11

The next big The next big development was..development was..

Explosives! Gunpowder that Explosives! Gunpowder that lead to cannons and gunslead to cannons and guns

It is a big subject and is still It is a big subject and is still going on nowgoing on now

But ….But ….

22

You will be learning You will be learning about modern warfare about modern warfare

in great detail for in great detail for GCSEGCSE

So I am sticking to the earlier bitsSo I am sticking to the earlier bitsAnd even so just to some of itAnd even so just to some of it

As there is sooooo many things I As there is sooooo many things I could tell you aboutcould tell you about

It would get confusing and/or It would get confusing and/or boringboring

33

So what I hope you are going So what I hope you are going to find out about today is ……to find out about today is …… How it all started How it all started

– gunpowder and the first gunsgunpowder and the first guns A bit about how it workedA bit about how it worked

– and to realize it has changed quite a bit sinceand to realize it has changed quite a bit since How ideas spread over a wide areaHow ideas spread over a wide area

– all of Europe and parts of Asia tooall of Europe and parts of Asia too How well these new machines of war workedHow well these new machines of war worked

– Or in many cases, didn’t and how they began to Or in many cases, didn’t and how they began to solve the problemssolve the problems

44

And so next came And so next came Gunpowder….Gunpowder….

55

Where did gunpowder come Where did gunpowder come from?from?

It is that it had been known in China for many It is that it had been known in China for many centuries, centuries,

It was used to the blasting of rocks and other It was used to the blasting of rocks and other useful purposes, but never for war. useful purposes, but never for war.

Some claim it was re-invented by Roger Bacon, a Some claim it was re-invented by Roger Bacon, a British friar, between 1249 and 1267 British friar, between 1249 and 1267

But it appears that it was brought from the East by But it appears that it was brought from the East by the returning Crusadersthe returning Crusaders

However, the Europeans used almost exclusively However, the Europeans used almost exclusively for war once they understood what it could do. for war once they understood what it could do.

The invention of cannon came a century before The invention of cannon came a century before small-arms.small-arms.

66

Early CannonEarly Cannon It is said that cannon were used by It is said that cannon were used by

Edward III in his first campaign against Edward III in his first campaign against the Scots, in 1327. the Scots, in 1327.

Robert the Bruce called them “crakys Robert the Bruce called them “crakys of war.” of war.”

They are also supposed to have been They are also supposed to have been used by the French in the siege of Puy used by the French in the siege of Puy Guillaume, in 1338. Guillaume, in 1338.

77

Cressy 1346Cressy 1346 ……..was the first battle we have really strong ..was the first battle we have really strong

evidence of. evidence of. Due to damp weather the bowstrings of the Due to damp weather the bowstrings of the

French had become useless French had become useless But the English bows, either because of greater But the English bows, either because of greater

care or the different material use, worked well. care or the different material use, worked well. Also four canon, stationed on a little hill, Also four canon, stationed on a little hill,

contributed to their victory. contributed to their victory. The French troops had never seen or heard of The French troops had never seen or heard of

such a weapon, such a weapon, The noise and the smoke did more than the The noise and the smoke did more than the

balls to hasten their defeat. balls to hasten their defeat.

88

CannonsCannons The first cannons were very simpleThe first cannons were very simple They were larger at the muzzle than at the They were larger at the muzzle than at the

breech. breech. The missile flew out of the muzzle and the The missile flew out of the muzzle and the

breech was where the explosion took placebreech was where the explosion took placeEarly Cannon from 1326 Document: De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum Author Walter de Milemete

Wiki commons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EarlyCannonDeNobilitatibusSapientiiEtPrudentiisRegumManuscriptWalterdeMilemete1326.jpg#file

99

The first cannonThe first cannon Gunpowder was poured Gunpowder was poured

in at the muzzle so that in at the muzzle so that ran down into the ran down into the breech end.breech end.

This was followed by This was followed by whatever the missile whatever the missile was going to be, a was going to be, a round stone or iron ball round stone or iron ball or even in the early or even in the early days a bolt like those days a bolt like those fired from a crossbowfired from a crossbow

Smaller version being fired from a stand. Illustration about 1400

1010

The gunpowder was lit The gunpowder was lit and as it burned, it gave and as it burned, it gave off gases that pushed on off gases that pushed on the cannonball and the cannonball and ejected it from the ejected it from the muzzle at great speed.muzzle at great speed.

