1

The appendices below provide a number of additional sources that complement the readings and topics covered in PIA 3303. Collectively, while they do not constitute an official “reading list” for the Security and Intelligence Studies comprehensive exam at GSPIA, familiarity with many or most of these arguments is expected and can only serve to improve your chances of doing well on the exam. The readings listed are arranged in descending chronological order rather than by alphabetical or some subjective assessment of their relative worth. As such, it is possible to see how the literatures covered in the appendices developed over time.

Appendix I: Additional Literature on Covered Topics

Week 1: Introduction to Security/Levels of Analysis

Introduction to Security: Barry Buzan and Lene Hansen, The Evolution of International Security Studies (New

York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), remainder. Matt McDonald, “Securitization and the Construction of Security,” European Journal of

International Relations 14, no. 4 (December, 2008), 563-587. Karin M. Fierke, Critical Approaches to International Security (Malden, MA: Polity

Press, 2007). Steve Smith, “The Contested Concept of Security,” in Ken Booth, ed., Critical Security

Studies and World Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005): 27-62. Jutta Weldes et al., “Introduction: Constructing Insecurity,” in Jutta Weldes et al., eds.,

Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999): 1-25.

Barry Buzan et al., Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998).

Keith Krause and Michael Williams, eds., Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).

Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).

J. Ann Tickner, “Re-visioning Security,” in Ken Booth and Steve Smith, eds., International Relations Theory Today (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 1995).

David A. Baldwin, “Security Studies and the End of the Cold War,” World Politics 48, no. 1 (October, 1995): 117-141.

Emma Rothschild, “What is Security?” Daedalus 124, no. 3 (Summer, 1995): 53-98. Edward Kolodziej, “Renaissance in Security Studies? Caveat Lector!” International

Studies Quarterly 36, no. 4 (December, 1992): 421-438. Stephen M. Walt, “The Renaissance of Security Studies,” International Studies Quarterly

35, no. 2 (June, 1991): 211-239. Daniel Deudney, “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National

Security,” Millennium 19, no. 3 (Winter, 1990), 461-476.

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Week 2: Realism and Its Critics/Balance of Power

Realism and Its Critics: Charles L. Glaser, Rational Theory of International Politics (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 2010). João Resende-Santos, Neorealism, States, and the Modern Mass Army (New York:

Cambridge University Press, 2007). Alexander Cooley, Logics of Hierarchy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005). Mike Brown, et al, eds., Offense Defense and War (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004). John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton, 2001):

remainder. John Duffield, Richard Price, and Theo Farrell, “Correspondence—Isms and Schisms:

Culturalism versus Realism in Security Studies” International Security 24, no. 1 (Summer, 1999): 156-180.

Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). Ted Hopf, “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory,”

International Security 23, no. 1 (Summer, 1998): 171-200. Michael C. Desch, “Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security

Studies,” International Security 23, no. 1 (Summer, 1998): 141-170. Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York: Norton, 1997). Robert Jervis, System Effects (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). João Resende-Santos, “Anarchy and the Emulation of Military Systems: Military

Organization and Technology in South America, 1870-1930,” Security Studies 5, no. 3 (1996): 193-260.

Randall L. Schweller, “Neorealism's Status-Quo Bias: What Security Dilemma?” Security Studies 5, no. 3 (Spring, 1996): 90-121.

Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society, 2nd ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1977]).

David Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).

Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).

Robert Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).

A. F. K. Organski, and Jacek Kugler, The War Ledger (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).

Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw Hill, 1979): remainder.

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (New York: Penguin, 1972).

Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, trans. and ed. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971).

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Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948): remainder.

E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1939). Balance of Power:

Paul MacDonald and Joseph Parent, “Graceful Decline?” International Security 35, no. 4 (Spring, 2011): 7-44.

Randall Schweller, Unanswered Threats (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). R. Harrison Wagner, “Peace, War, and the Balance of Power,” American Political

Science Review 88, no. 3 (September, 1994): 593-607. James Fearon, “Signaling versus the Balance of Power and Interests,” Journal of Conflict

Resolution 38, no. 2 (June, 1994): 236-269. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence, 2nd ed. (Glenview: Scott,

Foresman and Co., 1989 [1979]). Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House,

1987). Dina A. Zinnes, “An Analytical Study of the Balance of Power Theories,” Journal of

Peace Research 4, no. 3 (September, 1967): 270-288. Karl Deutsch and J. David Singer, “Multipolar Power Systems and International

Stability,” World Politics 16, no. 3 (April, 1964): 390-406. Edward Vose Gulick, Europe’s Classical Balance of Power (New York: Norton, 1955). Ernst Haas, “The Balance of Power: Prescription, Concept, or Propaganda,” World

Politics 5, no. 4 (July, 1953): 442-477. Week 3: Causes (and Termination) of War

Patrick Porter, “A Matter of Choice: Strategy and Discretion in the Shadow of World War II,” Journal of Strategic Studies 35, no. 3 (June, 2012): 317-343.

