the Mediterranean diet had a 51% risk reduction compared to the women on the low-fat diet. What's in extra-virgin olive oil that made the results so much better?

The researchers noted that extra-virgin olive oil contains a range of polyphenols. One of them is oleocanthanal. It's been shown to have powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Oleocanthanal has been called an alternative to ibuprofen. Lab studies also show oleocanthanal can kill cancer cells in 30 minutes.

Other compounds in olive oil include the monounsaturated fat oleic acid which has an anti-proliferative property; and squalene which fights intracellular oxidative stress. The famous Lyon Diet Heart Study showed that the Mediterranean diet could lower the risk of all types of cancer by 61%.

Other studies show the Mediterranean diet cuts the risk of atrial fibrillation and other heart conditions.

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/olive-oil-superior-mammography-preventing-cancer

Olive Oil Superior to Mammography In Preventing Cancer

Adding just 4 tablespoons of olive oil a day to a Mediterranean diet cuts the risk of invasive breast cancer by 68%.

Page 11: 1 to 36 November 2015

8 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

The whitefly epidemic attracted national attention due to proximity to the capital, which led angry farmers to block the national highway and stop trains to Delhi for a week. Their agitation has exposed the inability of GM seeds to create new species of commercial (or edible) plants that are completely resistant to pests and disease, which is a natural and scientific impossibility.

This knocks the bottom out of the rationale for GM crops. Why should farmers pay steep prices, in every sowing season, for seeds allegedly resistant to a particular pest (but still needing costly pesticides), only to have the entire crop fall prey to a different pest? This is so obvious, yet muscular well-funded lobbying among critical sections of agricultural scientists, bureaucrats and politicians have led the nation to this pass.

Cotton is vulnerable to attack by 165 pests. Bt Cotton was adopted by India in 2002, and today Monsanto enjoys a near monopoly over the country's entire crop. The Monsanto seed is supposed to produce its own insecticide to kill certain types of bollworms which cause maximum damage to the crop.

It is claimed that two years of drought triggered the whitefly outbreak, against which the plant has no defence. The pest attacks leaves, sucking out the sap and stunting the plant's growth. The “solution” is to pour more “approved pesticides” on the crop, but this makes the pests resistant – they subside for a week and resurface with greater virulence – and also kills their natural predators. Punjab's excessive reliance on chemical agriculture has severely degraded its groundwater; many believe this is the cause of the rising incidence of cancer in the cotton belt.

The experience of the past decade shows that Bt Cotton has become highly vulnerable to secondary pests, while farms with desi cotton have been spared. Hence, scientists feel that sustainable agriculture must be based on harmony with crop ecosystems and the balance of nature. Currently, a

committee of experts appointed by the Haryana and Punjab governments to examine the whitefly attack has suggested that the monoculture of Bt sowing must be ended. This is a blow to the GM seed industry which depends on mono-cultivation for volume, which alone can generate the desired profits.

The Bharatiya Kisan Union is now demanding a ban on Bt Cotton and withholding introduction of crops like GM mustard (an edible oilseed). It wants rigorous testing of all GM seeds before they are sold to farmers. This is justified. India's seed market is worth over Rs 5,200 crore ($1.3 billion), the sixth highest in the world. In the last five years, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee, of which the Union Ministry of Agriculture is a member, has approved as many as 135 varieties of Bt Cotton.

The GEAC endorsed cultivation of Bt Cotton varieties without carrying out adequate field tests for resurgence of secondary pests and diseases. Farmers are now paying the price for the incompetence (or worse) of this apex regulatory body.

A dispute over royalty payment between Monsanto and local firms licensed to produce and market its seeds reveals that the corporation has earned over Rs 5,000 crore in trait fee collected from farmers. Even the seed companies want this moderated. If secondary bugs can wipe out a harvest, such profits are unwarranted.

In a 'chai pe charcha' at Yavatmal, Maharashtra, in March 2014, where farmer suicides dominated the public mood prior to the general election, Mr Narendra Modi admitted that there were divergent views on GM seeds and insisted that the interests of farmers are paramount. It is time to act on this commitment.

http://vijayvaani.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?aid=3743

* Margie King, Health Coach

9KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

Breast cancer diagnoses have jumped 20% worldwide in just the last seven years. At the same time deaths have risen 14%. It's now the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Clearly equating mammography with "prevention" is not accurate when all it does is "detect cancer early." Additionally, research indicates that breast screening programs are actually accelerating the breast cancer epidemic.

A growing body of research exists showing that dietary components have potent anti-breast cancer activity. Also, plenty of studies now suggest the Mediterranean diet might make a difference. Population studies show that, historically, breast cancer rates are lower in Mediterranean countries than in the U.S. or Northern and Central Europe.

The Mediterranean diet diverges from the typical Western diet (a "lethal disease vector" itself) by emphasizing eating fish, nuts, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and olive oil. But until now, no intervention studies had tested the effect of the Mediterranean diet on breast cancer.

A Spanish study published in JAMA Internal Medicine pitted two variations of the Mediterranean diet against a low-fat diet in 4,282 obese women aged 60 to 80 years old. Obesity is considered a risk factor for breast cancer.

The women were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was instructed to follow a low-fat diet. The second group followed the Mediterranean diet with the addition of 30 grams of mixed nuts per day. The third group also followed a Mediterranean diet but instead of adding nuts, they added four tablespoons of extra-virgin olive oil every day.

After five years the women who followed the Mediterranean diet with the added olive oil had a 68% lower risk of breast cancer diagnosis compared to the control group on the low-fat diet. Each additional 5% of calories from olive oil reduced risk by 28%.

The women who supplemented with mixed nuts had a 41% lower risk compared to the control group. Collectively, the women on either version of the Mediterranean diet had a 51% risk reduction compared to the women on the low-fat diet. What's in extra-virgin olive oil that made the results so much better?

The researchers noted that extra-virgin olive oil contains a range of polyphenols. One of them is oleocanthanal. It's been shown to have powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Oleocanthanal has been called an alternative to ibuprofen. Lab studies also show oleocanthanal can kill cancer cells in 30 minutes.

Other compounds in olive oil include the monounsaturated fat oleic acid which has an anti-proliferative property; and squalene which fights intracellular oxidative stress. The famous Lyon Diet Heart Study showed that the Mediterranean diet could lower the risk of all types of cancer by 61%.

Other studies show the Mediterranean diet cuts the risk of atrial fibrillation and other heart conditions.

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/olive-oil-superior-mammography-preventing-cancer

Olive Oil Superior to Mammography In Preventing Cancer

Adding just 4 tablespoons of olive oil a day to a Mediterranean diet cuts the risk of invasive breast cancer by 68%.

Page 12: 1 to 36 November 2015

10 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

Eat More Nuts to Lower Cancer Risks* Margie King, Health Coach

The medical industry is losing the cancer battle. Arm yourself with cancer-fighting nuts.espite a decades-long, multi-billion dollar war

on cancer, the global burden of this deadly

disease is expected to rise 50% in just the next Dfive years. A handful of nuts a day could help protect

you.

Researchers at the Mayo Clinic and the University of

Minnesota took note of science finding that nuts are

heart healthy. They asked whether nuts could also

protect against cancer. They conducted a meta-analysis

of 36 observational studies including 30,708 patients on

the disease-preventive powers of nut consumption.

They included 16 cohort studies along with 20 case-

control studies.

Their results published in Nutrition Reviews concluded

that nut consumption was linked with an overall

decrease in cancer risk. In particular, it was inversely

associated with risk of colorectal cancer, endometrial

cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The combined studies

which ranged from 4.6 to 30 years of follow-up found

that, compared to patients eating the least nuts, those

consuming the most nuts had:

?a 24% lower risk of colorectal cancer,

?a 42% lower risk of endometrial cancer, and

?a 32% lower risk of pancreatic cancer.

In addition, those eating more nuts had a 15% lower risk

of cancer in general. The authors found no links between

nuts and other types of cancers. The researchers noted

some possible explanations for the cancer powers of nuts

including fiber, protein, minerals, phytosterols, and

phenolics compounds. Some of the most powerful anti-

cancer nutrients in nuts include vitamin E, selenium,

quercetin, resveratrol, and folic acid.

Earlier studies had already established that nut

antioxidants improve heart health. In fact, nuts have also

been linked to a 20% lower risk of death in general.

Other studies have shown that nuts can also help:

?Prevent gallstones and diverticulitis

?Improve sleep by boosting melatonin

?Protect bone health

?Increase cognitive function

Based on their research, the authors suggested eating

five servings (28 grams each) of nuts per week. And don't

worry about the fat content or calories. Diets that

include nuts have been proven not to increase body

weight, body mass index, or waist circumference.

Just one caution. Nuts can be difficult to digest because

they contain enzyme inhibitors. They are also high in

phytic acid which can block absorption of minerals in the

body.

Soaking nuts helps disarm the phytic acid. Buy organic

raw nuts and soak them in water salted with Celtic sea

salt or another high quality unrefined sea salt. Most nuts

can soak eight hours or overnight. But some, like

cashews, become slimy if you soak them more than six

hours.After they've soaked, drain the nuts and roast them

on a cookie sheet in a warm oven at the lowest heat –

about 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Or use a dehydrator.

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/eat-more-nuts-

lower-cancer-risks

11KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

new study reveals ginger contains a pungent

compound that could be up to 10,000 times

more e ff ec t ive than conven t iona l Achemotherapy in targeting the cancer stem cells at the

root of cancer malignancy.

A new study published in PLoS reveals a pungent

component within ginger known as 6-shogaol is

superior to conventional chemotherapy in targeting the

root cause of breast cancer malignancy: namely, the

breast cancer stem cells.

As we have discussed in greater detail in a previous

article titled, "Cancer Stem Cells: The Key To Curing

Cancer," cancer stem cells are at the root of a wide range

of cancers, not just breast cancer, and are sometimes

referred to as "mother cells" because they are

responsible for producing all the different "daughter"

cell types that makeup the tumor colony. While cancer

stem cells only constitute between .2 and 1% of the cells

within any given tumor, they have the seeming

"immortal" ability to self renew, are capable of

continuous differentiation, are resistant to conventional

chemotherapeutic agents, and are tumorigenic, i.e. are

capable of "splitting off" to create new tumor colonies.

Clearly, the cancer stem cells within a tumor must be

destroyed if cancer treatment is to affect a lasting cure.

The new study titled, "6-Shogaol Inhibits Breast

Cancer Cells and Stem Cell-Like Spheroids by

Modulation of Notch Signaling Pathway and Induction

of Autophagic Cell Death," identified powerful anti-

cancer stem cell activity in 6-shogaol, a pungent

constituent of ginger produced when the root is either

dried or cooked. The study also found that the cancer-

destroying effects occurred at concentrations that were

non-toxic to non-cancerous cells – a crucial difference

from conventional cancer treatments that do not exhibit

this kind of selective cytotoxicity and therefore can do

great harm to the patient.

The authors of the study further affirm these points:

Cancer stem cells pose serious obstacle to cancer

therapy as they can be responsible for poor prognosis

and tumour relapse. To add into the misery, very few

chemotherapeutic compounds show promise to kill

these cells. Several researchers have shown that

cancer stem cells are resistant to paclitaxel,

doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and platinum drugs [8,

16]. CSCs are thus an almost unreachable population

in tumours for chemotherapy. Therefore any

compound, that shows promise towards cancer stem

cells, is a highly desirable step towards cancer

treatment and should be followed up for further

development.

The researchers identified a variety of ways by which 6-

shagoal targets breast cancer:

?It reduces the expression of CD44/CD24 cancer stem

cell surface markers in breast cancer spheroids (3-

dimensional cultures of cells modeling stem cell like

cancer)

?It significantly affects the cell cycle, resulting in

increased cancer cell death

?It induces programmed cell death primarily through the

induction of autophagy, with apoptosis a secondary

inducer

?It inhibits breast cancer spheroid formation by altering

Notch signaling pathway through γ-secretase

inhibition.

* Sayer Ji

The medical industry is losing the cancer battle. Arm yourself with cancer-fighting nuts.

Page 13: 1 to 36 November 2015

10 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

Eat More Nuts to Lower Cancer Risks* Margie King, Health Coach

The medical industry is losing the cancer battle. Arm yourself with cancer-fighting nuts.espite a decades-long, multi-billion dollar war

on cancer, the global burden of this deadly

disease is expected to rise 50% in just the next Dfive years. A handful of nuts a day could help protect

you.

Researchers at the Mayo Clinic and the University of

Minnesota took note of science finding that nuts are

heart healthy. They asked whether nuts could also

protect against cancer. They conducted a meta-analysis

of 36 observational studies including 30,708 patients on

the disease-preventive powers of nut consumption.

They included 16 cohort studies along with 20 case-

control studies.

Their results published in Nutrition Reviews concluded

that nut consumption was linked with an overall

decrease in cancer risk. In particular, it was inversely

associated with risk of colorectal cancer, endometrial

cancer, and pancreatic cancer. The combined studies

which ranged from 4.6 to 30 years of follow-up found

that, compared to patients eating the least nuts, those

consuming the most nuts had:

?a 24% lower risk of colorectal cancer,

?a 42% lower risk of endometrial cancer, and

?a 32% lower risk of pancreatic cancer.

In addition, those eating more nuts had a 15% lower risk

of cancer in general. The authors found no links between

nuts and other types of cancers. The researchers noted

some possible explanations for the cancer powers of nuts

including fiber, protein, minerals, phytosterols, and

phenolics compounds. Some of the most powerful anti-

cancer nutrients in nuts include vitamin E, selenium,

quercetin, resveratrol, and folic acid.

Earlier studies had already established that nut

antioxidants improve heart health. In fact, nuts have also

been linked to a 20% lower risk of death in general.

Other studies have shown that nuts can also help:

?Prevent gallstones and diverticulitis

?Improve sleep by boosting melatonin

?Protect bone health

?Increase cognitive function

Based on their research, the authors suggested eating

five servings (28 grams each) of nuts per week. And don't

worry about the fat content or calories. Diets that

include nuts have been proven not to increase body

weight, body mass index, or waist circumference.

Just one caution. Nuts can be difficult to digest because

they contain enzyme inhibitors. They are also high in

phytic acid which can block absorption of minerals in the

body.

Soaking nuts helps disarm the phytic acid. Buy organic

raw nuts and soak them in water salted with Celtic sea

salt or another high quality unrefined sea salt. Most nuts

can soak eight hours or overnight. But some, like

cashews, become slimy if you soak them more than six

hours.After they've soaked, drain the nuts and roast them

on a cookie sheet in a warm oven at the lowest heat –

about 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Or use a dehydrator.

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/eat-more-nuts-

lower-cancer-risks

11KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

new study reveals ginger contains a pungent

compound that could be up to 10,000 times

more e ff ec t ive than conven t iona l Achemotherapy in targeting the cancer stem cells at the

root of cancer malignancy.

A new study published in PLoS reveals a pungent

component within ginger known as 6-shogaol is

superior to conventional chemotherapy in targeting the

root cause of breast cancer malignancy: namely, the

breast cancer stem cells.

As we have discussed in greater detail in a previous

article titled, "Cancer Stem Cells: The Key To Curing

Cancer," cancer stem cells are at the root of a wide range

of cancers, not just breast cancer, and are sometimes

referred to as "mother cells" because they are

responsible for producing all the different "daughter"

cell types that makeup the tumor colony. While cancer

stem cells only constitute between .2 and 1% of the cells

within any given tumor, they have the seeming

"immortal" ability to self renew, are capable of

continuous differentiation, are resistant to conventional

chemotherapeutic agents, and are tumorigenic, i.e. are

capable of "splitting off" to create new tumor colonies.

Clearly, the cancer stem cells within a tumor must be

destroyed if cancer treatment is to affect a lasting cure.

The new study titled, "6-Shogaol Inhibits Breast

Cancer Cells and Stem Cell-Like Spheroids by

Modulation of Notch Signaling Pathway and Induction

of Autophagic Cell Death," identified powerful anti-

cancer stem cell activity in 6-shogaol, a pungent

constituent of ginger produced when the root is either

dried or cooked. The study also found that the cancer-

destroying effects occurred at concentrations that were

non-toxic to non-cancerous cells – a crucial difference

from conventional cancer treatments that do not exhibit

this kind of selective cytotoxicity and therefore can do

great harm to the patient.

The authors of the study further affirm these points:

Cancer stem cells pose serious obstacle to cancer

therapy as they can be responsible for poor prognosis

and tumour relapse. To add into the misery, very few

chemotherapeutic compounds show promise to kill

these cells. Several researchers have shown that

cancer stem cells are resistant to paclitaxel,

doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and platinum drugs [8,

16]. CSCs are thus an almost unreachable population

in tumours for chemotherapy. Therefore any

compound, that shows promise towards cancer stem

cells, is a highly desirable step towards cancer

treatment and should be followed up for further

development.

