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The Growing Complexities and Challenges of Solid Waste

Management in Developing Countries

Sandra CointreauSandra CointreauSolid Waste Management AdvisorSolid Waste Management Advisor

The World BankThe World BankSeptember 2007September 2007

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The World BankLoans, Grants, and Capacity Building to

Alleviate Poverty and its Conditions• 185 member countries185 member countries• 100 offices 100 offices • 10,000 staff 10,000 staff • Total portfolio ~1800 active projectsTotal portfolio ~1800 active projects

• $23.6 billion for 279 new projects (in 2006)$23.6 billion for 279 new projects (in 2006)• Solid waste portfolio ~ 90 active projectsSolid waste portfolio ~ 90 active projects

• $126 million for 14 new projects (in 2006) $126 million for 14 new projects (in 2006)

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Highlights for this talk• Global urban growth and wastes arisings.Global urban growth and wastes arisings.• Growing MSW, not keeping up.Growing MSW, not keeping up.• Hazardous wastes, still unaddressed.Hazardous wastes, still unaddressed.• Livestock wastes, not a pastoral view.Livestock wastes, not a pastoral view.• Governance versus private investment.Governance versus private investment.• Gender action and youth employment.Gender action and youth employment.• Economic instruments and policies.Economic instruments and policies.

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Population Growth

• It took human history over 3 million years It took human history over 3 million years to reach 1 BB people in the early 1800’s.to reach 1 BB people in the early 1800’s.

• Today, we gain 1 BB people every 12-14 Today, we gain 1 BB people every 12-14 years. years.

• World population grows by more than World population grows by more than 200,000 each day. 200,000 each day.

World Bank, Atlas of Global Development, 2007

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Solid Waste – An Urban Issue• This year, for the first time in history, the world’s This year, for the first time in history, the world’s

urban population equals the world’s rural urban population equals the world’s rural population. population.

• One third of urban population lives below the One third of urban population lives below the poverty of $2/day. poverty of $2/day.

• By 2030, the world’s urban population is expected By 2030, the world’s urban population is expected to reach 5 Billion. to reach 5 Billion.

• Industry and industrialized (landless) livestock Industry and industrialized (landless) livestock production is moving to the peri-urban areas, production is moving to the peri-urban areas, adding to the urban concentration of wastes and adding to the urban concentration of wastes and pollution. pollution.

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Urban Solid Wastes• Developed Countries – High IncomeDeveloped Countries – High Income

• Population – 1.0 BBPopulation – 1.0 BB• Waste – 1.4 MM tonnes/day (1.4 kg/capita/day)Waste – 1.4 MM tonnes/day (1.4 kg/capita/day)

• Developing Countries – Middle IncomeDeveloping Countries – Middle Income• Population - 3.0 BB (~ 30% of city dwellers live in Population - 3.0 BB (~ 30% of city dwellers live in

slums)slums)• Waste – 2.4 MM tonnes/day (0.8 kg/capita/day)Waste – 2.4 MM tonnes/day (0.8 kg/capita/day)

• Developing Countries – Low IncomeDeveloping Countries – Low Income• Population - 2.4 BB (~ 65% of city dwellers live in Population - 2.4 BB (~ 65% of city dwellers live in

slums)slums)• Waste – 1.4 MM tonnes/day (0.6 kg/capita/day)Waste – 1.4 MM tonnes/day (0.6 kg/capita/day)

Cointreau estimates, 2007

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Municipal Waste Character• Developed Countries – High Income Developed Countries – High Income

• 45% recyclable45% recyclable• 35% compostable35% compostable• 25% moisture25% moisture• Most hazardous wastes excluded.Most hazardous wastes excluded.

• Developing Countries – Middle IncomeDeveloping Countries – Middle Income• 25% recyclable25% recyclable• 50% compostable50% compostable• 50% moisture50% moisture• Some hazardous wastes excluded.Some hazardous wastes excluded.

• Developing Countries – Low Income Developing Countries – Low Income • 15% recyclable15% recyclable• 60% compostable60% compostable• 60% moisture60% moisture• Few hazardous wastes excluded.Few hazardous wastes excluded.

Cointreau estimates, based on global data, 2007

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Urban Waste Collection and Disposal(% of waste tonnes handled)

• Developed Countries – High Income Developed Countries – High Income • Collection – 100%Collection – 100%• Safe Disposal – 100% Safe Disposal – 100%

• Developing Countries – Middle IncomeDeveloping Countries – Middle Income• Collection – 60%Collection – 60%• Safe Disposal - 30%Safe Disposal - 30%

• Developing Countries – Low IncomeDeveloping Countries – Low Income• Collection – 40%Collection – 40%• Safe Disposal – 5%Safe Disposal – 5%

Cointreau estimates, 2007

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Livestock Wastes

• 75% of all emerging human diseases in the past 75% of all emerging human diseases in the past decade have come from animals (e.g., SARS, decade have come from animals (e.g., SARS, High Path Avian Influenza, Mad Cow, Lyme, High Path Avian Influenza, Mad Cow, Lyme, West Nile, Ebola).West Nile, Ebola).