Marco Nilsson, “Offense-Defense Balance, War Duration, and the Security Dilemma,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 3 (May, 2012): 467-489.

John Stoessinger, Why Nations Go to War, 11th ed. (Boston: Wadsworth, 2011). Dominic Tierney, “Does Chain-Ganging Cause the Outbreak of War?” International

Studies Quarterly 55, no. 2 (June, 2011): 285-304. Ned Lebow, Why Nations Fight (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). Jack Levy and William Thompson, Causes of War (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell,

2010). Dan Reiter, How Wars End (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). Norrin Ripsman and Jack Levy, “The Preventive War that Never Happened: Britain,

France, and the Rise of Germany in the 1930s,” Security Studies 16, no. 1 (March, 2007): 32-67.

Andrew Kydd, Trust and Mistrust in International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).

D. Scott Bennett and Allan Stam, The Behavioral Origins of War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004).

Michael Brown, et al, eds., Offense, Defense, and War (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004).

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Ron Hassner, “To Halve and to Hold: Conflicts over Sacred Space and the Problem of Indivisibility,” Security Studies 12, no. 4 (December, 2003): 2-33.

Dale Copeland, The Origins of Major War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000). Hein Goemans, War and Punishment: War Termination and the First World War

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). Stephen Van Evera, Causes of War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999): remainder. Charles Glaser and Chaim Kaufmann, “What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can

We Measure It?” International Security 22, no. 4 (Spring, 1998): 44-82. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New

York: Simon and Schuster, 1996). Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (London: Pluto Press,

1996). Sean Lynn-Jones, “Offense-Defense Theory and Its Critics,” Security Studies 4, no. 4

(Summer, 1995): 660-691. T.V. Paul, Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers (New York:

Cambridge University Press, 1994). Randall Schweller, “Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In,”

International Security 19, no. 1 (Summer, 1994): 72-107. Jack Levy, “The Diversionary Theory of War: A Critique,” in Handbook of War Studies,

ed. Manus Midlarsky (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989): 259-288. Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars

(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Jeffry L. Hughes, “The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure

and German Expansionism,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (Spring, 1988), 851-891.

Scott Sagan, “The Origins of the Pacific War,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (Spring, 1988), 893-922.

Charles Tilly, “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Bringing the State Back In, eds. Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

Jack Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision-Making and the Disasters of 1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984).

Bruce Beuno de Mesquita, The War Trap (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981). Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (New York: Cambridge University

Press, 1981). A.F.K. Organski and Jacek Kugler, The War Ledger (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 1980). George Quester, Offense and Defense in the International System (New York: John

Wiley, 1977). Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1977). Quincy Wright, A Study of War, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967

[1942]).

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Week 4: War and Coercion

Patrick Morgan, “The State of Deterrence in International Politics Today,” Contemporary Security Policy 33, no. 1 (April, 2012): 85-107.

Antoine Henri de Jomini, The Art of War, trans. G.H. Mendell and W.P. Craighill (Rockville: Arc Manor, 2007 [1836]).

Rupert Smith, Gen., The Utility of Force (New York: Knopf, 2007). Azar Gat, War in Human Civilization (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). Stephen Peter Rosen, War and Human Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

2005). Daniel Byman and Matthew Waxman, The Dynamics of Coercion (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2002). Richard Betts, “The Trouble with Strategy: Bridging Policy and Operations,” Joint

Forces Quarterly 29 (Autumn/Winter, 2001/2002): 23-30. Michael Handel, Masters of War, 3rd ed. (London: Cass, 2001). Edward Luttwak, Strategy, rev. and enl. ed. (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard

University Press, 2001 [1987]). Kenneth Schultz, Democracy and Coercive Diplomacy (New York: Cambridge

University Press, 2001). Richard Betts, “Is Strategy an Illusion?” International Security 25, no. 2 (Fall, 2000): 5-