The researchers identified a variety of ways by which 6-

shagoal targets breast cancer:

?It reduces the expression of CD44/CD24 cancer stem

cell surface markers in breast cancer spheroids (3-

dimensional cultures of cells modeling stem cell like

cancer)

?It significantly affects the cell cycle, resulting in

increased cancer cell death

?It induces programmed cell death primarily through the

induction of autophagy, with apoptosis a secondary

inducer

?It inhibits breast cancer spheroid formation by altering

Notch signaling pathway through γ-secretase

inhibition.

* Sayer Ji

The medical industry is losing the cancer battle. Arm yourself with cancer-fighting nuts.

Page 14: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 12 November 2015

?It exhibits cytotoxicity (cell killing properties) against

monolayer (1-dimensional cancer model) and spheroid

cells (3-dimensional cancer model)

It was in evaluating the last mode of 6-shagoal's

chemotherapeutic activity and comparing it to the

activity of the conventional chemotherapeutic agent

taxol that the researchers discovered an astounding

difference.Whereas taxol exhibited clear cytotoxicity in

the one-dimensional (flat) monolayer experimental

model, it had virtually no effect on the spheroid model,

which is a more "real world" model reflecting the 3-

dimensionality of tumors and their stem cell

subpopulations. Amazingly, this held true even when the

concentration of taxol was increased by four orders of

magnitude:

"In contrast [to 6-shagoal], taxol, even though was

highly active in monolayer cells, did not show activity

against the spheroids even at 10000 fold higher

concentration compared to 6-shogoal."

This is a highly significant finding, as it affirms a

common theme in cancer research that acknowledges

the primarily role of cancer stem cells: namely, while

conventional techniques like surgery, radiation, and

chemotherapy are effective at reducing a tumor's size,

sometimes to the point where it is "debulked," burned,"

or "poisoned" out of the body even below the threshold

of re-detection, the appearance of "winning the battle"

often comes at a steep price, as ultimately the cancer

stem cell population regrows the tumors, now with

increased vengeance and metastastic invasiveness,

resulting in the cancer "winning the war."

The monolayer model, which does not account for the

complex immunity of actual cancer stem-cell based

tumors against chemoagents like taxol, represents the

old preclinical model of testing cancer treatments. The

spheroid model, on the other hand, clearly shows that

even 10,000 times higher concentrations of taxol are not

capable of beating this ginger component at selectively

targeting the root cause of the tumor malignancy.

In their concluding remarks, the authors point out a

hugely important distinction between natural anti-

cancer agents and conventional ones that have only been

introduced in the past half century or so, namely,

"Dietary compounds are welcome options for human

diseases due to their time-tested acceptability by

human bodies."

Unlike modern synthetically produced and patented

chemicals, ginger, curcumin, green tea, and hundreds of

other compounds naturally found in the human diet, have

been "time-tested" as acceptable to the human body in

the largest and longest running "clinical trials" known:

the tens of thousands of years of direct human

experience, spanning thousands of different cultures

from around the world, that constitute human prehistory.

These experientially-based "trials" are validated not by

RCTs, or a peer-reviewed publication process, but by the

fact that we all made it through this incalculably vast

span of time to be alive here today. Consider also that if

our ancestors made the wrong dietary choice by simply

mistaking an edible berry for a poisonous one, the

consequences could be deadly. This places even greater

emphasis on how the "time testing" of dietary

compounds was not an academic but a life-death affair,

and by implication, how the information contained

within various cultural traditions as "recipes" passed

down from generation to generation are "epigenetic

inheritance systems" no less important to our health and

optimal gene expression as the DNA in our own bodies.

Ultimately, this new study adds to a growing body of

research indicating that cancer stem cell targeting

approaches using natural substances present in the

human diet for thousands of years are far superior

chemotherapy and radiation, both of which actually

increase the relative populations of cancer stem cells

versus non-tumorigenic ones. For further reading on

ginger's anti-cancer properties, consult our Ginger

Research database. Also, you can use our Cancer

Research Health Guide for thousands of studies and

articles about natural healing approaches for cancer.

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-10000x-

stronger-chemo-taxol-cancer-research-model-

13KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

“Are GM crops better for consumers?”

he third report in GMO Inquiry 2015 is out! It tackles consumer concerns about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). T

After twenty years on the market, CBAN is investigating the impacts and risks of GMOs. Genetically modified foods were allowed onto grocery store shelves in Canada without labels, without meaningful public debate, without government testing, and without long-term animal feeding studies.

Are there consumer benefits to genetically modified foods? Are they safe to eat? Why aren't they labeled? These are the three main questions you asked. Check out the new report for details!

Here is some of what the report concludes:

There is no scientific basis to conclude that genetically modified (GM) foods are safe. Research continues to raise serious questions about the potential health hazards and more study is needed. The risks from eating GM foods have not been fully investigated.

Releasing GMOs in our food system and environment remains an ongoing experiment, still in need of testing and evaluation. Click here to see the report summary pamphlet.

There are no GM foods on the market with consumer benefitsAlthough launched with many promises of benefits to consumers, two decades later GM foods on the market are not cheaper, tastier, fresher, more nutritious, or more environmentally-friendly. In fact, the use of GM crops has increased rather than decreased the use of synthetic herbicides.

There is no scientific consensus “In reality, many unanswered questions remain and in some cases there is serious cause for concern.” - "No scientific consensus on safety of genetically modified organisms" statement endorsed by over 300 scientists. There is a diversity of opinion over the safety of GMOs in the scientific community. The biotechnology industry has a vested interest in promoting the incorrect idea of a scientific consensus. We need more science, not less.

There is not enough scienceThe peer-reviewed literature on GM food safety questions mostly consists of short-term studies. We are often presented with big lists of studies as evidence of safety, but these lists can be misleading. The studies that exist examine different questions, are different durations, and use different test animals – some are not even safety studies. Even after twenty years, the scientific literature on GM food safety is inconsistent and far from robust, leaving more questions than answers.

There is little independent science Independent studies on GM food safety questions are rare, and long-term studies are even rarer. The studies that do exist indicate that some genetic modification could result in toxic effects, allergic responses, or altered nutrition, and clearly point to a need for further research. Globally, there is very little independent science, partly because governments are content to rely on corporate science to assess the safety of new GM foods. Barriers to conducting independent studies include

Page 15: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 12 November 2015

?It exhibits cytotoxicity (cell killing properties) against

monolayer (1-dimensional cancer model) and spheroid

cells (3-dimensional cancer model)

It was in evaluating the last mode of 6-shagoal's

chemotherapeutic activity and comparing it to the

activity of the conventional chemotherapeutic agent

taxol that the researchers discovered an astounding

difference.Whereas taxol exhibited clear cytotoxicity in

the one-dimensional (flat) monolayer experimental

model, it had virtually no effect on the spheroid model,

which is a more "real world" model reflecting the 3-

dimensionality of tumors and their stem cell

subpopulations. Amazingly, this held true even when the

concentration of taxol was increased by four orders of

magnitude:

"In contrast [to 6-shagoal], taxol, even though was

highly active in monolayer cells, did not show activity

against the spheroids even at 10000 fold higher

concentration compared to 6-shogoal."

This is a highly significant finding, as it affirms a

common theme in cancer research that acknowledges

the primarily role of cancer stem cells: namely, while

conventional techniques like surgery, radiation, and

chemotherapy are effective at reducing a tumor's size,

sometimes to the point where it is "debulked," burned,"

or "poisoned" out of the body even below the threshold

of re-detection, the appearance of "winning the battle"

often comes at a steep price, as ultimately the cancer

stem cell population regrows the tumors, now with

increased vengeance and metastastic invasiveness,

resulting in the cancer "winning the war."

The monolayer model, which does not account for the

complex immunity of actual cancer stem-cell based

tumors against chemoagents like taxol, represents the

old preclinical model of testing cancer treatments. The

spheroid model, on the other hand, clearly shows that

even 10,000 times higher concentrations of taxol are not

capable of beating this ginger component at selectively

targeting the root cause of the tumor malignancy.

In their concluding remarks, the authors point out a

hugely important distinction between natural anti-

cancer agents and conventional ones that have only been

introduced in the past half century or so, namely,

"Dietary compounds are welcome options for human

diseases due to their time-tested acceptability by

human bodies."

Unlike modern synthetically produced and patented

chemicals, ginger, curcumin, green tea, and hundreds of

other compounds naturally found in the human diet, have

been "time-tested" as acceptable to the human body in

the largest and longest running "clinical trials" known:

the tens of thousands of years of direct human

experience, spanning thousands of different cultures

from around the world, that constitute human prehistory.

These experientially-based "trials" are validated not by

RCTs, or a peer-reviewed publication process, but by the

fact that we all made it through this incalculably vast

span of time to be alive here today. Consider also that if

our ancestors made the wrong dietary choice by simply

mistaking an edible berry for a poisonous one, the

consequences could be deadly. This places even greater

emphasis on how the "time testing" of dietary

compounds was not an academic but a life-death affair,

and by implication, how the information contained

within various cultural traditions as "recipes" passed

down from generation to generation are "epigenetic

inheritance systems" no less important to our health and

optimal gene expression as the DNA in our own bodies.

Ultimately, this new study adds to a growing body of

research indicating that cancer stem cell targeting

approaches using natural substances present in the

human diet for thousands of years are far superior

chemotherapy and radiation, both of which actually

increase the relative populations of cancer stem cells

versus non-tumorigenic ones. For further reading on

ginger's anti-cancer properties, consult our Ginger

Research database. Also, you can use our Cancer

Research Health Guide for thousands of studies and

articles about natural healing approaches for cancer.

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/ginger-10000x-

stronger-chemo-taxol-cancer-research-model-

13KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

“Are GM crops better for consumers?”

he third report in GMO Inquiry 2015 is out! It tackles consumer concerns about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). T

After twenty years on the market, CBAN is investigating the impacts and risks of GMOs. Genetically modified foods were allowed onto grocery store shelves in Canada without labels, without meaningful public debate, without government testing, and without long-term animal feeding studies.

Are there consumer benefits to genetically modified foods? Are they safe to eat? Why aren't they labeled? These are the three main questions you asked. Check out the new report for details!

Here is some of what the report concludes:

There is no scientific basis to conclude that genetically modified (GM) foods are safe. Research continues to raise serious questions about the potential health hazards and more study is needed. The risks from eating GM foods have not been fully investigated.

Releasing GMOs in our food system and environment remains an ongoing experiment, still in need of testing and evaluation. Click here to see the report summary pamphlet.

There are no GM foods on the market with consumer benefitsAlthough launched with many promises of benefits to consumers, two decades later GM foods on the market are not cheaper, tastier, fresher, more nutritious, or more environmentally-friendly. In fact, the use of GM crops has increased rather than decreased the use of synthetic herbicides.

There is no scientific consensus “In reality, many unanswered questions remain and in some cases there is serious cause for concern.” - "No scientific consensus on safety of genetically modified organisms" statement endorsed by over 300 scientists. There is a diversity of opinion over the safety of GMOs in the scientific community. The biotechnology industry has a vested interest in promoting the incorrect idea of a scientific consensus. We need more science, not less.

There is not enough scienceThe peer-reviewed literature on GM food safety questions mostly consists of short-term studies. We are often presented with big lists of studies as evidence of safety, but these lists can be misleading. The studies that exist examine different questions, are different durations, and use different test animals – some are not even safety studies. Even after twenty years, the scientific literature on GM food safety is inconsistent and far from robust, leaving more questions than answers.

There is little independent science Independent studies on GM food safety questions are rare, and long-term studies are even rarer. The studies that do exist indicate that some genetic modification could result in toxic effects, allergic responses, or altered nutrition, and clearly point to a need for further research. Globally, there is very little independent science, partly because governments are content to rely on corporate science to assess the safety of new GM foods. Barriers to conducting independent studies include

Page 16: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 14 November 2015

funding and access to GM seeds for testing. The high stakes involved in commercializing new GM products have added to an environment that is hostile to critique, from the public and even from within the scientific community. The commercial pressures behind getting GM products to market are undeniably influencing how science is being done, and how much.

There are few long-term studiesVery few long-terms tests have been ever conducted. Health Canada has approved GM foods in Canada without long-term safety tests.

There is no tracing and monitoringThere is no tracing system for GM foods on the market. This means that we do not know if the foods we have been eating for the past twenty years have had any health impacts.

Consumers want mandatory labelling There is no mandatory labelling of GM foods in Canada (or the US) but an overwhelming majority of Canadians want labels. A 2015 Ipsos Reid poll commissioned by CBAN confirms that 88% of Canadians want mandatory labelling. The government and industry have spent millions to reassure consumers that GM foods are safe.

The federal government spent $13 million on biotech communications between 1997 and 2003. The industry commitment to keeping North American consumers in the dark is insurance against the failure to convince consumers that GM foods are safe, ethical, and/or beneficial/necessary.

How can I identify GM foods in Canadian grocery stores?

Without mandatory labelling, the only way to identify GM foods on grocery store shelves is to check for ingredients that come from the GM foods on the market: corn, canola, soy, white sugar beet (and some papaya, squash, cotton and US milk ingredients that could be made with use of Bovine Growth Hormone). For details and updates, visit www.cban.ca/gmfoods.

There are also two main non-GM food labels on the North American market. Both labels are backed by strong certification programs. Some products carry both labels but they are two very different programs.

Organic: The national organic standard in Canada (and the US) prohibits the use of GM seeds and other GM products including GM feed for livestock. Organic farming is a defined model of ecological farming that also prohibits the use of synthetic pesticides, for example.

Non-GMO Project: The Non-GMO Project verifies products as non-GM. The standard requires testing of all ingredients that could be at risk of GM contamination with a maximum contamination level at 0.9%, aiming to reach zero. While these foods are not produced with GMOs, unless they are also certified organic, they can be produced with synthetic pesticides.

What Can I do?

?Email your grocery store to ask them to keep the GM apple and GM salmon off the shelves - they are not yet on the market. Without mandatory labelling, stores need to give you a guarantee!?Send CBAN's press release to your local journalists.?Download the summary pamphlet of the report and share it in your community. Or contact CBAN to order materials.?Check out the other reports in the GMO Inquiry.?Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.?Check www.cban.ca/Take-Action to take the latest strategic actions?Visit www.cban.ca for even more info?Donate to CBAN today!

What's Next?

The GMO Inquiry has even more research ahead! Are GM Crops Better for Farmers? Are GM Crops and Foods Well Regulated? Do we need GM crops to feed the world? Join us at www.gmoinquiry.ca!

http://gmoinquiry.ca/consumers/

November 2015

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary, President, Bharatiya Krishak Samaj Programme

Page 17: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 14 November 2015

funding and access to GM seeds for testing. The high stakes involved in commercializing new GM products have added to an environment that is hostile to critique, from the public and even from within the scientific community. The commercial pressures behind getting GM products to market are undeniably influencing how science is being done, and how much.

There are few long-term studiesVery few long-terms tests have been ever conducted. Health Canada has approved GM foods in Canada without long-term safety tests.

There is no tracing and monitoringThere is no tracing system for GM foods on the market. This means that we do not know if the foods we have been eating for the past twenty years have had any health impacts.

Consumers want mandatory labelling There is no mandatory labelling of GM foods in Canada (or the US) but an overwhelming majority of Canadians want labels. A 2015 Ipsos Reid poll commissioned by CBAN confirms that 88% of Canadians want mandatory labelling. The government and industry have spent millions to reassure consumers that GM foods are safe.

The federal government spent $13 million on biotech communications between 1997 and 2003. The industry commitment to keeping North American consumers in the dark is insurance against the failure to convince consumers that GM foods are safe, ethical, and/or beneficial/necessary.

How can I identify GM foods in Canadian grocery stores?

Without mandatory labelling, the only way to identify GM foods on grocery store shelves is to check for ingredients that come from the GM foods on the market: corn, canola, soy, white sugar beet (and some papaya, squash, cotton and US milk ingredients that could be made with use of Bovine Growth Hormone). For details and updates, visit www.cban.ca/gmfoods.

There are also two main non-GM food labels on the North American market. Both labels are backed by strong certification programs. Some products carry both labels but they are two very different programs.

Organic: The national organic standard in Canada (and the US) prohibits the use of GM seeds and other GM products including GM feed for livestock. Organic farming is a defined model of ecological farming that also prohibits the use of synthetic pesticides, for example.

Non-GMO Project: The Non-GMO Project verifies products as non-GM. The standard requires testing of all ingredients that could be at risk of GM contamination with a maximum contamination level at 0.9%, aiming to reach zero. While these foods are not produced with GMOs, unless they are also certified organic, they can be produced with synthetic pesticides.

What Can I do?

?Email your grocery store to ask them to keep the GM apple and GM salmon off the shelves - they are not yet on the market. Without mandatory labelling, stores need to give you a guarantee!?Send CBAN's press release to your local journalists.?Download the summary pamphlet of the report and share it in your community. Or contact CBAN to order materials.?Check out the other reports in the GMO Inquiry.?Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.?Check www.cban.ca/Take-Action to take the latest strategic actions?Visit www.cban.ca for even more info?Donate to CBAN today!

