1 The Reaction Program. 2 Add species windows by clicking + Enter a balanced reaction. Leave Phase...
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Transcript of 1 The Reaction Program. 2 Add species windows by clicking + Enter a balanced reaction. Leave Phase...
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The Reaction Program
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Add species windows by clicking +
Enter a balanced reaction. Leave Phase as most stable.
Press Next
Units can be changed from the units header
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Enter a temperature
Hit calculate
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the reaction
changes in thermodynamic properties for the reaction at 700°C
Why is ΔH negative? Why is ΔG negative?
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Enter a single reactant to calculate ABSOLUTE thermodynamic properties
Absolute Properties
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Enter initial, final and incremental values for a series of temperatures
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7When does absolute H = 0? When does absolute S = 0?
Absolute thermodynamic properties for Na. Note phase changes from solid to liquid to gas.
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Plotting results in a figure
Click Figure, then Axes You must have more than one point to plot a figure
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Click Y-variable
Select thermodynamic function and scale Repeat for X-variable
Adjust the range and increment
Press OK
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10Note phase transitions at the inflection points of the Gibbs energy function
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How to calculate the effect of temperature or pressure changes
Initial temperature
Final temperature
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Delta properties
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How to calculate properties of a physical change – melting, evaporation
change of phase, constant T
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When does ΔG = 0?
at 900°C, ΔG becomes negative
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At 898.65°C, liquid Na is in equilibrium with 1 atm of Na vapor
Leave T blank and enter zero for ΔG
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What temperature is achieved if the reaction is adiabatic?
We assume it’s hot enough to vaporize NaCl
reactant and product temperatures are different
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17Note that all phases must be specified in order to enter values for ΔG, ΔH, etc.
Hotter than normal boiling point of Na
enter 0 for adiabatic reaction
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Non-standard States
Check the non standard states box to enter values for pressure and activity. To make them variables, enter P for pressure or x for activity.
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for equilibrium, set ΔG = 0
1. To determine the partial pressure of chlorine, enter T and x below2. To determine the activity of sodium, enter T and P below3. To determine the equilibrium temperature, enter P and x below
1.2.3.
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Liquid
Gas
Bi + Cd
Bi - Cd1 atm
mole fraction Cd
T(C
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
The Bi-Cd phase diagram consists of a vapor phase, a liquid solution and pure solid metals. What can we change to lower the boiling point of Cd? Second, what can we change to lower the melting point of Cd?
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We can lower the boiling point by decreasing the pressure
vapor-liquid equilibrium
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vary the pressure in steps of -0.2 atm and set ΔG=0
as pressure decreases, the boiling temperature drops
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P-T relation for equilibrium between phases
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Pressure has very little effect on melting point. However, lowering the activity of Cd by putting it in a liquid will decrease the melting point, but only up to the eutectic.
solid-liquid equilibrium variable activity
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as activity decreases, the melting temperature goes down