1 Theories
Transcript of 1 Theories
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THEORIES AND CONCEPTS OF
AGING
REYNALDO S. ALIPIO,RN ,MD ,MHA ,MAN
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AGING
Aging results from the features of geneticinstructions that characterize a species.
Aging is a universal law of life, however itsonset can be advanced or delayeddepending; upon our systems of controllingits occurrence.
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Our tissues and body function
deteriorate with passing of time but a
lot of its rate is dictated by theindividuals make-up and personality.
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The real sense of aging starts at birth,processing slowly up to 25, then goinghead strong from 26 to 50.
From 50 to 75, the aging process goesdownhill.
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Growing old is the pattern that followfamily tree tendency.
Some families are gifted to reach the 8thand 9th decade so easily without illnessare misfits in temper. Some otherfamilies send to go short in their life
span.
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THE THEORIES OF AGING
The Cell Theory
The Hetchnikoffs Theory
The Marinesco Theory The Toxic Accumulation Theory
The Lansing Theory
The Mckellair Theory
The Nutritional Theory
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The Hormonal Theory
The Exercise Factor Theory
The Wear and Tear Theory
The Cellular-Interaction Theory The Collagen Theory
The Waste Products Theory
The Auto - Immune Theory The Somatic Mutation Theory
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How can we delay the onset of old age?Here are a few tips to practice:
Maintain average weight for yourheight and age do not be
overweight, neither be underweight. Agood 5 to 8 lbs. are allowed to beover the average weight but not
more.
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Keep yourself physically trim exercisedaily for 5 to 30 minutes using thedancing movements, swimming,calisthenics, jogging sports, walking,skipping rope.
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Keep a healthy mind read and devoteeveryday for intellectual work andexchange of ideas with your friends.
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Do active in activities feel helpful anduseful in any way you can givingcharitable nods and sailes are activities
too.Avoid excessive exposure to carbon
dioxide, sun, wind radiations, dust
sprays, smoke. Avoid heavy make-up.Be grateful in your thoughts and
gestures.
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Wellness and Well-being
Wellness: a stale of well-being, asubjective perception of balance, harmonyand vitality.
Different dimensions or wellness:
1. Physical: the ability to carry out dailytasks (grooming, mobility, etc) and to
achieve fitness of the different organsystems of the body (ADL performanceand optimum functioning. of body organs)
.
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2. Social:
a. ability to interact successfully withpeople and within the environment to
which each person is a partb. to develop and maintain intimacy with
significant others
c. to develop respect and tolerance forthose with different beliefs.
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3. Emotional: the ability to managestress and to express emotionsappropriately
4. Intellectual: the ability to learn anduse information effectively for personal,family and career development.
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5. Spiritual: the belief in some force(nature, science, religion or higherpower) that serves to unite humanbeings and provide meaning andpurpose to life (faith and respect ofother people's faith)
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Health purposeful, adaptive responsephysically, mentally emotionally andsocially, to the external stimuli in order to
maintain stability and comfort.
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Health: WHO definition (1947)
is a state of complete physical, mentaland social well-being, and not merelythe absence of disease or infirmity.
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1. Concern for the individual as a totalperson functioning physically,psychologically and socially.
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3. Focus on the productive and creativeliving state rather than on categories ofdisease that may cause illness or death.
4. Health is an ongoing process, a wayof life.
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Models of Health and Wellness Leavell and Clark's Agent-Host-Environment
Model or Ecologic Model: Three dynamic interactive elements used in
this model:
1. Agent: any environmental factor or stressorwhose presence or absence can lead toillness or disease:
a. biologic
b: chemical c. mechanical d. physical e. psychosocial.
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2. Host: persons who may or may not
be at risk of acquiring a disease basedon family history of diseases, lifestylehabits and age.
3. Environment: all factors external tothe host that may or may not predispose
the' person to the development ofdisease.
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General Concepts: Experience of HealthIllness
Health-Illness Continuum - it includes states ofhigh level of wellness, health, precursors to
illness, illness, and severe illness.
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Health - Illness Continua
Dunn's High: Level Wellness Grid: bfour (4)health/wellness quadrants:
1. High-level wellness in a favorable
environment: example is a person whoimplements healthy lifestyle behaviors andhas economic resources to support thislifestyle and a family or social environmentwho also practices or encourages thepractice of healthy lifestyle.
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High level Wellness an integratedmethod of functioning that is orientedtoward maximizing the potential of which
the individual is capable within theenvironment where he or she isfunctioning.
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2: Emergent high-level wellness in anunfavorable' environment: example is aperson who knows the importance of
implementing a healthy lifestyle butcould not do so because of familyresponsibilities, job demands or lack ofresources to do so.
Ex.: health workers exposed to riskfactors.
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3. Protected poor health in a favorableenvironment: example is an ill personconfined in a hospital and whose needsare met by the hospital personnel, whocan afford' appropriate medication,proper diet and other treatments
needed.
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4. Poor health in an unfavorableenvironment: example is a starvingyoung child in a refugee camp inMindanao.
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Illness - defined as the maladaptationto internal and externalenvironments. A disease or health
problems are more objectivedescription of illness.
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SUCHMANs Five Stages of
Illness
Stage 1 symptoms experience
(+) physical experience of symptoms
(+) cognitive response interpretationof symptoms
(+) emotional reaction
Stage 2 assumption of sick role
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Stage 3 medical care contact
(+) client seeks medical advice for the
following reasons:validate real illness
explanation of symptoms
prediction of the outcome of symptoms (+) client accept and deny diagnosis
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Stage 4 dependent clientrole/dependency role
(+) client gives up independence andbecome dependent on the professionalfor the treatment plan
(+) client accepts treatment plan
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Stage 5 recovery or rehabilitation
(+) client relinquishes dependency
roles and resume former role (+) for permanent disability therapy is
needed
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Determinants of Health and Illness:
a. Heredity
b. Lifestyle
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Iguns Stages of Health seeking
illness behavior who feels ill to definethe state of health and diseases asuitable remedy to it.