What's Next?

The GMO Inquiry has even more research ahead! Are GM Crops Better for Farmers? Are GM Crops and Foods Well Regulated? Do we need GM crops to feed the world? Join us at www.gmoinquiry.ca!

http://gmoinquiry.ca/consumers/

November 2015

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary, President, Bharatiya Krishak Samaj Programme

Page 18: 1 to 36 November 2015

November 2015

letter to PM on import of illegal GM Soya meal

Respected Sh. Modi Jee, 16-11-2015

We are writing this to bring to your notice that there is a sinister move by a section of the poultry and feed

industry to completely wipe out our own soybean cultivation, for their short term gain. We understand that

large scale import of soybean meal is being contemplated at cheap prices from South America, China and

USA, to flood the Indian market, inspite of the fact that more than adequate quantity of soybean meal is

available from locally produced soybean.

Our current laws do not permit import of any GMO based food or feed item. We fear that the importers may

bring in GMO soybean meal at cheap rates, which will get cleared at ports without testing for presence of

GM organisms. As you are aware, India is the only country in the world which grows Non-GM soybean

and if imports of GM material starts, it will amount to playing a fraud on our farmers, who cannot compete

with farmers in the exporting countries.

Currently, import of soybean meal is freely permitted, with a low customs duty of 15%. Import of GM is

strictly prohibited. The existing rules are quoted below for your ready reference.

Import of any food or feed item made of genetically modified organisms is not allowed, unless approved

by Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee. Therefore, soyameal of GM variety will not be permitted as

the GEAC has not given such permission. The relevant rule issued under the Environment Protection Act

1986. is quoted below.

"RULES FOR THE MANUFACTURE, USE/IMPORT/EXPORT and STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS

MICRO ORGANISMS, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS OR CELLS, issued under the

EP Act, 1986 vide NOTIFICATION G.S.R. lO~7 (E). Dated 5th December, 1989."

"7. APPROVAL AND PROHIBITIONS

(1) No person shall import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell any hazardous micro

organisms or genetically engineered organisms/substances or cells except with the approval of the

Genetic Engineering Approval Committee."

These rules have been reiterated in the "General Notes regarding Import Policy", given in Schedule I, of

the Foreign Trade Policy issued under the Foreign Trade Development and Regulation Act 1992. Note 6

(a) and (b) are quoted below:

"6. Genetically Modified Food, Feed, Genetically Modified Organism (CMOs) and Living Modified

November 2015

Organisms (LMOs):

Import of Genetically Modified Food, Feed, Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) and Living

Modified Organisms (LMOs) will be subject to the following conditions:

a. The import of GMOs / LMOs for the purpose of

(i) R&D;

(ii) Food;

(iii) Feed;

(iv)Processing in Bulk and

(v) For Environment release

Will be governed by the provisions of the Environment Protection Act. 1986 and Rules framed there under

Environment Protection Act, 1986 and Rules framed there under can be accessed from the website of the

Ministry of Environment & Forest.

b. The import of any Food, Feed, raw or processed or any ingredient of food, food additives or any food

product that contains GM material and is being used either for Industrial production. Environmental

release, or field application will be allowed only with the approval of the Genetic Engineering Approval

Committee (GEAC), set up by the Ministry of Environment & Forests and the details of GEAC can be

accessed from the website link of the Ministry".

Copies of the Notification of the Government of India and the General Notes for Imports into India, as

given in the existing Import Policy and quoted above are attached for your ready reference.

Soybean prices in these countries are between 30 to 40% lower because of huge subsidies and imports of

cheap soymeal will leave no outlet for indigenous production, which will directly hurt the farmers, who are

already suffering from huge losses caused by erratic monsoon this year.

There have been responsible comments from political leaders in Madhya Pradesh, discouraging farmers

from growing soybean, giving flimsy and illogical reasons. The need of the hour is to help the farmers in

overcoming the problems caused by weather, which is beyond his control, rather than ask him to shun the

very crop which has been the reason for his economic prosperity over the last three decades.

Our farmers need assurance that the Government will stand by them and save them from losses caused by

nature's erratic behavior. The Government must give our farmers all kind of encouragement and help at

this difficult time. Unfortunately, rather than help, the poor farmer is being further made to face an

impossible competition with affluent farmers in other countries.

It is unfortunate that the poultry industry which is opposing import of finished products from abroad, on

the ground that they cannot compete, is wanting to import soybean meal, without any sympathy or

consideration for the poor Indian farmer and want him to compete with the farmer abroad.

Page 19: 1 to 36 November 2015

November 2015

letter to PM on import of illegal GM Soya meal

Respected Sh. Modi Jee, 16-11-2015

We are writing this to bring to your notice that there is a sinister move by a section of the poultry and feed

industry to completely wipe out our own soybean cultivation, for their short term gain. We understand that

large scale import of soybean meal is being contemplated at cheap prices from South America, China and

USA, to flood the Indian market, inspite of the fact that more than adequate quantity of soybean meal is

available from locally produced soybean.

Our current laws do not permit import of any GMO based food or feed item. We fear that the importers may

bring in GMO soybean meal at cheap rates, which will get cleared at ports without testing for presence of

GM organisms. As you are aware, India is the only country in the world which grows Non-GM soybean

and if imports of GM material starts, it will amount to playing a fraud on our farmers, who cannot compete

with farmers in the exporting countries.

Currently, import of soybean meal is freely permitted, with a low customs duty of 15%. Import of GM is

strictly prohibited. The existing rules are quoted below for your ready reference.

Import of any food or feed item made of genetically modified organisms is not allowed, unless approved

by Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee. Therefore, soyameal of GM variety will not be permitted as

the GEAC has not given such permission. The relevant rule issued under the Environment Protection Act

1986. is quoted below.

"RULES FOR THE MANUFACTURE, USE/IMPORT/EXPORT and STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS

MICRO ORGANISMS, GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS OR CELLS, issued under the

EP Act, 1986 vide NOTIFICATION G.S.R. lO~7 (E). Dated 5th December, 1989."

"7. APPROVAL AND PROHIBITIONS

(1) No person shall import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell any hazardous micro

organisms or genetically engineered organisms/substances or cells except with the approval of the

Genetic Engineering Approval Committee."

These rules have been reiterated in the "General Notes regarding Import Policy", given in Schedule I, of

the Foreign Trade Policy issued under the Foreign Trade Development and Regulation Act 1992. Note 6

(a) and (b) are quoted below:

"6. Genetically Modified Food, Feed, Genetically Modified Organism (CMOs) and Living Modified

November 2015

Organisms (LMOs):

Import of Genetically Modified Food, Feed, Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) and Living

Modified Organisms (LMOs) will be subject to the following conditions:

a. The import of GMOs / LMOs for the purpose of

(i) R&D;

(ii) Food;

(iii) Feed;

(iv)Processing in Bulk and

(v) For Environment release

Will be governed by the provisions of the Environment Protection Act. 1986 and Rules framed there under

Environment Protection Act, 1986 and Rules framed there under can be accessed from the website of the

Ministry of Environment & Forest.

b. The import of any Food, Feed, raw or processed or any ingredient of food, food additives or any food

product that contains GM material and is being used either for Industrial production. Environmental

release, or field application will be allowed only with the approval of the Genetic Engineering Approval

Committee (GEAC), set up by the Ministry of Environment & Forests and the details of GEAC can be

accessed from the website link of the Ministry".

Copies of the Notification of the Government of India and the General Notes for Imports into India, as

given in the existing Import Policy and quoted above are attached for your ready reference.

Soybean prices in these countries are between 30 to 40% lower because of huge subsidies and imports of

cheap soymeal will leave no outlet for indigenous production, which will directly hurt the farmers, who are

already suffering from huge losses caused by erratic monsoon this year.

There have been responsible comments from political leaders in Madhya Pradesh, discouraging farmers

from growing soybean, giving flimsy and illogical reasons. The need of the hour is to help the farmers in

overcoming the problems caused by weather, which is beyond his control, rather than ask him to shun the

very crop which has been the reason for his economic prosperity over the last three decades.

Our farmers need assurance that the Government will stand by them and save them from losses caused by

nature's erratic behavior. The Government must give our farmers all kind of encouragement and help at

this difficult time. Unfortunately, rather than help, the poor farmer is being further made to face an

impossible competition with affluent farmers in other countries.

It is unfortunate that the poultry industry which is opposing import of finished products from abroad, on

the ground that they cannot compete, is wanting to import soybean meal, without any sympathy or

consideration for the poor Indian farmer and want him to compete with the farmer abroad.

Page 20: 1 to 36 November 2015

November 2015

There appears to be a deep rooted conspiracy against soybean farmers of India. Import of GM soybean

meal, a clamor for import of soybean itself, discouragement to soy cultivation by political leaders, active

involvement of foreign seed and pesticide companies in promoting GM Soy cultivation, promotional

activities by a foreign agency to encourage import of soybean .are moves which directly point towards

killing soybean cultivation in India. Soybean has transformed the rural economy of Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In MP particularly, before soya cultivation, 80% of land used to be fallow

in Kharif because of lack of water and other alternatives. Today, soybean has revolutionized the kharif

crop in the state with hardly any fallow land. Soybean is playing similar role in Maharashtra and

Rajasthan also.

We cannot allow our farmers' interest to be jeopardized by selfish elements. We would, therefore,

request you to kindly immediately put a ban on soybean meal import. Kindly also issue instructions to all

customs officers that the law of the land with regard to prohibition on import of GMOs is strictly

followed and any soybean meal imported into India is checked in a Government laboratory to ensure

that it does not contain traces of GM material.

Yours Sincerely,

Krishan Bir Chaudhary

To,

Hon'ble Sh.Narendra Modi Jee

Prime Minister Of India

7,Race Cource Road

New Delhi

19KISAN KI AWAAZ

* Dr. Amrit Patel

overnment of India announced “Digital India” project on 1st July 2015 that Genvisions empowering citizens with e-

access to government services and livelihood related services, among others. The project has three core components, viz. digital infrastructure, digital services and digital literacy. Mobile phone is the preferred delivery medium with focus on mGovernance and mServices.

The mAgriculture and mGramBazar, out of the seven components covered under mServices, directly impact agricultural extension and marketing services. Project will launch the 'National Digital Literacy Mission' to make 10 million people digitally literate in five years and digitally empower at least one person in every family. The project, inter alia, has several aspects to benefit small farmers viz.It seeks to transform rural India into a digitally-empowered knowledge economy provide universal phone connectivity and access to broadband in 250,000 villages by 2019 extend better services to farmers with the use of information technology and its tools enhance efficiency in agricultural governance through programs that include digital literacy and electronic delivery of services.

This article briefly highlights the initiatives already undertaken by the government of India and private sectors in this respect and suggests the need for harnessing potential of digital India for agricultural development in the light of current agricultural scenario when mobile phone penetration in rural India has been fast increasing.

Potential of ICT

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has the potential to revolutionize Indian agriculture in

terms of raising crop productivity and profitability per unit area and resources. Several apps are now available and many more can be developed which can help farmers access authentic, accurate and timely information related to high-yielding variety seeds, production-enhancing & cost-minimizing farming practices, efficient use of water including micro-irrigation system, integrated nutrient and pest management, post-harvest management practices, measures to mitigate adverse impact of climate change and marketing of farm produce in domestic and international markets.

Government's initiatives The government has proposed a National

Broadband Network, which will essentially lay out a fibre-optic cable across the country to achieve last mile connectivity and encourage private operators to make services available in hitherto untouched areas. For this, the government has committed about $4 billion to build the network to connect 250,000 village headquarters.

Government has already put in operation three portals viz. farmer portal, kisan[farmer] call centre and mkisan portal to facilitate farmers take informed decisions for efficient farming under varying agro-climatic conditions. Farmers can reach the nearest buyers and sell products directly and thus can avoid post-production storage and transportation cost. Social media help farmers all over the country to connect buyers with sellers directly and remove middlemen.

Farmers' portals: This portal aims at serving as One Stop Shop for all farmers for accessing information on agricultural activities. Besides, giving links to appropriate pages of 80 portals already developed so far, the farmers' portal links the location of the farmer with the concerned National Agricultural Research Project zone to which he belongs. This

November 2015

Digital India Project & Agriculture

Page 21: 1 to 36 November 2015

November 2015

There appears to be a deep rooted conspiracy against soybean farmers of India. Import of GM soybean

meal, a clamor for import of soybean itself, discouragement to soy cultivation by political leaders, active

involvement of foreign seed and pesticide companies in promoting GM Soy cultivation, promotional

activities by a foreign agency to encourage import of soybean .are moves which directly point towards

killing soybean cultivation in India. Soybean has transformed the rural economy of Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In MP particularly, before soya cultivation, 80% of land used to be fallow

in Kharif because of lack of water and other alternatives. Today, soybean has revolutionized the kharif

crop in the state with hardly any fallow land. Soybean is playing similar role in Maharashtra and

Rajasthan also.

We cannot allow our farmers' interest to be jeopardized by selfish elements. We would, therefore,

request you to kindly immediately put a ban on soybean meal import. Kindly also issue instructions to all

customs officers that the law of the land with regard to prohibition on import of GMOs is strictly

followed and any soybean meal imported into India is checked in a Government laboratory to ensure

that it does not contain traces of GM material.

Yours Sincerely,

Krishan Bir Chaudhary

To,

Hon'ble Sh.Narendra Modi Jee

Prime Minister Of India

7,Race Cource Road

New Delhi

19KISAN KI AWAAZ

* Dr. Amrit Patel

overnment of India announced “Digital India” project on 1st July 2015 that Genvisions empowering citizens with e-

access to government services and livelihood related services, among others. The project has three core components, viz. digital infrastructure, digital services and digital literacy. Mobile phone is the preferred delivery medium with focus on mGovernance and mServices.

The mAgriculture and mGramBazar, out of the seven components covered under mServices, directly impact agricultural extension and marketing services. Project will launch the 'National Digital Literacy Mission' to make 10 million people digitally literate in five years and digitally empower at least one person in every family. The project, inter alia, has several aspects to benefit small farmers viz.It seeks to transform rural India into a digitally-empowered knowledge economy provide universal phone connectivity and access to broadband in 250,000 villages by 2019 extend better services to farmers with the use of information technology and its tools enhance efficiency in agricultural governance through programs that include digital literacy and electronic delivery of services.

This article briefly highlights the initiatives already undertaken by the government of India and private sectors in this respect and suggests the need for harnessing potential of digital India for agricultural development in the light of current agricultural scenario when mobile phone penetration in rural India has been fast increasing.

Potential of ICT

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has the potential to revolutionize Indian agriculture in

terms of raising crop productivity and profitability per unit area and resources. Several apps are now available and many more can be developed which can help farmers access authentic, accurate and timely information related to high-yielding variety seeds, production-enhancing & cost-minimizing farming practices, efficient use of water including micro-irrigation system, integrated nutrient and pest management, post-harvest management practices, measures to mitigate adverse impact of climate change and marketing of farm produce in domestic and international markets.

Government's initiatives The government has proposed a National

Broadband Network, which will essentially lay out a fibre-optic cable across the country to achieve last mile connectivity and encourage private operators to make services available in hitherto untouched areas. For this, the government has committed about $4 billion to build the network to connect 250,000 village headquarters.

Government has already put in operation three portals viz. farmer portal, kisan[farmer] call centre and mkisan portal to facilitate farmers take informed decisions for efficient farming under varying agro-climatic conditions. Farmers can reach the nearest buyers and sell products directly and thus can avoid post-production storage and transportation cost. Social media help farmers all over the country to connect buyers with sellers directly and remove middlemen.

Farmers' portals: This portal aims at serving as One Stop Shop for all farmers for accessing information on agricultural activities. Besides, giving links to appropriate pages of 80 portals already developed so far, the farmers' portal links the location of the farmer with the concerned National Agricultural Research Project zone to which he belongs. This

November 2015

Digital India Project & Agriculture

Page 22: 1 to 36 November 2015

20 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

facilitates him to access crop-specific technical information including package of farm practices, pests & diseases; dealer network for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, machinery & tools, weather advisories etc.

Farmers Call Centres: This initiative aims at providing farmers toll-free information in their local language throughout the country...

Under the eGovernance program, soil health card software has been standardized and web-based software developed to provide integrated nutrient management recommendations using soil test crop response method for eight states.

National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture [NeGP-A]: Under NeGP-A information is provided to farmers through multiple channels including Common Service Centres Internet Kiosks and SMSs. Currently, 12 identified clusters of services provide information on weather soil health seeds, nutrients, pests irrigation crops, good agricultural practices, farm machinery marketing infrastructure farm commodity prices, arrivals, procurement points, interaction platforms electronic certification for export & import drought relief & management livestock, fisheries management training monitoring implementation and evaluation of schemes. The first phase of the project is under implementation in seven states out of 28 in the country

Strengthening IT Apparatus in States [AGRISNET]: Under the scheme, computers are provided up to the sub-district level throughout the country and state-specific software packages have been developed to disseminate information to farmers Availability of required hardware and locally suitable software package has resulted in quick retrieval of data, dissemination of information to farmers and provision of farmer-centric services.

