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the "forever fuel" that we can never run out ofthe "forever fuel" that we can never run out of

HYDROGENHYDROGEN

Water + energy hydrogen + oxygen

Hydrogen + oxygen water + energy

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Hydrogen is ~75% of the known universeHydrogen is ~75% of the known universe

On earth, it’s not an energy On earth, it’s not an energy source source like oil or coallike oil or coal Only an energy Only an energy carrier carrier like electricity or gasoline — like electricity or gasoline — a form of energy, derived from a source, that can be a form of energy, derived from a source, that can be moved aroundmoved around

The most versatile energy carrierThe most versatile energy carrier - Can be made from any source and used for any - Can be made from any source and used for any serviceservice - Readily stored in large amounts- Readily stored in large amounts Almost never found by itself; must be liberatedAlmost never found by itself; must be liberated - “Reform” HCs or CHs with heat and catalysts- “Reform” HCs or CHs with heat and catalysts - “Electrolyze” water (split H- “Electrolyze” water (split H22O with electricity)O with electricity)

- Experimental methods: photolysis, plasma, - Experimental methods: photolysis, plasma, microorganisms,…microorganisms,…

1 kg of H1 kg of H22 contains same energy as 1 U.S. gallon contains same energy as 1 U.S. gallon

of gasoline, which weighs not 2.2 but 6.2 poundsof gasoline, which weighs not 2.2 but 6.2 pounds

Why is hydrogen so important?

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Present uses of hydrogen

Most used in petroleum refining and petrochemical production (93%) other uses

• metal processing (2.7%)

• manufacture of electronics components (1.5%)

• food processing (.7 %)

• manufacture of glass (.3%)

• utility power generation (.2%)

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Is it safe?: A primer on Hydrogen safety

All fuels are hazardous, but…All fuels are hazardous, but…

Hydrogen is comparably or less so, but Hydrogen is comparably or less so, but different:different:

Clear flame can’t sear you at a distance; no Clear flame can’t sear you at a distance; no smokesmoke

Hard to make explode; can’t explode in free Hard to make explode; can’t explode in free air; burns firstair; burns first

22× less explosive power22× less explosive power

Rises, doesn’t puddleRises, doesn’t puddle

Hindenburg Hindenburg myth (1937) – nobody was killed myth (1937) – nobody was killed by hydrogen fireby hydrogen fire

Completely unrelated to hydrogen bombsCompletely unrelated to hydrogen bombs

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History of hydrogen as energy

• 1820 – H2 combustion in a engine like device to do mechanical work – better than a steam engine as no warm-up time was needed

• 1874 – science fiction prediction that hydrogen would be the chief fuel after coal by decomposing water using electricity

• 1900 – first lab experiments with electrolysis

• 1920 – Large scale plants in Canada using hydro-electricity from Niagara Falls to make hydrogen. Company was Stuart Electrolyzer that is still in the business today (same family)

• 1923 – hydrogen from wind generated electricity in England to avoid pollution from coal fired power plants. Hydrogen stored as a cryogenic liquid.

• 1919 – hydrogen used as a fuel for vehicles in Germany

• 1930 – hydrogen distributed in pipelines in Germany

• 1930s – hydrogen used in mixtures (usually injected into the cylinders) with liquid fuels to markedly increase engine power. Work done in Germany

• 1950 – first hydrogen/air fuel cell in lab in England

• 1962 – fuel cell work in Germany in connection with splitting water with solar energy

• 1962 – proposal to use solar energy to make hydrogen for fuel cells in urban areas to generate electricity • 1970- General Motors proposed using the fuel cell in passenger cars to replace the gasoline engine

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The First Question:The First Question:Where Does Hydrogen Come From?Where Does Hydrogen Come From?

95% of hydrogen is currently produced by steam reforming95% of hydrogen is currently produced by steam reforming

Partial Oxidation

Steam Reforming

Electrolysis

Thermochemical

Fossil Fuels

Water

Biomass

currently most currently most energy efficientenergy efficient

requires requires improvementsimprovements

not cost not cost effectiveeffective

requires high requires high temperaturestemperatures

Gasification

Microbial

requiresrequiresimprovementsimprovements

slow slow kineticskinetics

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Steam Reforming of MethaneSteam Reforming of Methane

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Steam Reforming of Methane, cont. Steam Reforming of Methane, cont.

CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 H298 = 206 kJ/mol

Water gas shift reaction

CO + H2O CO2 + H2 H298 = -41kJ/mol

Catalysts: Ni, or Au-Ni

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Water electrolysisWater electrolysis

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Electrode types

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The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier or fuel requires development of:

ProductionProduction

DeliveryDelivery

StorageStorage

ConversionConversion

End-Use ApplicationsEnd-Use Applications

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HYDROGEN IN TRANSPORTATION

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Hydrogen cars will be cheaper per mile driven

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Hydrogen Hybrids?

While almost all HEV’s are powered with gasoline While almost all HEV’s are powered with gasoline today, they can also be efficiently powered with today, they can also be efficiently powered with hydrogen. In fact, hydrogen. In fact, the Ford Motor Company has the Ford Motor Company has demonstrated up to 25% higher efficiency with an demonstrated up to 25% higher efficiency with an ICE designed specifically to run on hydrogen ICE designed specifically to run on hydrogen compared to a similar gasoline ICEcompared to a similar gasoline ICE. A hydrogen-. A hydrogen-powered HEV can achieve 95% to 99% of the powered HEV can achieve 95% to 99% of the environmental benefits and 100% of the oil environmental benefits and 100% of the oil reduction advantages of a fuel cell vehicle. reduction advantages of a fuel cell vehicle. Indeed, the hydrogen HEV has two major Indeed, the hydrogen HEV has two major advantages over the FCV:advantages over the FCV:

The hydrogen HEV is based on proved 100+ year-old ICE technology

The hydrogen HEV cost is much less than the FCV cost today

Liquid Hydrogen fillingstation at Munich airport (Germany)

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Ford U-ConceptFord U-Concept

Hydrogen powered internal combustion engineHydrogen powered internal combustion engine

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Hydrogen Storage

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