They tried various ways They tried various ways of lighting it, by dropping of lighting it, by dropping a smouldering piece of a smouldering piece of string in through a hole string in through a hole in the top, or by lighting in the top, or by lighting a thin trial of gunpowder a thin trial of gunpowder that ran to main chargethat ran to main charge

You can see the You can see the man in the man in the drawing drawing holding a taper holding a taper to the hole. The to the hole. The cannon ball is cannon ball is already flying already flying through the airthrough the air

1111

These war machines had a lot of These war machines had a lot of disadvantages and many well-placed soldiers disadvantages and many well-placed soldiers suggested they should be abandoned in suggested they should be abandoned in favour of the far more lethal archers.favour of the far more lethal archers.

They could only fire a few times during a They could only fire a few times during a day’s battleday’s battle

They were dangerous – many men were They were dangerous – many men were killed when instead of blowing the cannon killed when instead of blowing the cannon ball out they exploded out through the ball out they exploded out through the breechbreech

They were impossible to aim.They were impossible to aim. But others persisted in making But others persisted in making

improvements, and fairly soon is was the improvements, and fairly soon is was the archers that were out of fashionarchers that were out of fashion

1212

It took another 100 years It took another 100 years before ..before ..

…… ……. small-arms were invented. . small-arms were invented. It was in 1430, says Bilius (from It was in 1430, says Bilius (from

an original document translated an original document translated into English 200 years ago), that into English 200 years ago), that they were invented by the they were invented by the Lucquese ( a province in NW Lucquese ( a province in NW Italy), when they were besieged Italy), when they were besieged by the Florentines. by the Florentines.

This is the earliest picture from This is the earliest picture from a document made in 1486, a document made in 1486,

1313

This gun looks like a This gun looks like a small lead cannonsmall lead cannon

It was fastened to a It was fastened to a stick, and fired by a stick, and fired by a match held in the hand. match held in the hand.

Loading was still the Loading was still the samesame

The charge is put in at The charge is put in at the muzzle, and rammed the muzzle, and rammed down to the lower end of down to the lower end of the barrel. the barrel.

1414

Smaller hand gunsSmaller hand guns But the problems were still about the sameBut the problems were still about the same Being perfectly straight, it could not be Being perfectly straight, it could not be

brought in the range of the eye. brought in the range of the eye. The most that could be expected was, that The most that could be expected was, that

by pointing it in the direction of the enemy, it by pointing it in the direction of the enemy, it might chance to hit some one, in a crowd.might chance to hit some one, in a crowd.

Firing it was still difficult. A puff of wind or Firing it was still difficult. A puff of wind or slight movement throws the priming down slight movement throws the priming down the hole!the hole!

And in rainy or even very damp weather, And in rainy or even very damp weather, such a gun was utterly useless. such a gun was utterly useless.

1515

DevelopmentsDevelopments The first step in improvement was The first step in improvement was

to place the touch-hole on the to place the touch-hole on the right side of the barrel instead of right side of the barrel instead of upon the top, and to attach a upon the top, and to attach a small pan which held the priming. small pan which held the priming.

This means the priming was kept This means the priming was kept from being blown away by the from being blown away by the wind.wind.

About the year 1475 a great About the year 1475 a great advance was made by the advance was made by the invention of the invention of the arquebusarquebus or or bow-bow-gungun. .

This is the first gun with a trigger.This is the first gun with a trigger.

1616

But there were still problemsBut there were still problems

Soldiers still could not aimSoldiers still could not aim The butt of the arquebus was perfectly The butt of the arquebus was perfectly

straight, and placed against the chest straight, and placed against the chest when the gun was fired. when the gun was fired.

The danger of being knocked over by The danger of being knocked over by the recoil of the gun was great, that of the recoil of the gun was great, that of hurting the enemy very small. hurting the enemy very small.