• Excreta is a priority means of transmission for Excreta is a priority means of transmission for some of some livestock diseases (e.g., High Path some of some livestock diseases (e.g., High Path Avian Influenza, Foot-and-Mouth).Avian Influenza, Foot-and-Mouth).

• Feed additives pass into excreta and compromise Feed additives pass into excreta and compromise treatment and land application options. treatment and land application options.

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Animal Production Growth• Demand for meat increases after income is above $2/day.Demand for meat increases after income is above $2/day.• Meat production growth in developing countries is 4 times Meat production growth in developing countries is 4 times

growth in high income countries.growth in high income countries.• Industrialized (landless) livestock production is growing 6 Industrialized (landless) livestock production is growing 6

times faster than pastoral production. times faster than pastoral production. • Industrialized poultry production growing by ~ 80% from Industrialized poultry production growing by ~ 80% from

2001-2020.2001-2020.• Industrialized pork and ruminate production growing by ~ Industrialized pork and ruminate production growing by ~

50% from 2001-2020. 50% from 2001-2020. • China is the largest meat producer in the world…74 MM China is the largest meat producer in the world…74 MM

tonnes in 2004. tonnes in 2004. World Bank, Managing the Livestock Revolution, 2005

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Industrialized Animal Production• Lack of land carrying capacity for wastes.Lack of land carrying capacity for wastes.• Non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials to increase livestock Non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials to increase livestock

yields (e.g., 70% of all antimicrobials in US are used for yields (e.g., 70% of all antimicrobials in US are used for livestock production).livestock production).

• Arsenic-based growth promoters are used in most poultry Arsenic-based growth promoters are used in most poultry and swine production, resulting in significantly growing and swine production, resulting in significantly growing and cumulative arsenic emissions (only banned in EU and and cumulative arsenic emissions (only banned in EU and New Zealand).New Zealand).

• Arsenic from manure application to soils is available for Arsenic from manure application to soils is available for crop uptake and can pollute water supplies. crop uptake and can pollute water supplies.

• Many livestock antimicrobials are also used by humans. Many livestock antimicrobials are also used by humans. Their use increases antibiotic resistant pathogens in human Their use increases antibiotic resistant pathogens in human food and in the environment. food and in the environment.

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Fish Production Growth

• Fish provide 16% of global animal protein.Fish provide 16% of global animal protein.• Fish production grew 500% in last 3 decades, Fish production grew 500% in last 3 decades,

compared to meat growth of 60%. compared to meat growth of 60%. • Share of aquaculture in food fish increased from Share of aquaculture in food fish increased from

3.9% in 1970 to over 40% in 2004.3.9% in 1970 to over 40% in 2004.• China is the largest aquaculture producer in the China is the largest aquaculture producer in the

world, and obtains over 75% of its food fish from world, and obtains over 75% of its food fish from aquaculture…49 MM tonnes in 2004. aquaculture…49 MM tonnes in 2004.

World Bank, Aquaculture: Changing the Face of the Waters, 2006

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Aquaculture• Livestock manures are used in some fish ponds to Livestock manures are used in some fish ponds to

stimulate algal growth, and these manures include stimulate algal growth, and these manures include livestock antimicrobials and arsenic-based growth livestock antimicrobials and arsenic-based growth promoter residuals.promoter residuals.

• Non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials to increase Non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials to increase fish yields.fish yields.

• Feed residue and fish excreta pass directly into Feed residue and fish excreta pass directly into water.water.

• Many fish antimicrobials are also used by humans. Many fish antimicrobials are also used by humans. Their use increases antibiotic resistant pathogens Their use increases antibiotic resistant pathogens in human food and in the environment. in human food and in the environment.

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Available Local Finances• Developed Countries – High Income Developed Countries – High Income

• 34.5 $BB GDP (34,500 $/capita/year)34.5 $BB GDP (34,500 $/capita/year)

• 18% to government expenditures (6,210 $/capita/yr)18% to government expenditures (6,210 $/capita/yr)

• Developing Countries – Middle IncomeDeveloping Countries – Middle Income• 8.5 $BB GDP (2,833 $/capita/year)8.5 $BB GDP (2,833 $/capita/year)

• 14% to government expenditures (397 $/capita/yr)14% to government expenditures (397 $/capita/yr)

• Developing Countries – Low IncomeDeveloping Countries – Low Income• 1.4 $BB GDP (583 $/capita/year)1.4 $BB GDP (583 $/capita/year)

• 11% to government expenditures (64 $/capita/yr)11% to government expenditures (64 $/capita/yr)World Bank, 2006 World Development Report

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Governance Indicators

• Governance indicators have been monitored by the Governance indicators have been monitored by the World Bank since 1996.World Bank since 1996.

• Only about 8% of countries have shown Only about 8% of countries have shown significant improvement in voice, accountability, significant improvement in voice, accountability, or rule of law. or rule of law.