50. Larry Addington, The Patterns of War since the 18th Century, 2nd ed. (Bloomington:

Indiana University Press, 1994 [1984]). Roger Beaumont, War, Chaos, and History (Westport: Praeger, 1994). B.H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Meridian, 1991 [1954]). Martin Van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991). Carl Builder, The Masks of War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989). Paul Fussell, Wartime (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). John Keegan, The Face of Battle (New York: Penguin, 1978). Glenn Snyder and Paul Diesing, Conflict Among Nations (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1977). Michael Howard, War in European History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976). Russell Weigley, The American Way of War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,

1973). Sun Tzu, The Art of War, trans. Samuel Griffith (New York: Oxford University Press,

1971). Glenn Snyder, “Deterrence by Denial and Punishment,” Research Monograph, Woodrow

Wilson School, Princeton University, 1959. Henry Guerlac, “Vauban: The Impact of Science on War,” in Makers of Modern Strategy,

ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 26-48. Crane Brinton, Gordon Craig, and Felix Gilbert, “Jomini,” in Makers of Modern Strategy,

ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 77-92. H. Rothfels, “Clausewitz,” in Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Edward Mead Earle

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 93-115.

6

Edward Mead Earle, “Adam Smith, Alexander Hamilton, Friedrich List: The Economic Foundations of Military Power,” in Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 117-154.

Week 5: Democracies at War

Alexander Downes and Jonathan Monten, “Forced to Be Free? Why Foreign-Imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization,” International Security 37, no. 4 (Spring, 2013): 90-131.

Jack Snyder and Erica Borghard, “The Cost of Empty Threats: A Penny, Not a Pound,” American Political Science Review 105, no. 3 (August, 2011): 437-456.

Sarah Croco, “The Decider’s Dilemma: Leader Culpability, War Outcomes, and Domestic Punishment,” American Political Science Review 105, no. 3 (August, 2011): 457-477.

Joanne Gowa, “The Democratic Peace After the Cold War,” Economics & Politics 23, no. 2 (July, 2011): 153-171.

Benjamin Valentino, Paul Huth, and Sarah Croco, “Bear Any Burden? How Democracies Minimize the Costs of War,” Journal of Politics 72, no. 3 (April, 2010): 528-544.

Jonathan Caverley, “The Myth of Military Myopia: Democracy, Small Wars, and Vietnam,” International Security 34, no. 3 (Winter, 2009/2010): 119-157.

Jessica Weeks, “Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve,” International Organization 62, no. 1 (Winter, 2008): 35-64.

Charles Kupchan, “Minor League, Major Problems: The Case Against the League of Democracies,” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 6 (November-December, 2008): 96-109.

Nigel Lo, Barry Hashimoto, and Dan Reiter, “Ensuring Peace: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Post-War Peace Duration, 1914-2001,” International Organization 62, no. 4 (Fall, 2008): 717-736.

Mehmet Gurses and T. David Mason, “Democracy Out of Anarchy: The Prospects for Post-Civil-War Democracy,” Social Science Quarterly 89, no. 2 (June, 2008): 315-336.

Deborah Avant, “Political Institutions and Military Effectiveness: Contemporary United States and United Kingdom,” from R. Brooks and E. Stanley, Creating Military Power: The Sources of Military Effectiveness (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007): 80-105.

Alexander Downes, “Restraint or Propellant? Democracy and Civilian Fatalities in Interstate Wars,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51, no. 6 (December, 2007): 872-904.

Jeffrey Pickering and Mark Peceny, “Forging Democracy at Gunpoint,” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 3 (September, 2006): 539-559.

Christopher Coyne, “Reconstructing Weak and Failed States: Foreign Intervention and the Nirvana Fallacy,” Foreign Policy Analysis 2, no. 4 (Summer, 2006): 343-360.

Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and George Downs, “Intervention and Democracy,” International Organization 60, no. 3 (Summer, 2006): 627-649.

Benjamin Valentino, Paul Huth, and Sarah Croco, “Covenants without the Sword: International Law and the Protection of Civilians in Times of War,” World Politics 58, no. 3 (April, 2006): 339-377.

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Alexander Downes, “Desperate Times, Desperate Measures: The Causes of Civilian Victimization in War,” International Security 30, no. 4 (Spring, 2006): 152-195.

Douglas Gibler and Scott Wolford, “Alliances, then Democracy: An Examination of the Relationship between Regime Type and Alliance Formation,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, no. 1 (February, 2006): 129-153.

A.E. Sartori, Deterrence by Diplomacy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). Peter Feaver and Christopher Gelpi: Casualty Sensitivity and Civil-Military Relations, in

Choosing Your Battles: American Civil-Military Relations and the Use of Force, Feaver and Gelpi, eds., (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 95-148.