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development has also designed agricultural portals for farmers.

Private sector Very few private sector, NGOs and social groups have also been using ICT in agriculture to supplement the efforts of the Government for efficient delivery of a variety of services to farmers. Following two, most prominent are briefly described which have unique

methodologies and content to enable farmers to access a plethora of services for agricultural development. e-Choupal: It is a business initiative that leverages the power of Information and digital technology and the internet to empower small farmers with a host of services viz. agricultural knowhow and best practices, timely weather information, order supplies of inputs, transparent discovery of farm prices, questions &answers section which enables interaction with company's agricultural experts..

The company is, also, partnering with banks to offer farmers access to credit, insurance and other services..e-Choupal builds on three elements, an internet-enabled computer located at a “focal point farmer,” an internet connection via phone lines and services through the echoupal.com portal. Each internet connection serves 10 villages in a 5 km radius, reaching 600 farmers on average. e-Choupals not only connect farmers with markets but also allow for a virtual integration of the supply chain.

Farmers have received higher profit because of increased crop-productivity, better quality farm commodities, and farmers are no longer forced to sell through a middleman. Company benefits because its simplified and intensified supply chain system increases business and profits. It has 6500 e-Choupals computer stations in 40,000 villages serving 4 million farmers of 10 States in India.

RML Information Services Pvt. Ltd: Following nearly 18 months of market research prototyping and market trials, RML was launched in Maharashtra in 2007 and in Punjab in 2008. RML delivers customized, localized and personalized agricultural information to farmers from pre-sowing to post-harvest stages including information on weather, farm prices through SMS on mobile phones in local language. .About 1.4 million farmers from about 50,000 villages have been using this service across 18 states. Following are RML's key ICT products: » RMLdirect - SMS based personalized agricultural information service on crops from pre-sowing to harvest and selling of crops

21KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

» Krishidoot - C o n n e c t i n g f a r m i n g communities and marketplace for agricultural value chain system» R-Edge Market Information » RMLpro - A n a l y t i c a l a n d communication tool providing data, insights and intelligence on farmers' organizations, farmer groups, commodity prices» myRML - Comprehensive agriculture information application for farmersRML has empowered farmers with actionable information which enables them to take informed decisions and reduces their production and marketing risks, thereby directly improving their livelihood. According to ICRIER study [2009], RML users had 5% to 25% increase in their income. The World Bank study [2010] revealed 8% increase in price realization to farmers selling directly to traders. The USAID study [2011] observed that farmers accessing RML services realized Rupees six to eight more per kg on their crop.. Around 80% farmer-users improved alignment of farm output to market demands, ensuring improved productivity and better quality of produce.

Current Indian ScenarioLow crop productivity & profitability:

According to “Situation Assessment of Indian Farmers”, only about 28% of all farmers use any kind of agriculture-related information that is available rather than what they need. While about 72% of farmers do not have any source of information that can help them adopt latest technology most farmers are unable to access credit, insurance, marketing services from the established institutions.

This is primarily responsible for farmer's low crop productivity and profitability. Despite India has the largest irrigated land and ranks second in terms of arable land the yield crops is 20%-40% of the world's best levels. Yield of rice in India in 2011 was 3.2 tons per hectare as against 7.5 tons in USA, 6.7 tons in China and 4.3 tons for the world's average. Average yields of coarse cereals were 1.0 ton per hectare in India as compared to 2.7 tons in USA and 2.1 tons in China.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research study showed that the yield gap between the yield of demonstration plots in farmers' fields and the average yield of the area varied by a factor 3 to 6. Integrating agricultural credit with technology and production inputs, farmers can increase wheat production by around 40% and double paddy production at current levels of technology. Efficient agricultural extension agency and support service providers can bridge the existing gap between the actual crop yields at field level and the potential yields. The post-harvest losses exceed 25% annually.

For marketing, small farmers have to deal with multiple layers of middlemen. For example, farmers sell 85% of wheat and 75% of oil seeds in Uttar Pradesh, 70% of oil seeds and 35% of cotton in Punjab, and 90% of jute in West Bengal in village itself. These middlemen take away about 47% of the price of rice, 52% of groundnut and 60% of potatoes. On an average, Indian farmers realize only 20% to 25% of the value paid for by consumers.as compared to 40% to 45% in in developed countries.

Rural households: India has 73.5% rural households of which less than 50% are engaged in agriculture and 25 % have no access to irrigation In case of 74.5% of rural households, the highest-earning member earns less than US $75 per month 36% of the 884 million people are illiterate; of the 64% literate, more than 20% have not even completed primary school, only 5.4% have completed high school and 3.4% have graduated from college; 23.52% rural families have no literate adult above 25 years 122.4 million [68.32%] have mobiles which suggests mobile connectivity has become a basic service.

Small farmers: Indian agriculture has been characterized as farms of “small and marginal” size. Small and marginal farmers owning less than two hectares constitute 85.9% of the total. Though small farmers are efficient in production their increasing number and shrinking farm size raises questions about their economic viability, sustainability and producing marketable surplus. Disadvantages they face are economies of scale and inadequate access to technology, production inputs, institutional credit, insurance and marketing services. Small farmers are concentrated in rain-fed areas and cultivate crops

Page 23: 1 to 36 November 2015

20 KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

facilitates him to access crop-specific technical information including package of farm practices, pests & diseases; dealer network for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, machinery & tools, weather advisories etc.

Farmers Call Centres: This initiative aims at providing farmers toll-free information in their local language throughout the country...

Under the eGovernance program, soil health card software has been standardized and web-based software developed to provide integrated nutrient management recommendations using soil test crop response method for eight states.

National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture [NeGP-A]: Under NeGP-A information is provided to farmers through multiple channels including Common Service Centres Internet Kiosks and SMSs. Currently, 12 identified clusters of services provide information on weather soil health seeds, nutrients, pests irrigation crops, good agricultural practices, farm machinery marketing infrastructure farm commodity prices, arrivals, procurement points, interaction platforms electronic certification for export & import drought relief & management livestock, fisheries management training monitoring implementation and evaluation of schemes. The first phase of the project is under implementation in seven states out of 28 in the country

Strengthening IT Apparatus in States [AGRISNET]: Under the scheme, computers are provided up to the sub-district level throughout the country and state-specific software packages have been developed to disseminate information to farmers Availability of required hardware and locally suitable software package has resulted in quick retrieval of data, dissemination of information to farmers and provision of farmer-centric services.

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development has also designed agricultural portals for farmers.

Private sector Very few private sector, NGOs and social groups have also been using ICT in agriculture to supplement the efforts of the Government for efficient delivery of a variety of services to farmers. Following two, most prominent are briefly described which have unique

methodologies and content to enable farmers to access a plethora of services for agricultural development. e-Choupal: It is a business initiative that leverages the power of Information and digital technology and the internet to empower small farmers with a host of services viz. agricultural knowhow and best practices, timely weather information, order supplies of inputs, transparent discovery of farm prices, questions &answers section which enables interaction with company's agricultural experts..

The company is, also, partnering with banks to offer farmers access to credit, insurance and other services..e-Choupal builds on three elements, an internet-enabled computer located at a “focal point farmer,” an internet connection via phone lines and services through the echoupal.com portal. Each internet connection serves 10 villages in a 5 km radius, reaching 600 farmers on average. e-Choupals not only connect farmers with markets but also allow for a virtual integration of the supply chain.

Farmers have received higher profit because of increased crop-productivity, better quality farm commodities, and farmers are no longer forced to sell through a middleman. Company benefits because its simplified and intensified supply chain system increases business and profits. It has 6500 e-Choupals computer stations in 40,000 villages serving 4 million farmers of 10 States in India.

RML Information Services Pvt. Ltd: Following nearly 18 months of market research prototyping and market trials, RML was launched in Maharashtra in 2007 and in Punjab in 2008. RML delivers customized, localized and personalized agricultural information to farmers from pre-sowing to post-harvest stages including information on weather, farm prices through SMS on mobile phones in local language. .About 1.4 million farmers from about 50,000 villages have been using this service across 18 states. Following are RML's key ICT products: » RMLdirect - SMS based personalized agricultural information service on crops from pre-sowing to harvest and selling of crops

21KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

» Krishidoot - C o n n e c t i n g f a r m i n g communities and marketplace for agricultural value chain system» R-Edge Market Information » RMLpro - A n a l y t i c a l a n d communication tool providing data, insights and intelligence on farmers' organizations, farmer groups, commodity prices» myRML - Comprehensive agriculture information application for farmersRML has empowered farmers with actionable information which enables them to take informed decisions and reduces their production and marketing risks, thereby directly improving their livelihood. According to ICRIER study [2009], RML users had 5% to 25% increase in their income. The World Bank study [2010] revealed 8% increase in price realization to farmers selling directly to traders. The USAID study [2011] observed that farmers accessing RML services realized Rupees six to eight more per kg on their crop.. Around 80% farmer-users improved alignment of farm output to market demands, ensuring improved productivity and better quality of produce.

Current Indian ScenarioLow crop productivity & profitability:

According to “Situation Assessment of Indian Farmers”, only about 28% of all farmers use any kind of agriculture-related information that is available rather than what they need. While about 72% of farmers do not have any source of information that can help them adopt latest technology most farmers are unable to access credit, insurance, marketing services from the established institutions.

This is primarily responsible for farmer's low crop productivity and profitability. Despite India has the largest irrigated land and ranks second in terms of arable land the yield crops is 20%-40% of the world's best levels. Yield of rice in India in 2011 was 3.2 tons per hectare as against 7.5 tons in USA, 6.7 tons in China and 4.3 tons for the world's average. Average yields of coarse cereals were 1.0 ton per hectare in India as compared to 2.7 tons in USA and 2.1 tons in China.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research study showed that the yield gap between the yield of demonstration plots in farmers' fields and the average yield of the area varied by a factor 3 to 6. Integrating agricultural credit with technology and production inputs, farmers can increase wheat production by around 40% and double paddy production at current levels of technology. Efficient agricultural extension agency and support service providers can bridge the existing gap between the actual crop yields at field level and the potential yields. The post-harvest losses exceed 25% annually.

For marketing, small farmers have to deal with multiple layers of middlemen. For example, farmers sell 85% of wheat and 75% of oil seeds in Uttar Pradesh, 70% of oil seeds and 35% of cotton in Punjab, and 90% of jute in West Bengal in village itself. These middlemen take away about 47% of the price of rice, 52% of groundnut and 60% of potatoes. On an average, Indian farmers realize only 20% to 25% of the value paid for by consumers.as compared to 40% to 45% in in developed countries.

Rural households: India has 73.5% rural households of which less than 50% are engaged in agriculture and 25 % have no access to irrigation In case of 74.5% of rural households, the highest-earning member earns less than US $75 per month 36% of the 884 million people are illiterate; of the 64% literate, more than 20% have not even completed primary school, only 5.4% have completed high school and 3.4% have graduated from college; 23.52% rural families have no literate adult above 25 years 122.4 million [68.32%] have mobiles which suggests mobile connectivity has become a basic service.

Small farmers: Indian agriculture has been characterized as farms of “small and marginal” size. Small and marginal farmers owning less than two hectares constitute 85.9% of the total. Though small farmers are efficient in production their increasing number and shrinking farm size raises questions about their economic viability, sustainability and producing marketable surplus. Disadvantages they face are economies of scale and inadequate access to technology, production inputs, institutional credit, insurance and marketing services. Small farmers are concentrated in rain-fed areas and cultivate crops

Page 24: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 22 November 2015

under a high risk environment, often confronted by frequent droughts, floods and soil erosion.

Land Degradation: More than 57% of the total reporting area in India is characterized as degraded land as against 17% at the global level. Nearly 120.72 million hectares of land is degraded due to soil erosion and about 8.4 million hectares are affected by soil-salinity and water-logging problems. Annually India is losing about 0.8 million tons of nitrogen, 1.8 million tons of phosphorus and 26.3 million tons of potassium impacting adversely on soil fertility and crop productivity.

Mobile penetration in rural areas: India has about 69% rural population. By June, 2014, rural India had about 122.4 million [68.32%] households with mobiles exhibiting mobile connectivity has become a basic service in rural areas. Rural mobile subscriber base is growing twice as faster compared to urban subscriber base.

As of March 2015, the national teledensity was 79% and rural teledensity 46.5%. Telecom Policy aims to increase rural teledensity to 60% by 2017 and 100% by 2020.Study of the IAMAI revealed 80% using it for communications, 67% for online services, 65% for e-commerce and 60% for social networking. Mobile phones can be effectively utilized for purposes including generating, processing, transmitting, disseminating, sorting, archiving and retrieving critical information and data relating to agriculture. Mobile phones are omnipresent and cost effective means to revolutionize agriculture in India. Farmers' timely access to farm output related minute information right from the selection of seeds for planting to marketing of produce in domestic and international markets is a must. Meeting Farmers' Specific Needs For India, at a time when national, regional and international research institutes have already developed technologies, farmers need motivation and encouragement to adopt these proven yield-enhancing, cost-efficient and environment-friendly technologies.

Acknowledging the slow impact of the ICT initiatives of the government and private sector, the digital India

project should pay undivided attention to provide accurate information from authentic sources to farmers on time on various aspects as identified by various field studies, viz. details of location-specific crop production technology economics of crop, livestock and fish farming authorized sources of timely availability of standard quality inputs [seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc.] farm equipment, sprinklers, drippers, among others, along with costs post-harvest management technology and facilities including transport, storage, processing, preservation, packaging and marketing commodity prices, weather, measures to minimize impact of drought and climate change detailed procedure for availing bank credit, crop and livestock insurance cover, government subsidies, land records etc.

Government's programs providing subsidy and other facilities to develop irrigation potential, rainwater harvesting, soil and water conservation measures, soil and water testing facilities, prevention and control of pests and diseases, bio-gas, minimum support prices contract farming, value chain system, warehouse receipt reclamation of degraded, saline & alkaline land mechanism to redress grievances.

Accordingly, farmers need ICT-enabled portals for following purposes which can be developed, rigorously field tested and made available to farmers.

Technology: Production-enhancing proven crop-specific technologies [from pre-sowing to harvesting and post-harvest management] based on soil & water analysis. Separate for dry land & irrigated farming focusing efficient use of seeds, fertilizers, water, pesticides, farm equipment & labour; and reclamation of degraded, saline & alkaline land.

Production inputs & farm equipment: Crop-specific reasonably priced standard quality production inputs [seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.] and farm equipment and machinery along with sources of availability

Post-harvest services: Storage, transport, processing, packaging,

Institutional services: Land records, farm credit, insurance, marketing, weather, farmer-producers' organizations, market yards, procurement centres

23KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

Government facilities: Availability of subsidies, assistance available to mitigate effects of climate change, drought, floods, earthquake, cyclones Institutions: State government's department of agriculture, state agricultural universities, farmers' science centers, regional research institutes, farmer- p r o d u c e r s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , corporate/ industr ia l /business houses and m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s e n g a g e d i n manufacturing/production and distribution of farm inputs, farm equipment& machinery, rural financial institutions, insurance companies, among others, have a significant role and added responsibility to contribute their professional knowledge to develop digital ecosystem for agriculture and make available to farmers.

Focused Attention:The effective implementation of digital India project would enable the country to increase agricultural growth rate by 4%in three years. It can, also, generate annually 40,000 to 50,000 employments for rural youthswho are trained in agriculture & computer technology by state agricultural universities. For this, following areas need focused attention.

?Immediate need is to conduct a nation-wide[separately for each agro-ecological region] evaluation study to assess the impact of ICT initiatives on agriculture already developed and put in place by the government and private sector in respect of number of farmers regularly receiving & using mobile-enabled agricultural information services feedback from users about content, timeliness, utility, satisfaction, changes required, their grievances increase in productivity, output and income of benefitted farmers increase in price realization in farm commodities sold, direct selling without dependence on middlemen reduction in costs of transactions mechanism to redress grievances. ?The study of the Asia-Pacific Research Centre of the Stanford University on ICT Initiatives under the project” Agriculture & Rural Livelihood” in India concluded that the usage of ICT was sparse

compared to its significant potential and substantially constrained by factors viz. illiteracy, inadequate infrastructure [particularly connectivity], low level of awareness of usage, availability of very few digital programs, central site location, and government regulations. This suggests the greater need now than before to make coordinated and concerted efforts by all stakeholders to create a national agricultural knowledge repository in digital form which is nurtured daily through feeding, weeding, pruning and enriched and disseminated among farmers.