• There is a proven relationship between lower There is a proven relationship between lower levels of income and higher corruption. levels of income and higher corruption.

• No significant improvement in control of No significant improvement in control of corruption over 1996-2006.corruption over 1996-2006.

World Bank, Governance Matters: 1996-2006

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Private Sector Participation

• Private sector participation is active in solid waste Private sector participation is active in solid waste collection in nearly all developing countries:collection in nearly all developing countries:• Informal sector waste picking and recycling;Informal sector waste picking and recycling;

• Community-based primary collection;Community-based primary collection;

• Truck-owner based secondary collection.Truck-owner based secondary collection.

• Because of lack of contractual security, private Because of lack of contractual security, private investment is minimal. Old multi-purpose investment is minimal. Old multi-purpose equipment is used to avoid investment risk.equipment is used to avoid investment risk.

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Corruption• Corruption is one of the greatest obstacles to Corruption is one of the greatest obstacles to

doing business in developing countries. doing business in developing countries. • Bidding prices must consider the corruption costs Bidding prices must consider the corruption costs

of registering for business, getting contracts, of registering for business, getting contracts, importing goods, obtaining utility services, and importing goods, obtaining utility services, and being paid. being paid.

• Investors must consider the risk of political Investors must consider the risk of political intervention, including premature and arbitrary intervention, including premature and arbitrary contract termination. contract termination.

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Social Inclusion

• Majority of the urban poor work in the Majority of the urban poor work in the informal sector.* informal sector.*

• Informal sector employment ranges from Informal sector employment ranges from 30-70% of GDP in developing countries.*30-70% of GDP in developing countries.*

• Some collection of wastes and nearly all Some collection of wastes and nearly all recycling of wastes in developing countries recycling of wastes in developing countries is done by the informal sector. is done by the informal sector.

*Judy Baker, World Bank, poverty expert

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Gender Issues• 2/3 of illiterate adults are women ~ over 300 2/3 of illiterate adults are women ~ over 300

million illiterate women.*million illiterate women.*• Children of illiterate women are twice as likely to Children of illiterate women are twice as likely to

die before their fifth birthday.*die before their fifth birthday.*• Women usually over 30% of informal waste Women usually over 30% of informal waste

pickers, and most bring their children to work.pickers, and most bring their children to work.• Gender action to upgrade their livelihood status, Gender action to upgrade their livelihood status,

security and income involves special study, security and income involves special study, empowerment, and training.empowerment, and training.

*World Bank, Atlas of Global Development, 2007

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Youth Issues• Unemployment for urban youth is 2-3 times Unemployment for urban youth is 2-3 times

higher than for others, needing priority higher than for others, needing priority investment.*investment.*

• Community-based waste collection and Community-based waste collection and recycling provides opportunity for youth recycling provides opportunity for youth entrepreneurship.entrepreneurship.

• Training, networking, and empowerment Training, networking, and empowerment are needed.are needed.

*Judy Baker, World Bank, poverty expert

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Policy and Economic Instrumentsfor Consideration

• Hazardous wastesHazardous wastes • Encourage public investment in treatment/disposal Encourage public investment in treatment/disposal

through DBO’s with global support. through DBO’s with global support.

• Livestock WastesLivestock Wastes • Ban non-therapeutic feeding of arsenic and priority Ban non-therapeutic feeding of arsenic and priority

human antibiotics to fish, poultry and animal livestock. human antibiotics to fish, poultry and animal livestock.

• Regulate land application sites for metals and antibiotic Regulate land application sites for metals and antibiotic residues.residues.

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Policy and Economic Instrumentsfor Consideration

• FinanceFinance • Carbon funds provide hard currency annually for Carbon funds provide hard currency annually for

operations that reduce and avoid green house gas operations that reduce and avoid green house gas emissions, major means of motivating waste treatment emissions, major means of motivating waste treatment improvements - extend 2012 deadline. improvements - extend 2012 deadline.

• Recognize use of inter-governmental transfers to Recognize use of inter-governmental transfers to address the public good externalities of waste address the public good externalities of waste treatment. treatment.

• National policies that encourage municipalities to National policies that encourage municipalities to implement cost recovery through user charges and implement cost recovery through user charges and tipping fees.tipping fees.

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Policy and Economic Instrumentsfor Consideration

• GovernanceGovernance• Address corruption and rule of law to improve private sector Address corruption and rule of law to improve private sector

investment climate.investment climate.

• Social InclusionSocial Inclusion• National policies that encourage municipalities to address the National policies that encourage municipalities to address the

special empowerment and capacity needs of women and youths, special empowerment and capacity needs of women and youths, and to support informal sector involvement in waste recycling.and to support informal sector involvement in waste recycling.

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Project and Guidance Materials

• http://www.worldbank.org/solidwastehttp://www.worldbank.org/solidwaste• http://carbonfinance.orghttp://carbonfinance.org

• Sandra Cointreau – Sandra Cointreau – scointreau@worldbank.orgscointreau@worldbank.org