1) The Emperor Hadrian built his villa at Tivoli, just outside Rome. What made him choose this location? [ACH]

• The villa was close to Rome so Hadrian could travel to the city quickly for official engagements. • It was sufficiently far from Rome to be private and relaxing.• It allowed Hadrian to distance himself from the plebs urbana.(Other points are possible.)

(2) When were the buildings of this villa constructed? [ACH]

118–134 AD (in two phases).

(3) (i) What was the name of the long pool complex shown (ii) Where did this name originate? [ACH]

(i) The Canopus(ii) From (an island in the Nile River in) Egypt

(4) What name is given to the group of female statues that stand on the right-hand side of this pool? [ACH]

Caryatids

(5) (i) Name the semicircular building at the far end of the pool shown.(ii) Discuss TWO features of this semicircular building that made it suitable for its purpose. [MER]

(i) The Serapeum:(ii) • There was an outdoor triclinium with a permanent masonry couch. This permitted Hadrian to dine in a relaxed setting with his guests.

• The dining room looked out onto the long shallow pool of the Canopus, surrounded by statuary, providing an imposing vista.

• Fountains were installed, fed by an aqueduct, to provide the relaxing sound of trickling water and a cool atmosphere.

• The surface of the walls of the dining area was covered in blue and green glass mosaics to create a tranquil grotto-like atmosphere.

• The design, echoing the temple of Serapis in Canopus, Egypt allowed Hadrian to extend his architectural homage to places that he had visited and had an emotional attachment to.

• sit in the cool and eat/relax.(Other examples possible.)

(6) Explain THREE design and / or constructional features of the part of Hadrian’s Villa shown that are typically Roman. Provide specific examples to illustrate your answer. Do not repeat information used elsewhere. [MER]

Roman design and / or constructional features:• the semi-circular curved walls • the half dome roof of the Serapeum• the barrel-vaulted corridor, built into the hillside that led into the Serapeum from the opposite side• the arches joining together columns that surround the pool• the aqueduct supplying water that fed the fountains set in niches in the Serapeum • Brick-faced concrete + example(Other points are possible.)

(8) look up the plan of the Maritime Theatre, Hadrian’s private retreat at his Tivoli palace. How successful has the architect of the Maritime Theatre been in designing a private retreat that would appeal to the emperor? In your answer you must analyse in detail FOUR features of this complex, including discussion of BOTH the provision of privacy and the emperor’s personal tastes. [EXC]

• The villa was self-contained and set on a small artificial island that could only be reached by two drawbridges. Privacy• It was closed off from other buildings and very private because of the moat that surrounded it and its high circular wall. Privacy• The building had many of the Greek features that appealed to Hadrian, such as the Ionic columns of the annular passageway around the moat. Emperor’s tastes• The overall emphasis on curved lines and circular structure was also to Hadrian’s taste – the suite of rooms formed a circle OR the walls facing into the peristyle courtyard were all convex. Emperor’s tastes• Although closed off and enclosed, a claustrophobic atmosphere was avoided. Open air areas – such as the central peristyle, the convex columnar screen walls looking onto the peristyle, and the vestibule – allowed air to circulate and let in light. Privacy and/or Emperor’s tastes• Hadrian’s interest in water features was catered for: in addition to the moat, there was a fountain set in the centre of the peristyle that could be seen from anywhere in the island villa. Emperor’s tastes• The villa contained luxurious facilities, such as the bathing complex, with its plunge pool. Emperor’s tastes• There was a unique private imperial triclinium, with a special niche for the emperor’s couch, looking out towards the garden, where Hadrian might escape the pressures of being emperor. Privacy and Emperor’s tastes(Other points are possible.)