1717

But there were still problemsBut there were still problems

The Germans first thought of The Germans first thought of bending the butt downward, and bending the butt downward, and thus elevating the barrel so as to thus elevating the barrel so as to bring it in the range of the eye. bring it in the range of the eye.

They also sloped it so as to fit the They also sloped it so as to fit the shoulder instead of being held shoulder instead of being held against the chest. against the chest.

The arquebus was used in England in The arquebus was used in England in the time of Henry VIII., and was the time of Henry VIII., and was variously called haquebut, hakebut, variously called haquebut, hakebut, bagbut, and hagbus, names all bagbut, and hagbus, names all linked to the hooked shape of the linked to the hooked shape of the butt. butt.

What’s this?

1818

MusketsMuskets The musket, invented in Spain, The musket, invented in Spain,

in the 15 in the 15thth century century At first it was so heavy that At first it was so heavy that

each musketeer had a boy to each musketeer had a boy to help him carry it. help him carry it.

It was, however, soon made It was, however, soon made small enough to let the small enough to let the musketeer to carry it musketeer to carry it himselfhimself

But it was still too heavy for But it was still too heavy for him to fire it without a ‘rest’ him to fire it without a ‘rest’

A rest was a stick, carried A rest was a stick, carried by the musketeer, that was the by the musketeer, that was the height of his shoulderheight of his shoulder

It had a point at one end to stick in the ground It had a point at one end to stick in the ground and an iron fork at the other on which the and an iron fork at the other on which the musket rested. musket rested.

Wiki commons

1650_-_tercio_arquebuse2.jpg

1919

MusketsMuskets In a flask the musketeer carried his coarse powder for In a flask the musketeer carried his coarse powder for

loading. loading. His fine powder for priming was in a touch-box. His fine powder for priming was in a touch-box. His bullets were in a leather bag, shaped like a lady's His bullets were in a leather bag, shaped like a lady's

work-bag, tied to his belt.work-bag, tied to his belt. In his hand were his burning match and musket rest In his hand were his burning match and musket rest After discharging the bullets he had to to defend After discharging the bullets he had to to defend

himself with his sword! himself with his sword! The match was fixed to the gun by a kind of tongs. The match was fixed to the gun by a kind of tongs. Over the priming-pan was a sliding cover, which had Over the priming-pan was a sliding cover, which had

to be drawn back with the hand before pulling the to be drawn back with the hand before pulling the trigger.trigger.

This guy needed to be an octopus to carry all the kit This guy needed to be an octopus to carry all the kit he needed!he needed!

2020

You can see how difficult it You can see how difficult it was!was!

Add to thisAdd to this The light of the burning match The light of the burning match

betrayed the position of the betrayed the position of the soldier, at nightsoldier, at night

And so were no use on expeditions And so were no use on expeditions or guard dutyor guard duty

2121

Walhuysen, a captain of the town of Danzig, Walhuysen, a captain of the town of Danzig, in a wrote in 1615, says: in a wrote in 1615, says:

““It is necessary that every musketeer should It is necessary that every musketeer should know how to carry his match dry in moist or know how to carry his match dry in moist or rainy weather, rainy weather,

that is, in his pocket or in his hat, by putting that is, in his pocket or in his hat, by putting the lighted match between his head and hat, the lighted match between his head and hat, or by some other means guard it from the or by some other means guard it from the weather. weather.

The musketeer should also have a little tin The musketeer should also have a little tin tube, about a foot long, big enough to admit a tube, about a foot long, big enough to admit a match, and pierced full of little holes, that he match, and pierced full of little holes, that he may not be discovered by his match when he may not be discovered by his match when he stands sentinel or is gone on any expedition.” stands sentinel or is gone on any expedition.”

2222

What the army chiefs thought What the army chiefs thought

These problems were so great that These problems were so great that many able military men thought fire-many able military men thought fire-arms as a failurearms as a failure

They recommended a return to the They recommended a return to the long-bow, which had been so terrible a long-bow, which had been so terrible a weapon in the hands of the English weapon in the hands of the English archers. archers.