?For successful designing digital ecosystem for agriculture, the system design should have all desired features of higher user satisfaction, viz. ease of access updated content layout, design, consistent themes easy navigation higher interactivity access through multiple media (particularly voice) [vii]higher use of non-textual information language options lower cost of transaction.

?A professionally managed ICT platform in public private partnership mode can bring various pieces of agricultural value chain system together and design solutions with 'mobile-first' approach to maximize on-ground adoption and create visible impact.

?Regulatory & Development Authority need to be in place to ensure increase in farmers' easy, timely and reliable access to agricultural information system [as per farmers' needs] throughout the country in a systematic & planned manner development of need-based appropriate digital models for agriculture under public & private sector which conform BIS & available at affordable cost improving general and digital literacy and computer skill and digital infrastructure in rural India in line with digital India vision and prevention of fake models and fraudulent practices

* Agri.& Rural Credit Consultant20 Terrace Ave. Apt F6Hasbrouck HeightsNJ, USA 07604

Page 25: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 22 November 2015

under a high risk environment, often confronted by frequent droughts, floods and soil erosion.

Land Degradation: More than 57% of the total reporting area in India is characterized as degraded land as against 17% at the global level. Nearly 120.72 million hectares of land is degraded due to soil erosion and about 8.4 million hectares are affected by soil-salinity and water-logging problems. Annually India is losing about 0.8 million tons of nitrogen, 1.8 million tons of phosphorus and 26.3 million tons of potassium impacting adversely on soil fertility and crop productivity.

Mobile penetration in rural areas: India has about 69% rural population. By June, 2014, rural India had about 122.4 million [68.32%] households with mobiles exhibiting mobile connectivity has become a basic service in rural areas. Rural mobile subscriber base is growing twice as faster compared to urban subscriber base.

As of March 2015, the national teledensity was 79% and rural teledensity 46.5%. Telecom Policy aims to increase rural teledensity to 60% by 2017 and 100% by 2020.Study of the IAMAI revealed 80% using it for communications, 67% for online services, 65% for e-commerce and 60% for social networking. Mobile phones can be effectively utilized for purposes including generating, processing, transmitting, disseminating, sorting, archiving and retrieving critical information and data relating to agriculture. Mobile phones are omnipresent and cost effective means to revolutionize agriculture in India. Farmers' timely access to farm output related minute information right from the selection of seeds for planting to marketing of produce in domestic and international markets is a must. Meeting Farmers' Specific Needs For India, at a time when national, regional and international research institutes have already developed technologies, farmers need motivation and encouragement to adopt these proven yield-enhancing, cost-efficient and environment-friendly technologies.

Acknowledging the slow impact of the ICT initiatives of the government and private sector, the digital India

project should pay undivided attention to provide accurate information from authentic sources to farmers on time on various aspects as identified by various field studies, viz. details of location-specific crop production technology economics of crop, livestock and fish farming authorized sources of timely availability of standard quality inputs [seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc.] farm equipment, sprinklers, drippers, among others, along with costs post-harvest management technology and facilities including transport, storage, processing, preservation, packaging and marketing commodity prices, weather, measures to minimize impact of drought and climate change detailed procedure for availing bank credit, crop and livestock insurance cover, government subsidies, land records etc.

Government's programs providing subsidy and other facilities to develop irrigation potential, rainwater harvesting, soil and water conservation measures, soil and water testing facilities, prevention and control of pests and diseases, bio-gas, minimum support prices contract farming, value chain system, warehouse receipt reclamation of degraded, saline & alkaline land mechanism to redress grievances.

Accordingly, farmers need ICT-enabled portals for following purposes which can be developed, rigorously field tested and made available to farmers.

Technology: Production-enhancing proven crop-specific technologies [from pre-sowing to harvesting and post-harvest management] based on soil & water analysis. Separate for dry land & irrigated farming focusing efficient use of seeds, fertilizers, water, pesticides, farm equipment & labour; and reclamation of degraded, saline & alkaline land.

Production inputs & farm equipment: Crop-specific reasonably priced standard quality production inputs [seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.] and farm equipment and machinery along with sources of availability

Post-harvest services: Storage, transport, processing, packaging,

Institutional services: Land records, farm credit, insurance, marketing, weather, farmer-producers' organizations, market yards, procurement centres

23KISAN KI AWAAZ November 2015

Government facilities: Availability of subsidies, assistance available to mitigate effects of climate change, drought, floods, earthquake, cyclones Institutions: State government's department of agriculture, state agricultural universities, farmers' science centers, regional research institutes, farmer- p r o d u c e r s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , corporate/ industr ia l /business houses and m u l t i n a t i o n a l c o m p a n i e s e n g a g e d i n manufacturing/production and distribution of farm inputs, farm equipment& machinery, rural financial institutions, insurance companies, among others, have a significant role and added responsibility to contribute their professional knowledge to develop digital ecosystem for agriculture and make available to farmers.

Focused Attention:The effective implementation of digital India project would enable the country to increase agricultural growth rate by 4%in three years. It can, also, generate annually 40,000 to 50,000 employments for rural youthswho are trained in agriculture & computer technology by state agricultural universities. For this, following areas need focused attention.

?Immediate need is to conduct a nation-wide[separately for each agro-ecological region] evaluation study to assess the impact of ICT initiatives on agriculture already developed and put in place by the government and private sector in respect of number of farmers regularly receiving & using mobile-enabled agricultural information services feedback from users about content, timeliness, utility, satisfaction, changes required, their grievances increase in productivity, output and income of benefitted farmers increase in price realization in farm commodities sold, direct selling without dependence on middlemen reduction in costs of transactions mechanism to redress grievances. ?The study of the Asia-Pacific Research Centre of the Stanford University on ICT Initiatives under the project” Agriculture & Rural Livelihood” in India concluded that the usage of ICT was sparse

compared to its significant potential and substantially constrained by factors viz. illiteracy, inadequate infrastructure [particularly connectivity], low level of awareness of usage, availability of very few digital programs, central site location, and government regulations. This suggests the greater need now than before to make coordinated and concerted efforts by all stakeholders to create a national agricultural knowledge repository in digital form which is nurtured daily through feeding, weeding, pruning and enriched and disseminated among farmers.

?For successful designing digital ecosystem for agriculture, the system design should have all desired features of higher user satisfaction, viz. ease of access updated content layout, design, consistent themes easy navigation higher interactivity access through multiple media (particularly voice) [vii]higher use of non-textual information language options lower cost of transaction.

?A professionally managed ICT platform in public private partnership mode can bring various pieces of agricultural value chain system together and design solutions with 'mobile-first' approach to maximize on-ground adoption and create visible impact.

?Regulatory & Development Authority need to be in place to ensure increase in farmers' easy, timely and reliable access to agricultural information system [as per farmers' needs] throughout the country in a systematic & planned manner development of need-based appropriate digital models for agriculture under public & private sector which conform BIS & available at affordable cost improving general and digital literacy and computer skill and digital infrastructure in rural India in line with digital India vision and prevention of fake models and fraudulent practices

* Agri.& Rural Credit Consultant20 Terrace Ave. Apt F6Hasbrouck HeightsNJ, USA 07604

Page 26: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 24

FDI - INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: MYTHS AND REALITIES

NTRODUCTION - Foreign direct investment (FDI) is perhaps one of the most ambiguous and the least understood concepts in international I

economics. Common debate on FDI is confounded by several myths regarding its nature and impact on capital accumulation, technological progress, industrialization and growth in emerging and developing economies (EDEs). It is often portrayed as a long term, stable, cross-border flow of capital that adds to productive capacity, helps meet balance-of-payments shortfalls, transfers technology and management skills, and links domestic firms with wider global markets.

However, none of these are intrinsic qualities of FDI. First, FDI is more about transfer and exercise of control than movement of capital. Contrary to widespread perception, it does not always involve flows of financial capital (movements of funds through foreign exchange markets) or real capital (imports of machinery and equipment for the installation of productive capacity). A large proportion of FDI does not entail cross-border capital flows but is financed from incomes generated on the existing stock of investment in host countries. Equity and loans from parent companies account for a relatively small part of recorded FDI and even a smaller part of total foreign assets controlled by transnational corporations (TNCs).

Second, only the so-called greenfield investment makes a direct contribution to productive capacity and involves cross-border movement of capital goods. But it is not easy to identify from reported statistics what proportion of FDI consists of such investment as opposed to transfer of ownership of existing firms (mergers and acquisitions, M&A). Furthermore, even when FDI is in bricks and mortar, it may not add to aggregate gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) because it may crowd out domestic investors.

Third, what is commonly known and reported as FDI contains speculative components and creates destabilizing impulses, including those due to the operation of transnational banks in host countries, which need to be controlled and managed as any other form of international capital flows. Fourth, the immediate contribution of FDI to balance-of-payments may be positive, since it is only partly

absorbed by imports of capital goods required to install production capacity. But its longer-term impact is often negative because of high import content of foreign firms and profit remittances. This is true even in countries highly successful in attracting export-oriented FDI.

Finally, superior technology and management skills of TNCs create an opportunity for the diffusion of technology and ideas. However, the competitive advantage these firms have over newcomers in EDEs can also drive them out of business. They can help EDEs integrate into global production networks, but participation in such networks also carries the risk of getting locked into low value-added activities.

These do not mean that FDI does not offer any benefits to EDEs. Rather, policy in host countries plays a key role in determining the impact of FDI in these areas. A laissez-faire approach could not yield much benefit. It may in fact do more harm than good. Successful examples are found not necessarily among EDEs that attracted more FDI, but among those which used it in the context of national industrial policy designed to shape the evolution of specific industries through interventions. This means that EDEs need adequate policy space vis-à-vis FDI and TNCs if they are to benefit from it.

Still, the past two decades have seen a rapid liberalization of FDI regimes and erosion of policy space in EDEs vis-à-vis TNCs. This is partly due to the commitments undertaken in the WTO as part of the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs). However, many of the more serious constraints are in practice self-inflicted through unilateral liberalization or bilateral investment treaties (BITs)1 signed with more advanced economies (AEs) – a process that appears to be going ahead with full force, with the universe of investment agreements reaching 3262 at the end of 2014 (UNCTAD IPM 2015).

Unlike earlier BITs, recent agreements give significant leverage to international investors. They often include rights to establishment, the national treatment and the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses, broad definitions of investment and investors, fair and equitable treatment, protection from expropriation, free transfers of capital and prohibition of performance requirements.

November 2015

* Yılmaz Akyüz

KISAN KI AWAAZ 25

Furthermore, the reach of BITs has extended rapidly thanks to the use of the so-called Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) which allow TNCs from countries without a BIT with the destination country to make the investment through an affiliate incorporated in a third-party state with a BIT with the destination country. Many BITs include provisions that free foreign investors from the obligation of having to exhaust local legal remedies in disputes with host countries before seeking international arbitration.

This, together with lack of clarity in treaty provisions, has resulted in the emergence of arbitral tribunals as lawmakers in international investment which tend to provide expansive interpretations of investment provisions in favour of investors, thereby constraining policy further and inflicting costs on host countries.

Only a few EDEs signing such BITs with AEs have significant outward FDI. Therefore, in the large majority of cases there is no reciprocity in deriving benefits from the rights and protection granted to foreign investors. Rather, most EDEs sign them on expectations that they would attract more FDI by providing foreign investors guarantees and protection, thereby accelerating growth and development. However, there is no clear evidence that BITs have a strong impact on the direction of FDI inflows. More importantly, these agreements are generally incompatible with the principal objectives of signing them because they constrain the ability of host countries to pursue policies needed to derive their full potential benefits.

This paper revisits and reviews the key issues regarding the role of FDI in industrialization and development with a view to assessing the impact of BITs. It examines if and under what conditions FDI provides a stable source of external financing, supplements domestic resources, adds to productive capacity and accelerates technological progress and industrial upgrading. It starts with an examination of the concept of FDI as officially defined and reported in order to clarify what it is about.

This is followed by a discussion of the effects of FDI on capital accumulation, stability and balance-of-payments, and the policies and conditions needed to secure positive technological spillovers from foreign firms. The penultimate section assesses and compares the policy constraints implied by the WTO Agreement on TRIMs with those imposed by BITs, followed by brief policy conclusions.

MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL CONSTRAINTS OVER INVESTMENT POLICY

The experience strongly suggests that policy interventions would be necessary to contain adverse effects of FDI on stability, balance of payments, capital accumulation and industrial development and to activate its potential benefits. However, policy options in EDEs have been increasingly circumscribed in the past three decades as international capital and TNCs have gained more and more space to manoeuvre. There are two main sources of constraints over national policy in this area; multilateral rules and obligations in the WTO regarding investment policies, and commitments undertaken in investment and trade agreements signed with home countries of investors in EDEs. Although there is considerable diversity in the obligations contained in various BITs, the constraints they entail are becoming increasingly tighter than those imposed by the WTO regime.

There are two main sources of WTO disciplines on investment-related policies; the Agreement on TRIMs and specific commitments made in the context of GATS negotiations for commercial presence of foreign enterprises (the so-called mode 3) in the services sectors. In addition to these a number of other agreements provide disciplines, directly or indirectly, on investment-related policies such as the prohibition of investment subsidies linked to export performance in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.

The TRIMs agreement does not refer to foreign investment as such but to investment generally.14 It effectively prohibits attaching conditions to investment in violation of the national treatment principle or quantitative restrictions in the context of investment measures. The most important provisions relate to prohibition of domestic content requirements whereby an investor is compelled or provided an incentive to use domestically produced rather than imported products, and of foreign trade or foreign exchange balancing requirements linking imports by an investor to its export earnings or to foreign exchange inflows attributable to investment. By contrast, in TRIMs or the WTO more broadly, there are no disciplines restricting beggar-my-neighbour investment incentives by recipient countries that are just as trade distorting. Such incentives provide effective subsidy to foreign investors and can influence investment and trade flows as much as domestic content requirements or export subsidies, particularly since a growing proportion of world trade is taking place among firms linked through international production networks controlled by TNCs (Kumar 2002).

November 2015

Page 27: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 24

FDI - INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: MYTHS AND REALITIES

NTRODUCTION - Foreign direct investment (FDI) is perhaps one of the most ambiguous and the least understood concepts in international I

economics. Common debate on FDI is confounded by several myths regarding its nature and impact on capital accumulation, technological progress, industrialization and growth in emerging and developing economies (EDEs). It is often portrayed as a long term, stable, cross-border flow of capital that adds to productive capacity, helps meet balance-of-payments shortfalls, transfers technology and management skills, and links domestic firms with wider global markets.

However, none of these are intrinsic qualities of FDI. First, FDI is more about transfer and exercise of control than movement of capital. Contrary to widespread perception, it does not always involve flows of financial capital (movements of funds through foreign exchange markets) or real capital (imports of machinery and equipment for the installation of productive capacity). A large proportion of FDI does not entail cross-border capital flows but is financed from incomes generated on the existing stock of investment in host countries. Equity and loans from parent companies account for a relatively small part of recorded FDI and even a smaller part of total foreign assets controlled by transnational corporations (TNCs).

Second, only the so-called greenfield investment makes a direct contribution to productive capacity and involves cross-border movement of capital goods. But it is not easy to identify from reported statistics what proportion of FDI consists of such investment as opposed to transfer of ownership of existing firms (mergers and acquisitions, M&A). Furthermore, even when FDI is in bricks and mortar, it may not add to aggregate gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) because it may crowd out domestic investors.

Third, what is commonly known and reported as FDI contains speculative components and creates destabilizing impulses, including those due to the operation of transnational banks in host countries, which need to be controlled and managed as any other form of international capital flows. Fourth, the immediate contribution of FDI to balance-of-payments may be positive, since it is only partly

absorbed by imports of capital goods required to install production capacity. But its longer-term impact is often negative because of high import content of foreign firms and profit remittances. This is true even in countries highly successful in attracting export-oriented FDI.

Finally, superior technology and management skills of TNCs create an opportunity for the diffusion of technology and ideas. However, the competitive advantage these firms have over newcomers in EDEs can also drive them out of business. They can help EDEs integrate into global production networks, but participation in such networks also carries the risk of getting locked into low value-added activities.

These do not mean that FDI does not offer any benefits to EDEs. Rather, policy in host countries plays a key role in determining the impact of FDI in these areas. A laissez-faire approach could not yield much benefit. It may in fact do more harm than good. Successful examples are found not necessarily among EDEs that attracted more FDI, but among those which used it in the context of national industrial policy designed to shape the evolution of specific industries through interventions. This means that EDEs need adequate policy space vis-à-vis FDI and TNCs if they are to benefit from it.

Still, the past two decades have seen a rapid liberalization of FDI regimes and erosion of policy space in EDEs vis-à-vis TNCs. This is partly due to the commitments undertaken in the WTO as part of the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs). However, many of the more serious constraints are in practice self-inflicted through unilateral liberalization or bilateral investment treaties (BITs)1 signed with more advanced economies (AEs) – a process that appears to be going ahead with full force, with the universe of investment agreements reaching 3262 at the end of 2014 (UNCTAD IPM 2015).

