1 The Learning Perspective: How the Environment Influences Behavior.

11

The Learning The Learning Perspective:Perspective:

How the Environment Influences How the Environment Influences BehaviorBehavior

22

DefinitionDefinition

LearningLearning – a change in behavior – a change in behavior due to experience with the due to experience with the environmentenvironment

33

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

Studied Studied digestive digestive reflexes and reflexes and salivation in salivation in dogsdogs

44

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

Learning through automatic Learning through automatic associationsassociations

Reflex/Involuntary behaviors, Reflex/Involuntary behaviors, emotionsemotions


Food

Salivation

•Unconditioned (unlearned) association

Food(Unconditioned

Stimulus)

Salivation

(Unconditioned Response)


SalivationFoodUnconditioned

StimulusUnconditioned

Response

Bell (Neutral Stimulus)

• If you pair a NS with UCS a number of times…


Salivation(Conditioned

Response)

Bell (Conditioned Stimulus)

• It will begin to elicit a conditioned response

TerminologyTerminology

Neutral Stimulus (NS) Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Once paired with UCS, NS becomes Once paired with UCS, NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS) and elicits conditioned stimulus (CS) and elicits conditioned response (CR) on its ownconditioned response (CR) on its own

1111

Factors that increase acquisitionFactors that increase acquisition

forward pairingforward pairing

strong UCSstrong UCS

UCS and NS closer in timeUCS and NS closer in time

higher frequency of pairingshigher frequency of pairings

distinctive CSdistinctive CS

1212

Other principles of Classical Other principles of Classical ConditioningConditioning

Stimulus DiscriminatonStimulus Discriminaton

Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Generalization

ExtinctionExtinction

Spontaneous RecoverySpontaneous Recovery

Higher-order conditioningHigher-order conditioning

1313

John B. Watson and Little John B. Watson and Little AlbertAlbert

1414

Classical Conditioning in the Classical Conditioning in the Real WorldReal World

AdvertisingAdvertising

1818

Classical Conditioning in the Classical Conditioning in the Real WorldReal World

AdvertisingAdvertising

PTSDPTSD

AversionsAversions

PhobiasPhobias

2020

Applications of Classical Applications of Classical Conditioning to change behaviorConditioning to change behavior

CounterconditioningCounterconditioning

Aversion TrainingAversion Training

2121

Early Operant ConditioningEarly Operant Conditioning

E.L. Thorndike (1898)E.L. Thorndike (1898)

the “Puzzle Box”the “Puzzle Box”

Thorndike’s Law of Thorndike’s Law of EffectEffect

2222

B. F. SkinnerB. F. Skinner

the Skinner Boxthe Skinner Box

2323

ReinforcementReinforcement

IncreasesIncreases the likelihood of a behavior the likelihood of a behavior

Primary and Secondary reinforcersPrimary and Secondary reinforcers

Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement

Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement

2424

Principles of Operant Principles of Operant ConditioningConditioning

ShapingShaping

GeneralizationGeneralization

DiscriminationDiscrimination

ExtinctionExtinction

Multiple reinforcementMultiple reinforcement

2525

Increasing Behavior TipsIncreasing Behavior Tips

TimingTiming

Quality of rewardQuality of reward

Partial schedules of reinforcementPartial schedules of reinforcement

2626

Classical vs. Operant Classical vs. Operant ConditioningConditioning

CLASSICALCLASSICAL OPERANTOPERANTStimulus precedes Stimulus precedes

responseresponseStimulus follows Stimulus follows

responseresponse

Learning through Learning through associationsassociations

Learning through Learning through consequencesconsequences

Involuntary behaviorInvoluntary behavior Voluntary behaviorVoluntary behavior

2727

PunishmentPunishment

DecreasesDecreases the likelihood of a behavior the likelihood of a behavior

not the same as negative reinforcement!not the same as negative reinforcement!

Punishment by application Punishment by application (a.k.a. positive punishment, aversive (a.k.a. positive punishment, aversive

punishment) punishment)

Punishment by removal Punishment by removal (a.k.a. negative punishment, response cost)(a.k.a. negative punishment, response cost)

2828

Problems with PunishmentProblems with Punishment

2929

DRO Training StepsDRO Training Steps

3030

Applications of Operant Applications of Operant Conditioning to change behaviorConditioning to change behavior

behavior modificationbehavior modification uses shaping, incentivesuses shaping, incentives token economytoken economy

3131

Social-Cognitive Learning Social-Cognitive Learning TheoriesTheories

Depart from strict behaviorismDepart from strict behaviorism

Take into account:Take into account: Role of awarenessRole of awareness Role of self-evaluationRole of self-evaluation

3232

Latent LearningLatent Learning

Tolman’s rat studyTolman’s rat study3 groups3 groups 1. food at end of maze daily1. food at end of maze daily 2. no food in maze2. no food in maze 3. no food in maze for 9 days, food in maze 3. no food in maze for 9 days, food in maze

on 10on 10thth day day

cognitive mapscognitive maps

3333

Insight LearningInsight Learning

Insight = the sudden perception of the Insight = the sudden perception of the connection of parts of a problem that connection of parts of a problem that allows one to see a clear solutionallows one to see a clear solution

the aha! momentsthe aha! moments

3434

This is a most unusual paragraph. How This is a most unusual paragraph. How quickly can you find out what is so unusual quickly can you find out what is so unusual about it? It looks so ordinary that you about it? It looks so ordinary that you would think that nothing is wrong with it at would think that nothing is wrong with it at all, and, in fact, nothing is. But it is all, and, in fact, nothing is. But it is unusual. Why? If you study it and think unusual. Why? If you study it and think about it, you may find out, but I am not about it, you may find out, but I am not going to assist you in any way. You must going to assist you in any way. You must do it without any hints or coaching. No do it without any hints or coaching. No doubt, if you work at it for a bit, it will dawn doubt, if you work at it for a bit, it will dawn on you. Who knows? Go to work and try on you. Who knows? Go to work and try your skill. Good luck!your skill. Good luck!

3535

26 L. of the A.26 L. of the A.

9 P. in the S.S.9 P. in the S.S.

200 D. for P.G. in M.200 D. for P.G. in M.

5 D. in a Z.C.5 D. in a Z.C.

11 P. on a F. T.11 P. on a F. T.

88 P.K.88 P.K.

4 A. in a D. of C.4 A. in a D. of C.

3636

Observational LearningObservational Learning

Learning from othersLearning from others

Bandura’s social learning theory:Bandura’s social learning theory:1. attention1. attention

2. retention (memory)2. retention (memory)

3. reproduction (imitation)3. reproduction (imitation)

4. motivation4. motivation

3737

Enhancing observational Enhancing observational learninglearning

Status/Behavior of modelStatus/Behavior of model

Dependence of observerDependence of observer

UncertaintyUncertainty

OutcomeOutcome

observational learning can lead to observational learning can lead to undesirable behaviors as well!undesirable behaviors as well!

3838

Learning AggressionLearning Aggression

Bandura’s Bobo Bandura’s Bobo doll studydoll study

3 IV conditions:3 IV conditions:1. model rewarded1. model rewarded

2. model scolded2. model scolded

3. no consequences3. no consequences

4040

Do we ‘learn’ violence?Do we ‘learn’ violence?

Television violenceTelevision violence

Video gamesVideo games

PornographyPornography

1 The Learning Perspective: How the Environment Influences Behavior.

Documents

Transcript of 1 The Learning Perspective: How the Environment Influences Behavior.