Ajin Choi, “Democratic Synergy and Victory in War, 1816-1992,” International Studies Quarterly 48, no. 3 (September, 2004): 663-682.

Benjamin Valentino, Paul Huth, and Dylan Balch-Lindsay, “‘Draining the Sea’: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare,” International Organization 58, no. 2 (Spring, 2004): 375-407.

Gil Merom, How Democracies Lose Small Wars (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

Brett Ashley Leeds, “Alliance Reliability in Times of War: Explaining State Decisions to Violate Treaties,” International Organization 57, no. 4 (Autumn, 2003): 801-827.

David Lake, “Fair Fights? Evaluating Theories of Democracy and Victory,” International Security 28, no. 1 (Summer, 2003): 154-167.

Dan Reiter and Allan Stam, “Understanding Victory: Why Political Institutions Matter,” International Security 28, no. 1 (Summer, 2003): 168-179.

Michael Desch, “Democracy and Victory: Fair Fights or Food Fights?” International Security 28, no. 1 (Summer, 2003): 180-194.

Dan Reiter and Allan Stam, “Identifying the Culprit: Democracy, Dictatorship, and Dispute Initiation,” American Political Science Review 97, no. 2 (May, 2003): 333-337.

Dan Reiter and Allan Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002): remainder.

Michael Desch, “Democracy and Victory: Why Regime Type Hardly Matters,” International Security 27, no. 2 (Fall, 2002): 5-47.

Bruce Russett and John R. Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: Norton, 2001).

Brian Lai and Dan Reiter, “Democracy, Political Similarity, and International Alliances, 1816-1992,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44, no. 2 (April, 2000): 203-227.

Dan Reiter and Curtis Meek, “Determinants of Military Strategy, 1903-1994: A Quantitative Empirical Test,” International Studies Quarterly 43, no. 2 (June, 1999): 363-387.

Bruce Jentleson and Rebecca Britton, “Still Pretty Prudent: Post-Cold War Public Opinion and the Use of Force,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, no. 4 (August, 1998): 395-417.

James Meernik, “United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy,” Journal of Peace Research 33, no. 4 (November, 1996): 391-402.

R.J. Rummel, Democracy, Power, Genocide, and Mass Murder,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 39, no. 1 (March, 1995): 3-26.

8

John Owen, “How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace,” International Security 19, no. 2 (Fall, 1994): 87-125.

Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

Christopher Layne: “Kant or Can’t: The Myth of the Democratic Peace,” International Security 19, no. 2 (Autumn, 1992): 5-49.

Michael Doyle, “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part II,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12, no. 4 (Autumn, 1983): 323-353.

Michael Doyle, “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part I,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12, no. 3 (Summer, 1983): 205-235.

John Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973). Week 6: Nuclear Weapons

Avery Goldstein, “First Things First: The Pressing Danger of Crisis Instability in US-China Relations,” International Security 37, no. 4 (Spring, 2013):49-89.

Matthew Kroenig, “Nuclear Superiority and the Balance of Resolve: Explaining Nuclear Crisis Outcomes,” International Organization 67, no. 1 (Winter, 2013): 141-171.

Matthew Fuhrmann and Todd Sechser, “Crisis Bargaining and Nuclear Blackmail,” International Organization 67, no. 1 (Winter, 2013): 173-195.

* Also see the Kroenig, Fuhrmann and Sechser debate at the Duck of Minerva blog. The original post and prior pieces can be found on the final page, available: http://www.whiteoliphaunt.com/duckofminerva/2013/03/debating-the-benefits-of-nuclear-superiority-part-iii.html.

Matthew Fuhrmann and Jeffrey D. Berejikian, “Disaggregating Noncompliance: Abstention versus Predation in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 3 (May, 2012): 355-381.

John Mueller, Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).

T. V. Paul, Patrick M. Morgan, James J. Wirtz, eds., Complex Deterrence: Strategy in the Global Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

Kier Lieber and Daryl Press, “The Nukes We Need,” Foreign Affairs 88, no. 6 (November/December, 2009): 39-51.

Matthew Fuhrmann, “Spreading Temptation: Proliferation and Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Agreements,” International Security 34, no. 1 (Summer, 2009): 7-41.

Matthew Kroenig, “Exporting the Bomb: Why States Provide Sensitive Nuclear Assistance,” American Political Science Review 103, no. 1 (February, 2009): 113-133.