Unlike earlier BITs, recent agreements give significant leverage to international investors. They often include rights to establishment, the national treatment and the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses, broad definitions of investment and investors, fair and equitable treatment, protection from expropriation, free transfers of capital and prohibition of performance requirements.

November 2015

* Yılmaz Akyüz

KISAN KI AWAAZ 25

Furthermore, the reach of BITs has extended rapidly thanks to the use of the so-called Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) which allow TNCs from countries without a BIT with the destination country to make the investment through an affiliate incorporated in a third-party state with a BIT with the destination country. Many BITs include provisions that free foreign investors from the obligation of having to exhaust local legal remedies in disputes with host countries before seeking international arbitration.

This, together with lack of clarity in treaty provisions, has resulted in the emergence of arbitral tribunals as lawmakers in international investment which tend to provide expansive interpretations of investment provisions in favour of investors, thereby constraining policy further and inflicting costs on host countries.

Only a few EDEs signing such BITs with AEs have significant outward FDI. Therefore, in the large majority of cases there is no reciprocity in deriving benefits from the rights and protection granted to foreign investors. Rather, most EDEs sign them on expectations that they would attract more FDI by providing foreign investors guarantees and protection, thereby accelerating growth and development. However, there is no clear evidence that BITs have a strong impact on the direction of FDI inflows. More importantly, these agreements are generally incompatible with the principal objectives of signing them because they constrain the ability of host countries to pursue policies needed to derive their full potential benefits.

This paper revisits and reviews the key issues regarding the role of FDI in industrialization and development with a view to assessing the impact of BITs. It examines if and under what conditions FDI provides a stable source of external financing, supplements domestic resources, adds to productive capacity and accelerates technological progress and industrial upgrading. It starts with an examination of the concept of FDI as officially defined and reported in order to clarify what it is about.

This is followed by a discussion of the effects of FDI on capital accumulation, stability and balance-of-payments, and the policies and conditions needed to secure positive technological spillovers from foreign firms. The penultimate section assesses and compares the policy constraints implied by the WTO Agreement on TRIMs with those imposed by BITs, followed by brief policy conclusions.

MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL CONSTRAINTS OVER INVESTMENT POLICY

The experience strongly suggests that policy interventions would be necessary to contain adverse effects of FDI on stability, balance of payments, capital accumulation and industrial development and to activate its potential benefits. However, policy options in EDEs have been increasingly circumscribed in the past three decades as international capital and TNCs have gained more and more space to manoeuvre. There are two main sources of constraints over national policy in this area; multilateral rules and obligations in the WTO regarding investment policies, and commitments undertaken in investment and trade agreements signed with home countries of investors in EDEs. Although there is considerable diversity in the obligations contained in various BITs, the constraints they entail are becoming increasingly tighter than those imposed by the WTO regime.

There are two main sources of WTO disciplines on investment-related policies; the Agreement on TRIMs and specific commitments made in the context of GATS negotiations for commercial presence of foreign enterprises (the so-called mode 3) in the services sectors. In addition to these a number of other agreements provide disciplines, directly or indirectly, on investment-related policies such as the prohibition of investment subsidies linked to export performance in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.

The TRIMs agreement does not refer to foreign investment as such but to investment generally.14 It effectively prohibits attaching conditions to investment in violation of the national treatment principle or quantitative restrictions in the context of investment measures. The most important provisions relate to prohibition of domestic content requirements whereby an investor is compelled or provided an incentive to use domestically produced rather than imported products, and of foreign trade or foreign exchange balancing requirements linking imports by an investor to its export earnings or to foreign exchange inflows attributable to investment. By contrast, in TRIMs or the WTO more broadly, there are no disciplines restricting beggar-my-neighbour investment incentives by recipient countries that are just as trade distorting. Such incentives provide effective subsidy to foreign investors and can influence investment and trade flows as much as domestic content requirements or export subsidies, particularly since a growing proportion of world trade is taking place among firms linked through international production networks controlled by TNCs (Kumar 2002).

November 2015

Page 28: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 26 November 2015

The obligations under TRIMs may not affect very much the countries rich in natural resources, notably minerals, in their earlier stages of development. FDI in mineral resources is generally capital intensive and countries at such stages depend almost fully on foreign technology and know-how in extractive industries and lack capital good industries. Linkages with domestic industries are usually weak and output is almost fully exported. Domestic content of production by foreign companies is mainly limited to labour and some intermediate inputs. The main challenge is how to promote local processing to increase domestic value-added. However, over time, restrictions over domestic content requirements can reinforce the “resource curse syndrome” as the country wants to nourish resource-based industries, to transfer technology to local firms and establish backward and forward linkages with them.

Restrictions over domestic content requirements are particularly important for investment in manufacturing in countries at intermediate stages of industrialization, notably in automotive and electronics industries – the two key sectors where they were successfully applied in East Asia. As noted, most industries of EDEs linked to international production networks have high import contents in technology-intensive parts and components while their domestic value-added mainly consists of wages paid to local workers. Raising domestic content would not only improve the balance-of-payments but also constitute an important step in industrial upgrading. Restrictions over domestic content requirements would thus limit transfer of technology and import-substitution in industries linked to international production networks.

However, TRIMs provisions leave certain flexibilities that could allow EDEs to make room to move in order to increase benefits from FDI. First, the domestic content of industrial production by TNCs is not independent of the tariff regime. Other things being equal, low tariffs and high duty drawbacks encourage high import content. Thus, it should be possible to use tariffs as a substitute for quantity restrictions over imports by TNCs when they are unbound in the WTO or bound at sufficiently high levels. Similarly, in resource rich countries, export taxes can be used to discourage exports of unprocessed minerals and agricultural commodities as long as they continue to remain unrestricted by the WTO regime.

Second, as long as there are no commitments for unrestricted market access to foreign investors, the constraints imposed by the TRIMs agreement could be overcome by tying the entry of foreign investors to the production of particular goods. For instance a foreign enterprise may be issued a licence for an automotive

assembly plant only if it simultaneously establishes a plant to produce engines, gearboxes or electronic components used in cars. Similarly, licences for a computer assembly plant can be tied to the establishment of a plant for producing integrated circuits and chips. Such measures would raise domestic value-added and net export earnings of TNCs and would not contravene the provisions of the TRIMs agreement.

Third, export performance requirements can be used without linking them to imports by investors as part of entry conditions for foreign enterprises. This would not contravene the TRIMs agreement since it would not be restricting trade (Bora 2002: 177). Finally, the TRIMs regime does not restrict governments in demanding joint ventures with local enterprises or local ownership of a certain proportion of the equity of foreign enterprises. In reality, many of these conditions appear to be used widely by industrial countries in one form or another (Weiss 2005).

Since the TRIMs agreement applies only to trade in goods, local procurement of services such as banking, insurance and transport can also be set as part of entry conditions of foreign firms in order to help develop national capabilities in services sectors. However, this would be possible as long as EDEs continue to have discretion in regulating access of TNCs to services sectors. The existing GATS regime provides considerable flexibility in this respect, including for performance requirements. However, the kind of changes in the modalities of GATS sought by AEs, including the prohibition of pre-establishment conditions

and the application of national treatment, could shrink policy space in EDEs a lot more than the TRIMs agreement. For example if country A has no BIT with country B and a TNC from A wants to invest in country B, it can create an affiliate in country C with a BIT with country B and makes the investment through that affiliate in order to benefit from the BIT between B and C. This creates “transit FDI” and leads to double-counting in reported FDI UNCTAD WIR.

The constraints exerted by most BITs signed in recent years on policy options in host countries go well beyond the TRIMs agreement because of wide ranging provisions in favour of investors. These include broad definitions of investment and investor, free transfer of capital, rights to establishment, the national treatment and the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses, fair and equitable treatment, protection from direct and indirect expropriation and prohibition of performance

KISAN KI AWAAZ 27November 2015

requirements (Bernasconi-Osterwalder et al. 2012). Furthermore, the reach of BITs has extended thanks to the use of the so-called SPEs.16 Many BITs also provide unrestricted arbitration, freeing foreign investors from the obligation of having to exhaust local legal remedies in disputes with host countries before seeking international arbitration. This, together with lack of clarity in treaty provisions, has resulted in the emergence of arbitral tribunals as lawmakers in international investment. These tend to provide expansive interpretations of investment provisions, thereby constraining policy further and inflicting costs on host countries (Bernasconi-Osterwalder et al. 2012; Eberhardt and Olivet 2012; UNCTAD TDR 2014).

While in TRIMs investment is a production-based concept, BITs generally incorporate an asset-based concept of investment whether the assets owned by the investor are used for the production of goods and services, or simply held with the prospect of income and/or capital gain. This is largely because BITs are fashioned by corporate perspectives even though they are signed among governments. Typically, agreements are prepared by the home countries of TNCs and offered to EDEs for signature. They include a broad range of tangible and intangible assets such as fixed-income claims, portfolio equities, financial derivatives, intellectual property rights and business concessions as well as FDI as officially defined by the OECD and the IMF. This implies that all kinds of assets owned by foreigners could claim the same protection and guarantees independent of their nature and contribution to stability and growth in host countries.

It also opens the door to mission creep. Investment agreements may be granted jurisdictions by tribunals over a variety of areas that has nothing to do with FDI proper, further circumscribing the policy options of host countries. Indeed, the expansive scope of investment protection in NAFTA has already given rise to claims that patents are a form of investment and hence should be protected as any other capital asset, thereby threatening the flexibilities left in the TRIPs Agreement and access to medicines (Correa 2013). Similarly, there have been claims by Argentinian bond holders that such holdings should be protected as any other investment under the Italy-Argentina BIT, thereby intervening with the restructuring of sovereign debt (Gallagher 2012).

The combination of a broad, asset-based concept of investment and provisions for free transfer of capital seriously exposes host EDEs to financial instability by precluding controls over destabilizing capital flows. This is also recognized by the IMF.

In its Institutional View on the Liberalization and Management of Capital Flows, the IMF (2012) notes that “numerous bilateral and regional trade agreements and investment treaties … include provisions that give rise to obligations on capital flows” (para 8) and "do not take into account macroeconomic and financial stability” (para 65) and “do not allow for the introduction of restrictions on capital outflows in the event of a balance of payments crisis and also effectively limit the ability of signatories to impose controls on inflows” (Note 1, Annex III). The Fund points out that these provisions may conflict with its recommendation on the use of capital controls and asks its Institutional View to be taken into account in drafting such agreements.

Although the IMF's Institutional View focuses mainly on regulating capital inflows to prevent build-up of financial fragility, prohibitions in BITs regarding restrictions over outflows can also become a major handicap in crisis management. It is now widely agreed that countries facing an external financial crisis due to an interruption of their access to international capital markets, a sudden stop of capital inflows and rapid depletion of reserves could need temporary debt standstills and exchange controls in order to prevent a financial meltdown (Akyüz 2014). However, such measures could be illegal under “free transfer of capital” provisions of BITs

Where rights of establishment are granted, the flexibilities in the TRIMs regarding entry requirements noted above would simply disappear. The national treatment clause in BITs requires host countries to treat foreign investors no less favourably than its own national investors and hence prevents them from protecting and supporting infant industries against mature TNCs and nourishing domestic firms to compete with foreign affiliates. It brings greater restrictions than national treatment in TRIMs because it would apply not to goods traded by investors but to the investor and the investment.

Further, provisions on expropriation and fair and equitable treatment give considerable leverage to foreign affiliates in challenging changes in tax and regulatory standards and demanding compensation. Especially the concept of indirect expropriation has led states to worry about their ability to regulate. The fair and equitable treatment obligation has also been interpreted expansively by some tribunals to include the right of investors to a stable and predictable business environment. The large majority of outstanding BITs do not make any reference to performance requirements of the kind discussed above, but a growing number of them

Page 29: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 26 November 2015

The obligations under TRIMs may not affect very much the countries rich in natural resources, notably minerals, in their earlier stages of development. FDI in mineral resources is generally capital intensive and countries at such stages depend almost fully on foreign technology and know-how in extractive industries and lack capital good industries. Linkages with domestic industries are usually weak and output is almost fully exported. Domestic content of production by foreign companies is mainly limited to labour and some intermediate inputs. The main challenge is how to promote local processing to increase domestic value-added. However, over time, restrictions over domestic content requirements can reinforce the “resource curse syndrome” as the country wants to nourish resource-based industries, to transfer technology to local firms and establish backward and forward linkages with them.

Restrictions over domestic content requirements are particularly important for investment in manufacturing in countries at intermediate stages of industrialization, notably in automotive and electronics industries – the two key sectors where they were successfully applied in East Asia. As noted, most industries of EDEs linked to international production networks have high import contents in technology-intensive parts and components while their domestic value-added mainly consists of wages paid to local workers. Raising domestic content would not only improve the balance-of-payments but also constitute an important step in industrial upgrading. Restrictions over domestic content requirements would thus limit transfer of technology and import-substitution in industries linked to international production networks.

However, TRIMs provisions leave certain flexibilities that could allow EDEs to make room to move in order to increase benefits from FDI. First, the domestic content of industrial production by TNCs is not independent of the tariff regime. Other things being equal, low tariffs and high duty drawbacks encourage high import content. Thus, it should be possible to use tariffs as a substitute for quantity restrictions over imports by TNCs when they are unbound in the WTO or bound at sufficiently high levels. Similarly, in resource rich countries, export taxes can be used to discourage exports of unprocessed minerals and agricultural commodities as long as they continue to remain unrestricted by the WTO regime.

Second, as long as there are no commitments for unrestricted market access to foreign investors, the constraints imposed by the TRIMs agreement could be overcome by tying the entry of foreign investors to the production of particular goods. For instance a foreign enterprise may be issued a licence for an automotive

assembly plant only if it simultaneously establishes a plant to produce engines, gearboxes or electronic components used in cars. Similarly, licences for a computer assembly plant can be tied to the establishment of a plant for producing integrated circuits and chips. Such measures would raise domestic value-added and net export earnings of TNCs and would not contravene the provisions of the TRIMs agreement.

Third, export performance requirements can be used without linking them to imports by investors as part of entry conditions for foreign enterprises. This would not contravene the TRIMs agreement since it would not be restricting trade (Bora 2002: 177). Finally, the TRIMs regime does not restrict governments in demanding joint ventures with local enterprises or local ownership of a certain proportion of the equity of foreign enterprises. In reality, many of these conditions appear to be used widely by industrial countries in one form or another (Weiss 2005).

Since the TRIMs agreement applies only to trade in goods, local procurement of services such as banking, insurance and transport can also be set as part of entry conditions of foreign firms in order to help develop national capabilities in services sectors. However, this would be possible as long as EDEs continue to have discretion in regulating access of TNCs to services sectors. The existing GATS regime provides considerable flexibility in this respect, including for performance requirements. However, the kind of changes in the modalities of GATS sought by AEs, including the prohibition of pre-establishment conditions

and the application of national treatment, could shrink policy space in EDEs a lot more than the TRIMs agreement. For example if country A has no BIT with country B and a TNC from A wants to invest in country B, it can create an affiliate in country C with a BIT with country B and makes the investment through that affiliate in order to benefit from the BIT between B and C. This creates “transit FDI” and leads to double-counting in reported FDI UNCTAD WIR.

The constraints exerted by most BITs signed in recent years on policy options in host countries go well beyond the TRIMs agreement because of wide ranging provisions in favour of investors. These include broad definitions of investment and investor, free transfer of capital, rights to establishment, the national treatment and the most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses, fair and equitable treatment, protection from direct and indirect expropriation and prohibition of performance

KISAN KI AWAAZ 27November 2015

requirements (Bernasconi-Osterwalder et al. 2012). Furthermore, the reach of BITs has extended thanks to the use of the so-called SPEs.16 Many BITs also provide unrestricted arbitration, freeing foreign investors from the obligation of having to exhaust local legal remedies in disputes with host countries before seeking international arbitration. This, together with lack of clarity in treaty provisions, has resulted in the emergence of arbitral tribunals as lawmakers in international investment. These tend to provide expansive interpretations of investment provisions, thereby constraining policy further and inflicting costs on host countries (Bernasconi-Osterwalder et al. 2012; Eberhardt and Olivet 2012; UNCTAD TDR 2014).

While in TRIMs investment is a production-based concept, BITs generally incorporate an asset-based concept of investment whether the assets owned by the investor are used for the production of goods and services, or simply held with the prospect of income and/or capital gain. This is largely because BITs are fashioned by corporate perspectives even though they are signed among governments. Typically, agreements are prepared by the home countries of TNCs and offered to EDEs for signature. They include a broad range of tangible and intangible assets such as fixed-income claims, portfolio equities, financial derivatives, intellectual property rights and business concessions as well as FDI as officially defined by the OECD and the IMF. This implies that all kinds of assets owned by foreigners could claim the same protection and guarantees independent of their nature and contribution to stability and growth in host countries.