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Stage 1 Systems experience
Stage 2 Self treatment or selfmedication
Stage 3 Communication of other
Stage 4 Assessment of symptoms
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Stage 6 Concern
Stage 7 Efficacy and Treatment
Stage 8 Selection and treatmentStage 9 - Treatment
Stage 10 Assessment and
effectiveness of treatmentStage 11 Recovery and Rehabilitation
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5 Stages of SICK ROLE in client:
Experiences symptoms
Decides he is ill and he needs healthcare
Seeks health care services to validatediagnosis and obtain treatment
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Assumes dependent-patient role duringthe treatment, in which responsibilityand control are delegated to a health
care professional and
During recovery, relinquishes the sickrole of rehabilitation
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Adaptation adjustment of an organismto a changing environment.
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Maladaptation - from ineffective use ofadaptive mechanism. Maladaptiveresponses can be physiological,
psychological, or sociological.
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Feedback System the fundamentalqualities of open system. If a factor
becomes excessive or inadequate inthe body, alteration in function will be
initiated to decrease or increase the
factor in an attempt to bring intonormal range.
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Feedback the process of self
regulation by which open systems
determine and control the amount ofinput and output of the systems.
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Kinds of Feedbacks:
- Negative
- Positive
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Negative feedback a process ofreturning to a state of equilibrium.
Positive feedback movements awayfrom equilibrium.
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Stress as the nonspecific response tobody to any demand placed on it orphysical, chemical or emotional factor to
which an individual fails to make asatisfactorily adaptation.
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Stressorsare the stress producingfactors which may be physiologic orpsychological or both. (Emotions)
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Eustress positive type of stress
Distress negative type of stress
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2. Psychologic:
- Emotional pressure
- Vocational pressure- Social Pressure
- Cultural pressure
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Physical:- Trauma
a. Thermal changes
b. Physical trauma
c. Atmospheric changes
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- Biochemical
a. Drugs
b. Organismsc. Hormones
d. Abnormal secretions
e. Dietaryf. Piosons
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- Environmental
a. Pollutants
b. Organismsc. Deprivation or excess
oxygen or substances
S f h G l Ad i
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Stages of the General Adaptation
Syndrome
Stimuli to GAS:
- physiologic
- psychogenic- sociocultural
- environmental
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Stages of GAS
Alarm
Response
Exhaustion
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Alarm a stressor causes an initialactivation of the defensive abilities ofthe body.
- the hypothalamus is activated,releasing corticotropin releasinghormone which stimulates the
adenohypophysis to release ACTH.Then the glucocorticoid s from theadrenal cortex are then released.
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Fight or flight mechanism is activatedmainly through the sympathetic nervoussystem (SNS) which releases two
cathecolamines in the from ofepinephrine and norepinephrine(Effects).
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Resistance levels of corticosteroids ,thyroid hormones, glucagon andaldosterone are increase. The adrenal
cortex enlarges and secretescorticosteroids.
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Exhaustion caused by the lack ofimmunologic defense and isconsidered to be immunodeficiencysecondary to stress.
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STRESSORS
Increase secretion ofadrenocorticotropic hormone
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ALARM Increase secretion of
adrenocorticotropic hormone
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RESISTANCE
Increase secretion corticosteroids
Decrease inflammatory response Increase blood glucose
Altered protein and fat metabolism
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EXHAUSTIONDecreased immune response
Decreased resistance to stressors
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STRESSORS
Increase sympathetic nervous systemactivity and secretion of epinephrineand norepinephrine
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ALARM
Vasodilatation in heart and skeletalmuscle
Vasoconstriction in the skin
Increase heart rate
Increase force of cardiac contraction Increase BP
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4. Increase rate and force of cardiaccontraction
5. Vasodilatation skeletal muscle andcardiac muscle
6. Bronchial dilatation
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Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS) it isthe localized reaction to stressors like ininflammation.
HORMONE EFFECTS OF STRESS
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HORMONE EFFECTS OF STRESS
Increase releasing factor (RF)
Increase ACTH Increase TSH
Increase cortisol Increase Thyroxine
Increase Blood sugar Increase BMR
Decrease inflammation
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Increase ADH Increase Aldosterone
from Post. Pituitary
Conservation of water Retention of Sodium
Increase blood volume
Immune effects of stress
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Immune effects of stress
Increase secretion of adrenal cortex
Hyperthrophy of adrenal cortex
Increase circulating glucocorticoids
Thymic atrophy
Decrease number of T lymphocytes
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Increasing glucocorticoids:
a. Decrease lymphocytes
b.Decrease eosinophiles
c. Decrease aasophiles
d. Decrease activity of macrophages
e. Decrease Inflammationf. Increase spread of infection
Selyes Classification of Stress Induced
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Selye s Classification of Stress Induced
Diseases
1. Hypertension2. Heart and blood vessel disease
3. Kidney disease
4. Eclampsia
5. Arthritis
6. Skin and eye inflammation7. Infections
8. Allergic and hypersensitive disease
Selyes Classification of Stress
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Selye s Classification of Stress
Induced Diseases
9. Nervous and mental disease
10. Sexual derangements
11. Digestive disease12. Metabolic disease
13. Cancer
14. Immune deficiency
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DAKAL PUNG SALAMAT