But the art of war, like every other, But the art of war, like every other, never goes backwardsnever goes backwards

2323

Improving firingImproving firing The fire-lock that produced fire by friction The fire-lock that produced fire by friction

replaced the matchlock (the method of replaced the matchlock (the method of lighting the priming with a glowing string)lighting the priming with a glowing string)

It was first mentioned in Venice in 1586 but It was first mentioned in Venice in 1586 but was said to have been invented in Germanywas said to have been invented in Germany

It worked in a similar way to disposable It worked in a similar way to disposable lighters today. lighters today.

The friction produced the sparks. The friction produced the sparks. The wheel was made of a flint or any The wheel was made of a flint or any

common hard pebble was used. common hard pebble was used. But at first it was unreliable at producing a But at first it was unreliable at producing a

spark to go in exactly the right direction. spark to go in exactly the right direction.

2424

A lovely story!A lovely story! About the year 1600 there was in Holland a band of About the year 1600 there was in Holland a band of

marauders known as marauders known as snaphausensnaphausen, or , or poulty-stealerspoulty-stealers. . However free they were in using the property of others, However free they were in using the property of others, they were yet unable to incur the expense of the wheel-they were yet unable to incur the expense of the wheel-lock, as the match-lock, by its burning light, exposed lock, as the match-lock, by its burning light, exposed them on their nightly expeditions. The wit which had them on their nightly expeditions. The wit which had been sharpened by laying plots and inductions been sharpened by laying plots and inductions dangerous against unoffending hens and chickens, was dangerous against unoffending hens and chickens, was turned to the invention of a gun-lock better adapted to turned to the invention of a gun-lock better adapted to their purposes. The result of their cogitation was the their purposes. The result of their cogitation was the lock which, after its inventors, was called the lock which, after its inventors, was called the snaphause. It consisted of a flat piece of steel, furrowed snaphause. It consisted of a flat piece of steel, furrowed like the edge of the wheel in the wheel-lock, which was like the edge of the wheel in the wheel-lock, which was screwed on the barrel beyond the priming-pan in such a screwed on the barrel beyond the priming-pan in such a manner as to be movable. By bringing it over the pan, manner as to be movable. By bringing it over the pan, and pulling the trigger, the flint in the cock struck and pulling the trigger, the flint in the cock struck against the steel, and the spark was produced. The against the steel, and the spark was produced. The simplicity and cheapness of this lock soon rendered it simplicity and cheapness of this lock soon rendered it common, and the transition from it to the ordinary flint-common, and the transition from it to the ordinary flint-lock followed almost as a matter of course. lock followed almost as a matter of course.

2525

What can What can you you

rememberemember?r?

1. Who discovered gunpowde

r

2. Who called

cannons “crakys of

war”?

3. When was the first time we certain they were

used?

4. What is the

muzzle?

5. What is the

breech?

6. How was the cannon

loaded?

7.What were 3

problems with

cannons?

8.What was a hakebut or bagbut? How was it

better than what came before?

2626

HomeworkHomework Write a newspaper article about some Write a newspaper article about some

aspect of gunsaspect of guns You could be against them, like those You could be against them, like those

who thought that long bows were more who thought that long bows were more efficientefficient

You could be for them – at any stage, You could be for them – at any stage, early or laterearly or later

It could be about cannons or the It could be about cannons or the handgunshandguns

It could be about ‘new’ (at the time) It could be about ‘new’ (at the time) developmentsdevelopments

2727

HomeworkHomework But remember newspapers all have a point of But remember newspapers all have a point of

view (they are biased!). view (they are biased!). But they do try to give evidence for what they But they do try to give evidence for what they

say. say. A catchy title is good too! A catchy title is good too! You may add pictures if you can find them (or You may add pictures if you can find them (or

borrow any in the presentation if you can’t).borrow any in the presentation if you can’t). Keep it short – no more than half a typed page Keep it short – no more than half a typed page

in font size 12 (people reading newspapers in font size 12 (people reading newspapers have a remarkably short attention span) – have a remarkably short attention span) – pictures can be added to that.pictures can be added to that.

2828

Mark scheme:Mark scheme: TitleTitle 1010 EvidenceEvidence 5050 Having an opinionHaving an opinion 2525 PresentationPresentation 1515 TOTALTOTAL 100100