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Tilting at Windmills? Tilting at Windmills?

Renewable power Renewable power in New York Cityin New York City

Stephen A. Hammer, PhDStephen A. Hammer, PhDDirector, Urban Energy ProgramDirector, Urban Energy Program

sh2185@columbia.edush2185@columbia.edu

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Landfill GasLandfill GasOpportunitiesOpportunities Proven, cost effective Proven, cost effective

technologytechnology 10-12 MW power 10-12 MW power

generation potential in generation potential in Brooklyn & BronxBrooklyn & Bronx

Fresh Kills = 50 MW Fresh Kills = 50 MW equivalent but natural equivalent but natural gas already used on gas already used on Staten IslandStaten Island

ObstaclesObstacles The clock is ticking… The clock is ticking…

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Tidal powerTidal powerOpportunitiesOpportunities

40-70 MW potential in NYC 40-70 MW potential in NYC based on current based on current technologytechnology

Predictable power sourcePredictable power source

ObstaclesObstacles Unproven technology Unproven technology Permitting process delays Permitting process delays

due to concern over due to concern over marine impacts marine impacts

May inhibit navigation & May inhibit navigation & recreation recreation

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Source: Original research based on data provided by NOAA 2006,Nobeltec Software 2006, Reed's Nautical Almanac 2000, Environmental Protection Agency - Region 2

147 Turbines1.7 MW

36 Turbines.67 MW

84 Turbines1.42 MW

27 Turbines.21 MW

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Wind powerWind power

OpportunitiesOpportunities Local wind conditions = good to Local wind conditions = good to

very goodvery good Cost profile = excellent due to state Cost profile = excellent due to state

& federal government support & federal government support

ObstaclesObstacles Urban wind = young industryUrban wind = young industry Crowded city limits big wind Crowded city limits big wind

potentialpotential Local permitting process untried Local permitting process untried Visual or wildlife impact?Visual or wildlife impact?

Official seal of the City of New York pays homage to the wind systems installed by the NYC’s early Dutch settlers

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Urban WindUrban Wind

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Unstable urban wind patterns affect Unstable urban wind patterns affect efficiency and site specific viabilityefficiency and site specific viability

Source: Santimouris (ed) Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environment, 2001

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Resource PotentialResource Potential13.4 - 14.4 mph14.5 - 15.6 mph15.7 - 16.7 mph16.8 - 17.8 mph17.9 - 19.0 mph

Potential large turbine site

Potential small turbine site

NYC Wind Speed and Site Potential

Same level as wind speed at Atlantic City wind farm

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Solar powerSolar powerOpportunitiesOpportunities Huge potentialHuge potential Matches peak demandMatches peak demand New market models New market models

(third-party ownership) (third-party ownership)

ObstaclesObstacles Current cost levelCurrent cost level Interconnection and Interconnection and

other permitting rules other permitting rules can significantly slow or can significantly slow or harm the financial harm the financial viability of projects viability of projects

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Solar powerSolar power

Borough Residential Comm'l Industrial TOTAL

Bronx 612 22 125 759Brooklyn 1,503 52 347 1,902Manhattan 391 218 110 719Queens 1,742 42 303 2,087Staten Island 548 20 44 612

TOTAL 4,797 354 930 6,080

Potential PV deployment (MW) around NYC

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PLANYC vs. current deploymentPLANYC vs. current deployment

PLANYC: 600 MW targetPLANYC: 600 MW target More/better methane recovery More/better methane recovery

(landfills, sewage treatment)(landfills, sewage treatment) Biomass combustion?Biomass combustion?

AD at Hunts PointAD at Hunts Point Wind not mentioned Wind not mentioned SolarSolar

Innovative financing for Innovative financing for government projects government projects

Tax breaks for large Tax breaks for large commercial and residential commercial and residential projects projects

Tidal power profiled, but no Tidal power profiled, but no policy agendapolicy agenda

Current situation: ~3.0 Current situation: ~3.0 MW citywide (vs. 11,400 MW citywide (vs. 11,400 peak demand)peak demand)

Sizable green power Sizable green power purchase, but all systems purchase, but all systems far outside of NYCfar outside of NYC

Landfill gas = vented or Landfill gas = vented or diverted to local gas diverted to local gas system system

Other biogas = 1.6 MWOther biogas = 1.6 MW Wind = zero Wind = zero Solar = ~1.2 MWSolar = ~1.2 MW Tidal = 0.12 MWTidal = 0.12 MW

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Impediments to deployment? Impediments to deployment?

Interconnection barriersInterconnection barriers Immense but not insolubleImmense but not insoluble Is Con Edison excessively cautious? Or is it unfair to ask them to Is Con Edison excessively cautious? Or is it unfair to ask them to

rethink their fundamental (highly reliable) system design to rethink their fundamental (highly reliable) system design to accommodate a few customers?accommodate a few customers?

Microgrids a potential alternative?Microgrids a potential alternative? Would rate decoupling help solve problem?Would rate decoupling help solve problem?

Cost structureCost structure Least-cost preferenceLeast-cost preference Alternative technologies heavily subsidy-dependent, thus subject to Alternative technologies heavily subsidy-dependent, thus subject to

government whimsgovernment whims NY state incentives not as generous as NJ NY state incentives not as generous as NJ

Lack of consumer awarenessLack of consumer awareness Resource availabilityResource availability TechnologyTechnology Financing opportunitiesFinancing opportunities

Industry perspective on urban opportunitiesIndustry perspective on urban opportunities ““They call them wind ‘farms’ for a reason…”They call them wind ‘farms’ for a reason…”

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Steve HammerSteve Hammersh2185@columbia.edush2185@columbia.edu

1414

London NYC Shanghai Berlin

PopulationPopulation 8 million8 million 8.2 million 18 million18 million 3.5 million3.5 million

Peak power demandPeak power demand ~9,000 MW~9,000 MW ~11,400 MW 18-21,000 MW18-21,000 MW ~2,800 MW~2,800 MW

In-city central station In-city central station power gen. capacitypower gen. capacity

~2,200 MW~2,200 MW ~10,305 MW ~12,000 MW~12,000 MW 2,800 MW2,800 MW

CHP systems CHP systems (<25 MW)(<25 MW) 175+ MW 175+ MW 206 MW NegligibleNegligible ??????

Solar thermalSolar thermal ~1,200 m~1,200 m22

(~300 systems)(~300 systems)

Negligible

(<20 systems)

100,000 m100,000 m22 by by end of 2007end of 2007

46,500 m46,500 m22

(4300 systems)(4300 systems)

Solar PVSolar PV ~3.0 MW ~3.0 MW

by end of 2007by end of 2007

~1.2 MW 0.6 MW 0.6 MW

by end of 2007by end of 2007

6.6 MW6.6 MW

WindWind 3.6 MW3.6 MW none 24.4 MW24.4 MW(46.9 MW by end (46.9 MW by end of 2007)of 2007)

Prohibited by lawProhibited by law

Landfill gasLandfill gas 20 MW20 MW 730 million cu. ft. of gas cleaned and fed to local gas system/year

(= to approx ~50 MW)

240 kW240 kW 5 MW5 MW

Biogas/bio-combust?Biogas/bio-combust? 35.3 MW biogas35.3 MW biogas 1.6 MW biogas NegligibleNegligible 20 MW (wood)20 MW (wood)

Other WTEOther WTE 61 MW61 MW NYC does not receive any energy generated from the combustion of NYC waste at Newark and Hempstead WTE

NoneNone

GeothermalGeothermal ???? <10 systems ???? 1400 systems1400 systems