It also opens the door to mission creep. Investment agreements may be granted jurisdictions by tribunals over a variety of areas that has nothing to do with FDI proper, further circumscribing the policy options of host countries. Indeed, the expansive scope of investment protection in NAFTA has already given rise to claims that patents are a form of investment and hence should be protected as any other capital asset, thereby threatening the flexibilities left in the TRIPs Agreement and access to medicines (Correa 2013). Similarly, there have been claims by Argentinian bond holders that such holdings should be protected as any other investment under the Italy-Argentina BIT, thereby intervening with the restructuring of sovereign debt (Gallagher 2012).

The combination of a broad, asset-based concept of investment and provisions for free transfer of capital seriously exposes host EDEs to financial instability by precluding controls over destabilizing capital flows. This is also recognized by the IMF.

In its Institutional View on the Liberalization and Management of Capital Flows, the IMF (2012) notes that “numerous bilateral and regional trade agreements and investment treaties … include provisions that give rise to obligations on capital flows” (para 8) and "do not take into account macroeconomic and financial stability” (para 65) and “do not allow for the introduction of restrictions on capital outflows in the event of a balance of payments crisis and also effectively limit the ability of signatories to impose controls on inflows” (Note 1, Annex III). The Fund points out that these provisions may conflict with its recommendation on the use of capital controls and asks its Institutional View to be taken into account in drafting such agreements.

Although the IMF's Institutional View focuses mainly on regulating capital inflows to prevent build-up of financial fragility, prohibitions in BITs regarding restrictions over outflows can also become a major handicap in crisis management. It is now widely agreed that countries facing an external financial crisis due to an interruption of their access to international capital markets, a sudden stop of capital inflows and rapid depletion of reserves could need temporary debt standstills and exchange controls in order to prevent a financial meltdown (Akyüz 2014). However, such measures could be illegal under “free transfer of capital” provisions of BITs

Where rights of establishment are granted, the flexibilities in the TRIMs regarding entry requirements noted above would simply disappear. The national treatment clause in BITs requires host countries to treat foreign investors no less favourably than its own national investors and hence prevents them from protecting and supporting infant industries against mature TNCs and nourishing domestic firms to compete with foreign affiliates. It brings greater restrictions than national treatment in TRIMs because it would apply not to goods traded by investors but to the investor and the investment.

Further, provisions on expropriation and fair and equitable treatment give considerable leverage to foreign affiliates in challenging changes in tax and regulatory standards and demanding compensation. Especially the concept of indirect expropriation has led states to worry about their ability to regulate. The fair and equitable treatment obligation has also been interpreted expansively by some tribunals to include the right of investors to a stable and predictable business environment. The large majority of outstanding BITs do not make any reference to performance requirements of the kind discussed above, but a growing number of them

Page 30: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 28 November 2015

signed in recent years incorporate explicit prohibitions (Nikièma 2014). Some BITs go beyond TRIMs and bring additional prohibitions for performance requirements both at pre- and post-establishment phases. Others simply refer to TRIMs without additional restrictions. Still, this narrows the ability of governments to move within the WTO regime because it allows investors to challenge the TRIMs-compatibility of host country actions outside the WTO system.

This multiplies the risk of disputes that host countries can face since corporations are much more inclined to resort to investor-state arbitration than the states do in the WTO system. The MFN clause could entail even greater loss of policy autonomy in all these areas, including performance requirements, by allowing foreign investors to invoke more favourable rights and protection granted to foreign investors in agreements with third-party countries.

While investment agreements entail a considerable loss of policy autonomy, they do not appear to be serving the intended purpose and accelerating the kind of FDI inflows sought by policy makers in host countries. Evidence suggests that BITs are neither necessary nor sufficient to bring significant amounts of FDI. Most EDEs are now wide open to TNCs from AEs through unilateral liberalization or BITs or Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), but only a few are getting FDI with significant developmental benefits and most of these countries have no BITs with major Aes.

Econometric studies on the impact of BITs on FDI flows are highly ambivalent. While a few studies contend that BITs affect FDI flows, they do not examine whether BITs have led to the kind of FDI inflows that add to industrial dynamism in host countries. The majority of empirical studies find no link between the two (UNCTAD 2009b: Annex and UNCTAD TDR 2014: Annex to Chapter VI). Similarly, survey data show that the providers of political risk or in house counsel in large US corporations on investment decisions do not pay much attention to BITs (Yackee 2010).

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike maintained by the dominant corporate ideology, FDI is not a recipe for rapid and sustained growth and industrialization in EDEs. A hands-off approach to FDI, as to any other form of capital, can lead to more harm than good. FDI policy needs to be embedded in the overall industrial strategy in order to ensure that it contributes positively to economic dynamism of EDEs. The discussions above suggest several policy lessons:

?Encourage greenfield investment but be selective in terms of sectors and technology; ?Encourage joint ventures rather than wholly foreign-owned affiliates in order to accelerate learning and limit foreign control; ?Allow M&A only if there are significant benefits in terms of managerial skills and follow-up investment; ?Do not use FDI as a way of meeting balance-of-payments shortfalls. The long-term impact of FDI on external payments is often negative even in EDEs attracting export-oriented firms; ?Debt financing may be preferable to equity financing when there are no significant positive spillovers from FDI; ?FDI contains speculative components and generates destabilizing impulses which need to be controlled and managed as any other form of international capital flows; ?No incentives should be provided to FDI without securing reciprocity in benefits for industrialization and development; ?Performance requirements may be needed to secure positive spillovers including employment and training of local labour, local procurement, domestic content, export targets and links with local firms; ?Domestic firms should be nurtured to compete with TNCs; ?Linking to international production networks organized by TNCS is not a recipe for industrialization. It could trap the economy in the lower ends of the value-chain.

Policy space in all these areas might be somewhat constrained by the WTO agreement on TRIMs, but it is still possible for EDEs to encourage positive spillovers without violating the WTO commitments. However, many of the more serious constraints are in practice self-inflicted through investment and free trade agreements. There are strong reasons for EDEs to avoid negotiating the kind of BITs promoted by AEs. They need to turn attention to improving their underlying economic fundamentals rather than pinning their hopes to BITs in attracting FDI. Where commitments undertaken in existing BITs seriously impair their ability to use FDI for industrialization and development, they can be renegotiated or terminated, as is being done by some EDEs, even if doing so may entail some immediate costs.

h t t p : / / w w w . s o u t h c e n t r e . i n t / w p -content/uploads/2015/10/RP63_FDI-Investment-Agreements-and-Economic-Development-Myths-and-Realities_EN.pdf

KISAN KI AWAAZ 29November 2015

9 Ways That Eating Processed Food Made the World Sick and Fat

* Dr. Mercola

have long stated that if you want to be optimally healthy, you should spend 90 percent of your food budget on whole foods, and only I

10 percent on processed foods. Unfortunately, most Americans currently do the opposite, and their health suffers as a result.

With most foods, the closer they are to nature, the better. It's possible to have some processed foods that are still healthy; for instance, frozen green beans have been "processed" as has butter, grass-fed ground beef, or freshly prepared almond butter.

In most cases, however, the term "processed food" refers to those that are chemically processed and made from heavily refined ingredients and artificial additives. Such processed foods are the bane of Western civilizations' diets.

9 Reasons Processed Foods May Make You Sick and Fat

It's not a stretch to blame processed foods for the rising rates of chronic disease and weight gain around the developed world. Why? Let me count

1the ways…

1. Processed Foods Are High in Sugar and/or High Fructose Corn Syrup

This isn't only a matter of "empty calories" causing you to gain weight without getting proper nutrition. Excess sugar consumption is linked to insulin resistance, high t r i g lyce r ide s , hea r t disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.

R e f i n e d f r u c t o s e , typically in some form of corn syrup, is now found i n v i r t u a l l y e v e r y processed food you can think of, and fructose actually "programs" your body to consume more calories and store fat.

Fructose is primarily metabolized by your liver,

because your liver is the only organ that has the transporter for it. Since all fructose gets shuttled to your liver, and, if you eat a typical Western-style diet, you consume high amounts of it, fructose ends up taxing and damaging your liver in the same way alcohol and other toxins do.

And just like alcohol, fructose is metabolized directly into fat – it gets stored in your fat cells, which can lead to mitochondrial malfunction, obesity, and obesity-related diseases, especially if you are insulin or leptin resistant.

The more fructose or HFCS a food contains, and the more total fructose you consume, the worse it is for

Page 31: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 28 November 2015

signed in recent years incorporate explicit prohibitions (Nikièma 2014). Some BITs go beyond TRIMs and bring additional prohibitions for performance requirements both at pre- and post-establishment phases. Others simply refer to TRIMs without additional restrictions. Still, this narrows the ability of governments to move within the WTO regime because it allows investors to challenge the TRIMs-compatibility of host country actions outside the WTO system.

This multiplies the risk of disputes that host countries can face since corporations are much more inclined to resort to investor-state arbitration than the states do in the WTO system. The MFN clause could entail even greater loss of policy autonomy in all these areas, including performance requirements, by allowing foreign investors to invoke more favourable rights and protection granted to foreign investors in agreements with third-party countries.

While investment agreements entail a considerable loss of policy autonomy, they do not appear to be serving the intended purpose and accelerating the kind of FDI inflows sought by policy makers in host countries. Evidence suggests that BITs are neither necessary nor sufficient to bring significant amounts of FDI. Most EDEs are now wide open to TNCs from AEs through unilateral liberalization or BITs or Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), but only a few are getting FDI with significant developmental benefits and most of these countries have no BITs with major Aes.

Econometric studies on the impact of BITs on FDI flows are highly ambivalent. While a few studies contend that BITs affect FDI flows, they do not examine whether BITs have led to the kind of FDI inflows that add to industrial dynamism in host countries. The majority of empirical studies find no link between the two (UNCTAD 2009b: Annex and UNCTAD TDR 2014: Annex to Chapter VI). Similarly, survey data show that the providers of political risk or in house counsel in large US corporations on investment decisions do not pay much attention to BITs (Yackee 2010).

CONCLUSIONS

Unlike maintained by the dominant corporate ideology, FDI is not a recipe for rapid and sustained growth and industrialization in EDEs. A hands-off approach to FDI, as to any other form of capital, can lead to more harm than good. FDI policy needs to be embedded in the overall industrial strategy in order to ensure that it contributes positively to economic dynamism of EDEs. The discussions above suggest several policy lessons:

?Encourage greenfield investment but be selective in terms of sectors and technology; ?Encourage joint ventures rather than wholly foreign-owned affiliates in order to accelerate learning and limit foreign control; ?Allow M&A only if there are significant benefits in terms of managerial skills and follow-up investment; ?Do not use FDI as a way of meeting balance-of-payments shortfalls. The long-term impact of FDI on external payments is often negative even in EDEs attracting export-oriented firms; ?Debt financing may be preferable to equity financing when there are no significant positive spillovers from FDI; ?FDI contains speculative components and generates destabilizing impulses which need to be controlled and managed as any other form of international capital flows; ?No incentives should be provided to FDI without securing reciprocity in benefits for industrialization and development; ?Performance requirements may be needed to secure positive spillovers including employment and training of local labour, local procurement, domestic content, export targets and links with local firms; ?Domestic firms should be nurtured to compete with TNCs; ?Linking to international production networks organized by TNCS is not a recipe for industrialization. It could trap the economy in the lower ends of the value-chain.

Policy space in all these areas might be somewhat constrained by the WTO agreement on TRIMs, but it is still possible for EDEs to encourage positive spillovers without violating the WTO commitments. However, many of the more serious constraints are in practice self-inflicted through investment and free trade agreements. There are strong reasons for EDEs to avoid negotiating the kind of BITs promoted by AEs. They need to turn attention to improving their underlying economic fundamentals rather than pinning their hopes to BITs in attracting FDI. Where commitments undertaken in existing BITs seriously impair their ability to use FDI for industrialization and development, they can be renegotiated or terminated, as is being done by some EDEs, even if doing so may entail some immediate costs.

h t t p : / / w w w . s o u t h c e n t r e . i n t / w p -content/uploads/2015/10/RP63_FDI-Investment-Agreements-and-Economic-Development-Myths-and-Realities_EN.pdf

KISAN KI AWAAZ 29November 2015

9 Ways That Eating Processed Food Made the World Sick and Fat

* Dr. Mercola

have long stated that if you want to be optimally healthy, you should spend 90 percent of your food budget on whole foods, and only I

10 percent on processed foods. Unfortunately, most Americans currently do the opposite, and their health suffers as a result.

With most foods, the closer they are to nature, the better. It's possible to have some processed foods that are still healthy; for instance, frozen green beans have been "processed" as has butter, grass-fed ground beef, or freshly prepared almond butter.

In most cases, however, the term "processed food" refers to those that are chemically processed and made from heavily refined ingredients and artificial additives. Such processed foods are the bane of Western civilizations' diets.

9 Reasons Processed Foods May Make You Sick and Fat

It's not a stretch to blame processed foods for the rising rates of chronic disease and weight gain around the developed world. Why? Let me count

1the ways…

1. Processed Foods Are High in Sugar and/or High Fructose Corn Syrup

This isn't only a matter of "empty calories" causing you to gain weight without getting proper nutrition. Excess sugar consumption is linked to insulin resistance, high t r i g lyce r ide s , hea r t disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer.

R e f i n e d f r u c t o s e , typically in some form of corn syrup, is now found i n v i r t u a l l y e v e r y processed food you can think of, and fructose actually "programs" your body to consume more calories and store fat.

Fructose is primarily metabolized by your liver,

because your liver is the only organ that has the transporter for it. Since all fructose gets shuttled to your liver, and, if you eat a typical Western-style diet, you consume high amounts of it, fructose ends up taxing and damaging your liver in the same way alcohol and other toxins do.

And just like alcohol, fructose is metabolized directly into fat – it gets stored in your fat cells, which can lead to mitochondrial malfunction, obesity, and obesity-related diseases, especially if you are insulin or leptin resistant.

The more fructose or HFCS a food contains, and the more total fructose you consume, the worse it is for

Page 32: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 30 November 2015

your health. As a standard recommendation, I advise keeping your TOTAL fructose consumption below 25 grams per day.

For most people, it would also be wise to limit your fructose from fruit to 15 grams or less, as you're virtually guaranteed to consume "hidden" sources of fructose if you drink beverages other than water and eat processed food.

It's important to realize that added sugar (typically in the form of high fructose corn syrup) is not confined to junky snack foods or sweets; it's also c o m m o n i n s a v o r y p r o c e s s e d f o o d s .

For example, most of Prego's spaghetti sauces have one common feature and that is sugar — it's the second largest ingredient, right after tomatoes. A half-cup of Prego Traditional contains the equivalent of more than two teaspoons of sugar!

2. Processed Foods Are Designed to Make You Overeat

Your body is designed to naturally regulate how much you eat and the energy you burn. But food manufacturers have figured out how to over-ride these intrinsic regulators, designing processed foods that are engineered to by "hyper-rewarding."

According to the "food reward hypothesis of obesity," processed foods stimulate such a strong reward response in our brains that it becomes very easy to overeat. One of the guiding principles for the processed food industry is known as "sensory-specific satiety."

Investigative reporter Michael Moss describes this as "the tendency for big, distinct flavors to

2overwhelm your brain." The greatest successes, whether beverages or foods, owe their "craveability" to complex formulas that pique your taste buds just enough, without overwhelming them, thereby overriding your brain's inclination to say "enough."

In all, potato chips are among the most addictive junk foods on the market, containing all three bliss-inducing ingredients: sugar (from the potato), salt, and fat.

3. Processed Foods Contain Artificial Ingredients

Processed foods may contain dozens of artificial

chemicals that are in no way real "food." These include:

· Preservatives

· Artificial colors

· Artificial flavors (the term artificial flavor on a label may include 10 or more chemicals)

· Texturants (chemicals that add a texture to food)

Food manufacturers typically claim that artificial food additives are safe, but research says otherwise. Preservatives, for example, have been linked to health problems such as cancer, allergic reactions, and more. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydrozyttoluene (BHT) are preservatives that affect the neurological system of your brain, alter behavior, and have the potential to cause cancer. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is a chemical preservative so deadly that just five grams can kill you.

Or take artificial colors. Nine of the food dyes currently approved for use in the US are linked to health issues ranging from cancer and hyperactivity to allergy-like reactions -- and these results were from studies conducted by the chemical industry

3itself. Artificial flavors aren't much better.

The artificial flavoring called diacetyl, which is often used as a butter flavoring in microwave popcorn, has several concerning properties for brain health and may trigger Alzheimer's disease. Genetically engineered flavor enhancers can also be listed under the artificial flavor (or natural flavor) label.

4. You Can Become Addicted to Processed Foods

Addicted to junk food? Yes, this is a real phenomenon that's backed up by science. Processing modifies or removes important components of food, like fiber, water, and nutrients, changing the way they are digested and assimilated in your body.

Unlike whole foods, which contain a mix of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fiber, and water to help you feel satisfied, processed foods stimulate dopamine, a feel-good neurotransmitter, making

KISAN KI AWAAZ 31November 2015

you feel good even though the food lacks nutrients and fiber. This artificial dopamine stimulation can lead to excessive food cravings and, ultimately, food addiction.

Last year, Oreo cookies were found to be just as addictive as cocaine or morphine, with Oreos activating more neurons in the pleasure centers of rat brains than exposure to illicit drugs did. Potato chips, however, are among the most addictive junk foods on the market, containing three bliss-inducing ingredients: sugar (from the potato), salt,

4and fat. According to Moss:

"The coating of salt, the fat content that rewards the brain with instant feelings of pleasure, the sugar that exists not as an additive but in the starch of the potato itself — all of this combines to make it the perfect addictive food."

5. Processed Foods Are Typically High in Refined Carbohydrates

Refined carbohydrates like breakfast cereals, bagels, waffles, pretzels, and most other processed foods quickly break down to sugar in your body. This increases your insulin and leptin levels, and contributes to insulin resistance, which is the primary underlying factor of nearly every chronic disease and condition known to man, including

5weight gain. As Business Insider reported:

"One of the main problems is that refined, 'simple' carbohydrates are quickly broken down in the digestive tract, leading to rapid spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels. This can lead to carb cravings a few hours later when blood sugar levels go down again. This phenomenon is also called the 'blood sugar roller coaster' – which many people who have been on a high-carb diet can relate to. Not surprisingly, eating a lot of refined carbohydrates is associated with negative health effects and many chronic diseases.

Do NOT be fooled by labels like 'whole grains' that are often plastered on processed food packages, including breakfast cereals. These are usually whole grains that have been pulverized into very fine flour and are just as harmful as their refined counterparts."

6. Most Processed Foods Are Low in Nutrients

Processed foods often have the real nutrition

processed right out, then sometimes added back in in the form of synthetic vitamins and minerals. These synthetics do not fool your body, however, and will not provide the whole, synergistic nutrition that eating whole food will.

Further, there's no way that a lab can "add back in" all of the thousands of phytochemicals and trace nutrients found in whole foods. Science hasn't even begun to uncover all of them. The best way to ensure your body gets the benefits of all the vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and more that nature has to offer is to eat whole, unprocessed foods.

7. Processed Foods Are Typically Low in Fiber

Public health guidelines from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advise Americans to eat between 20 and 30 grams of fiber a day, but most adults don't even eat half that much. This isn't surprising, since fiber refers to the indigestible portion of plant foods, and in the largely refined standard American diet, healthful fibers are often processed right out. Unless you regularly eat whole fruits and vegetables, nuts, and seeds, you may be missing out on the healthiest forms of fiber available.

8. It Requires Less Energy and Time to Digest Processed Foods

"Vanishing calorie density" is a term used to describe processed foods that melt in your mouth, which has the effect of making your brain think it doesn't contain any calories. End result — you keep eating. Cheetos is one such example.

Not only can you eat these processed foods faster (think of the difference between chewing a potato chip or a piece of broccoli), but it also takes less energy to digest them. In one study, it took volunteers twice as many calories to digest an

6unprocessed meal compared to a processed one. Those who regularly eat processed food may reduce the amount of calories they burn throughout the day because of this.

9. Processed Foods Are Often High in Trans Fats and Processed Vegetable Oils

Synthetic trans fats are common in foods that contain partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, such as crackers, chips, most store-bought baked goods,

Page 33: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 30 November 2015

your health. As a standard recommendation, I advise keeping your TOTAL fructose consumption below 25 grams per day.

For most people, it would also be wise to limit your fructose from fruit to 15 grams or less, as you're virtually guaranteed to consume "hidden" sources of fructose if you drink beverages other than water and eat processed food.

It's important to realize that added sugar (typically in the form of high fructose corn syrup) is not confined to junky snack foods or sweets; it's also c o m m o n i n s a v o r y p r o c e s s e d f o o d s .

For example, most of Prego's spaghetti sauces have one common feature and that is sugar — it's the second largest ingredient, right after tomatoes. A half-cup of Prego Traditional contains the equivalent of more than two teaspoons of sugar!

2. Processed Foods Are Designed to Make You Overeat

Your body is designed to naturally regulate how much you eat and the energy you burn. But food manufacturers have figured out how to over-ride these intrinsic regulators, designing processed foods that are engineered to by "hyper-rewarding."

According to the "food reward hypothesis of obesity," processed foods stimulate such a strong reward response in our brains that it becomes very easy to overeat. One of the guiding principles for the processed food industry is known as "sensory-specific satiety."

Investigative reporter Michael Moss describes this as "the tendency for big, distinct flavors to

2overwhelm your brain." The greatest successes, whether beverages or foods, owe their "craveability" to complex formulas that pique your taste buds just enough, without overwhelming them, thereby overriding your brain's inclination to say "enough."

In all, potato chips are among the most addictive junk foods on the market, containing all three bliss-inducing ingredients: sugar (from the potato), salt, and fat.

3. Processed Foods Contain Artificial Ingredients

Processed foods may contain dozens of artificial

chemicals that are in no way real "food." These include:

· Preservatives

· Artificial colors

· Artificial flavors (the term artificial flavor on a label may include 10 or more chemicals)

· Texturants (chemicals that add a texture to food)

Food manufacturers typically claim that artificial food additives are safe, but research says otherwise. Preservatives, for example, have been linked to health problems such as cancer, allergic reactions, and more. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydrozyttoluene (BHT) are preservatives that affect the neurological system of your brain, alter behavior, and have the potential to cause cancer. Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is a chemical preservative so deadly that just five grams can kill you.

Or take artificial colors. Nine of the food dyes currently approved for use in the US are linked to health issues ranging from cancer and hyperactivity to allergy-like reactions -- and these results were from studies conducted by the chemical industry

3itself. Artificial flavors aren't much better.

The artificial flavoring called diacetyl, which is often used as a butter flavoring in microwave popcorn, has several concerning properties for brain health and may trigger Alzheimer's disease. Genetically engineered flavor enhancers can also be listed under the artificial flavor (or natural flavor) label.

4. You Can Become Addicted to Processed Foods

Addicted to junk food? Yes, this is a real phenomenon that's backed up by science. Processing modifies or removes important components of food, like fiber, water, and nutrients, changing the way they are digested and assimilated in your body.

Unlike whole foods, which contain a mix of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fiber, and water to help you feel satisfied, processed foods stimulate dopamine, a feel-good neurotransmitter, making

KISAN KI AWAAZ 31November 2015

you feel good even though the food lacks nutrients and fiber. This artificial dopamine stimulation can lead to excessive food cravings and, ultimately, food addiction.

Last year, Oreo cookies were found to be just as addictive as cocaine or morphine, with Oreos activating more neurons in the pleasure centers of rat brains than exposure to illicit drugs did. Potato chips, however, are among the most addictive junk foods on the market, containing three bliss-inducing ingredients: sugar (from the potato), salt,

4and fat. According to Moss:

"The coating of salt, the fat content that rewards the brain with instant feelings of pleasure, the sugar that exists not as an additive but in the starch of the potato itself — all of this combines to make it the perfect addictive food."

5. Processed Foods Are Typically High in Refined Carbohydrates

Refined carbohydrates like breakfast cereals, bagels, waffles, pretzels, and most other processed foods quickly break down to sugar in your body. This increases your insulin and leptin levels, and contributes to insulin resistance, which is the primary underlying factor of nearly every chronic disease and condition known to man, including

5weight gain. As Business Insider reported:

"One of the main problems is that refined, 'simple' carbohydrates are quickly broken down in the digestive tract, leading to rapid spikes in blood sugar and insulin levels. This can lead to carb cravings a few hours later when blood sugar levels go down again. This phenomenon is also called the 'blood sugar roller coaster' – which many people who have been on a high-carb diet can relate to. Not surprisingly, eating a lot of refined carbohydrates is associated with negative health effects and many chronic diseases.

Do NOT be fooled by labels like 'whole grains' that are often plastered on processed food packages, including breakfast cereals. These are usually whole grains that have been pulverized into very fine flour and are just as harmful as their refined counterparts."

6. Most Processed Foods Are Low in Nutrients

Processed foods often have the real nutrition

processed right out, then sometimes added back in in the form of synthetic vitamins and minerals. These synthetics do not fool your body, however, and will not provide the whole, synergistic nutrition that eating whole food will.

Further, there's no way that a lab can "add back in" all of the thousands of phytochemicals and trace nutrients found in whole foods. Science hasn't even begun to uncover all of them. The best way to ensure your body gets the benefits of all the vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and more that nature has to offer is to eat whole, unprocessed foods.

7. Processed Foods Are Typically Low in Fiber

Public health guidelines from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advise Americans to eat between 20 and 30 grams of fiber a day, but most adults don't even eat half that much. This isn't surprising, since fiber refers to the indigestible portion of plant foods, and in the largely refined standard American diet, healthful fibers are often processed right out. Unless you regularly eat whole fruits and vegetables, nuts, and seeds, you may be missing out on the healthiest forms of fiber available.

8. It Requires Less Energy and Time to Digest Processed Foods

"Vanishing calorie density" is a term used to describe processed foods that melt in your mouth, which has the effect of making your brain think it doesn't contain any calories. End result — you keep eating. Cheetos is one such example.

Not only can you eat these processed foods faster (think of the difference between chewing a potato chip or a piece of broccoli), but it also takes less energy to digest them. In one study, it took volunteers twice as many calories to digest an

6unprocessed meal compared to a processed one. Those who regularly eat processed food may reduce the amount of calories they burn throughout the day because of this.

9. Processed Foods Are Often High in Trans Fats and Processed Vegetable Oils

Synthetic trans fats are common in foods that contain partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, such as crackers, chips, most store-bought baked goods,

Page 34: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 32 November 2015

and any fried foods, just to name a few examples. Synthetic trans fats are known to promote inflammation, which is a hallmark of most chronic and/or serious diseases. Most also contain high amounts of omega-6 fats in the form of processed vegetable oils. These polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) tend to stimulate inflammatory processes in your body, and they are very chemically unstable and prone to oxidation. Consuming these oxidized fats in excess has been linked to all sorts of health problems, such as atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Cancer-Causing Acrylamide Is Another Major Processed Food Risk

If you're looking for motivation to stop eating processed foods, remember that this is about more than eating empty calories or even too much sugar. Processed foods contain many substances that are contrary to health, and acrylamide is one of them. Acrylamide can form in many foods cooked or processed at temperatures above 212°F (100°C), but carbohydrate-rich foods are the most vulnerable to this heat-induced byproduct. As a general rule, the chemical is formed when food is heated enough to produce a fairly dry and "browned" surface. Hence, it can be found in high amounts in many processed foods, especially:

· Potatoes: chips, French fries, and other roasted or fried potato foods

· Grains: bread crust, toast, crisp bread, roasted breakfast cereals, and various processed snacks

Animal studies have shown that exposure to acrylamide increases the risk of several types of cancer, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer considers acrylamide a "probable human carcinogen." Potato chips in particular are notoriously high in this dangerous chemical. So high, in fact, that in 2005 the state of California actually sued potato chip makers for failing to warn California consumers about the health risks of acrylamide in their products. A settlement was

7reached in 2008 when Frito-Lay and several other potato chip makers agreed to reduce the acrylamide levels in their chips to 275 parts per billion (ppb) by 2011, which is low enough to avoid needing a cancer warning label.

The Secret to Better Health: Eat Real Food

The solution to improving your health and losing weight is often as simple as swapping processed foods for real food. Business Ins ider

8reported: "When we replace real, traditional foods like butter, meat and vegetables with crappy, processed junk foods, we get fat and sick. Real food is the key to good health, processed food is not. Period." People have thrived on vegetables, meats, eggs, fruits, and other whole foods for centuries, while processed foods were only recently invented. Many of the top executives and scientists at leading processed food companies actually avoid their own foods for a variety of health reasons!

Ditching processed foods requires that you plan your meals in advance, but if you take it step-by-step as described in my nutrition plan, it's quite possible, and manageable, to painlessly remove processed foods from your diet. You can try scouting out your local farmer's markets for in-season produce that is priced to sell, and planning your meals accordingly, but you can also use this same premise with supermarket sales.

You can generally plan a week of meals at a time, making sure you have all ingredients necessary on hand, and then do any prep work you can ahead of time so that dinner is easy to prepare if you're short on time in the evenings (and you can use leftovers for lunches the next day).

Furthermore, by cutting out these high-glycemic processed foods you can retrain your body to burn fat instead of sugar, a key component of health and weight loss. However, it's important to replace these foods with healthy fats, not protein—a fact that's often not addressed. I believe most people may need between 50 and 70 percent of their daily calories in the form of healthful fats, so as you remove processed foods from your meals be sure you're eating more of the following

:

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/02/12/9-dangers-processed-foods.aspx

Olives and olive oil Coconuts and coconut oil Butter made from raw grass-

fed organic milk

Organic raw nuts, especially

macadamia nuts, which are low in

protein and omega-6 fat

Organic pastured egg yolks

and pastured meats

Avocados

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary, President, Bharatiya Krishak Samaj Programme

Page 35: 1 to 36 November 2015

KISAN KI AWAAZ 32 November 2015

and any fried foods, just to name a few examples. Synthetic trans fats are known to promote inflammation, which is a hallmark of most chronic and/or serious diseases. Most also contain high amounts of omega-6 fats in the form of processed vegetable oils. These polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) tend to stimulate inflammatory processes in your body, and they are very chemically unstable and prone to oxidation. Consuming these oxidized fats in excess has been linked to all sorts of health problems, such as atherosclerosis and heart disease.

Cancer-Causing Acrylamide Is Another Major Processed Food Risk

If you're looking for motivation to stop eating processed foods, remember that this is about more than eating empty calories or even too much sugar. Processed foods contain many substances that are contrary to health, and acrylamide is one of them. Acrylamide can form in many foods cooked or processed at temperatures above 212°F (100°C), but carbohydrate-rich foods are the most vulnerable to this heat-induced byproduct. As a general rule, the chemical is formed when food is heated enough to produce a fairly dry and "browned" surface. Hence, it can be found in high amounts in many processed foods, especially:

· Potatoes: chips, French fries, and other roasted or fried potato foods

· Grains: bread crust, toast, crisp bread, roasted breakfast cereals, and various processed snacks

Animal studies have shown that exposure to acrylamide increases the risk of several types of cancer, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer considers acrylamide a "probable human carcinogen." Potato chips in particular are notoriously high in this dangerous chemical. So high, in fact, that in 2005 the state of California actually sued potato chip makers for failing to warn California consumers about the health risks of acrylamide in their products. A settlement was

7reached in 2008 when Frito-Lay and several other potato chip makers agreed to reduce the acrylamide levels in their chips to 275 parts per billion (ppb) by 2011, which is low enough to avoid needing a cancer warning label.

The Secret to Better Health: Eat Real Food

The solution to improving your health and losing weight is often as simple as swapping processed foods for real food. Business Ins ider

8reported: "When we replace real, traditional foods like butter, meat and vegetables with crappy, processed junk foods, we get fat and sick. Real food is the key to good health, processed food is not. Period." People have thrived on vegetables, meats, eggs, fruits, and other whole foods for centuries, while processed foods were only recently invented. Many of the top executives and scientists at leading processed food companies actually avoid their own foods for a variety of health reasons!

Ditching processed foods requires that you plan your meals in advance, but if you take it step-by-step as described in my nutrition plan, it's quite possible, and manageable, to painlessly remove processed foods from your diet. You can try scouting out your local farmer's markets for in-season produce that is priced to sell, and planning your meals accordingly, but you can also use this same premise with supermarket sales.

You can generally plan a week of meals at a time, making sure you have all ingredients necessary on hand, and then do any prep work you can ahead of time so that dinner is easy to prepare if you're short on time in the evenings (and you can use leftovers for lunches the next day).

Furthermore, by cutting out these high-glycemic processed foods you can retrain your body to burn fat instead of sugar, a key component of health and weight loss. However, it's important to replace these foods with healthy fats, not protein—a fact that's often not addressed. I believe most people may need between 50 and 70 percent of their daily calories in the form of healthful fats, so as you remove processed foods from your meals be sure you're eating more of the following

:

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/02/12/9-dangers-processed-foods.aspx

Olives and olive oil Coconuts and coconut oil Butter made from raw grass-

fed organic milk

Organic raw nuts, especially

macadamia nuts, which are low in

protein and omega-6 fat

Organic pastured egg yolks

and pastured meats

Avocados

Dr. Krishan Bir Chaudhary, President, Bharatiya Krishak Samaj Programme

Page 36: 1 to 36 November 2015

R.N.I.. No. DELENG/2009/30545DL(E)-20/5324/2013-2015/

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Glimpses of Farmers Programme