Pavel Podvig, “The Window of Vulnerability that Wasn’t: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s – A Research Note,” International Security 33, no. 1 (Summer, 2008): 118-138.

Jeffrey Lantis, Tom Sauer, and James Wirtz; Keir Lieber and Daryl Press, "Correspondence: The Short Shadow of U.S. Primacy?" International Security 31, no. 3 (Winter, 2006/07): 174-193.

9

Keir Lieber and Daryl Press, "The End of MAD? The Nuclear Dimension of U.S. Primacy." International Security 30, no. 4 (Spring 2006): 7-44.

Charles L. Glaser and Steve Fetter, “Counterforce Revisited: Assessing the Nuclear Posture Review’s New Missions,” International Security 30, no. 2 (Fall, 2005), 84-126.

Alexander H. Montgomery, “Ringing in Proliferation: How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb Network,” International Security 30, no. 2 (Fall, 2005), 153-187.

Lynn Eden, Whole World on Fire (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004). Lawrence Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, 3rd ed. (New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2003). Robert Powell, “Nuclear Deterrence Theory, Nuclear Proliferation, and National Missile

Defense,” International Security 27, no. 4 (Spring, 2003): 86-118. James M. Lindsay and Michael E. O’Hanlon, “Missile Defense after the ABM Treaty,”

The Washington Quarterly 25, no. 3 (Summer, 2002): 163-176. Barry Posen, “U.S. Security Policy in a Nuclear-Armed World; Or: What if Iraq had had

Nuclear Weapons?” Security Studies 6, no. 3 (Spring, 1997): 1-31. Scott Sagan, “The Perils of Proliferation: Organization Theory, Deterrence Theory, and

the Spread of Nuclear Weapons,” International Security 18, no. 4 (Spring, 1994): 66-107.

Bruce G. Blair, The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1993).

Scott Sagan, The Limits of Safety (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). Richard Smoke, National Security and the Nuclear Dilemma, 3rd ed. (Boston: McGraw-

Hill, 1993). Peter Feaver, Guarding the Guardians: Civilian Control of Nuclear Weapons in the

United States (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992). Fred Kaplan, Wizards of Armageddon (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991). Barry Posen, Inadvertent Escalation: Conventional War and Nuclear Risks (Ithaca:

Cornell University Press, 1991). Robert Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of

Armageddon (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989). Scott Sagan, Moving Targets: Nuclear Strategy and National Security (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1989). Kurt Gottfried and Bruce G. Blair Crisis Stability and Nuclear War (New York: Oxford

University Press, 1988). Robert Jervis, “The Political Effects of Nuclear Weapons: A Comment,” International

Security 13, no. 2 (Fall, 1988): 80-90. Bruce Blair, Strategic Command and Control (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution,

1985). Robert Jervis, The Illogic of American Nuclear Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell University

Press, 1984). Herman Kahn, Thinking about the Unthinkable in the 1980s (New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1984). David Alan Rosenberg, “The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American

Strategy, 1945-1960,” International Security 7, no. 4 (Spring, 1983): 3-71.

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“PD 59: Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy,” July 25, 1980. Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pd/index.html.

Brodie, Bernard. “On the Objectives of Arms Control,” International Security 1, no. 1 (Summer, 1976): 17-36.

Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War, 2nd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1969). Robert Gilpin, American Scientists & Nuclear Weapons Policy (Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1962). Warner Schilling, Paul Hammond, and Glenn Snyder, Strategy, Politics, and Defense

Budgets (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962). Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

1959). Henry Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Council on

Foreign Relations, 1957). “NSC-68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security,” April 14, 1950.

Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-68.htm Week 7: Conventional Warfare

Jeff Carter, Michael Bernhard, and Glenn Palmer, “Social Revolution, the State, and War: How Revolutions Affect War-making Capacity and Interstate War Outcomes,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 3 (May, 2012): 439-466.

Scott L. Althaus, Brittany H. Bramlett, and James G. Gimpel, “When War Hits Home: The Geography of Miltiary Losses and Support for War in Time and Space,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 3 (May, 2012): 382-412.

Michael Horowitz, Erin Simpson, and Allan Stam, “Domestic Institutions and Wartime Casualties, International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 4 (December, 2011): 909-936.

Lars-Erik Cederman, T. Camber Warren, and Didier Sornette, “Testing Clausewitz: Nationalism, Mass Mobilization, and the Severity of War,” International Organization 65, no. 4 (Fall, 2011): 605-638.

Michael Horowitz, The Diffusion of Military Power (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).

Patrick Porter, Military Orientalism (London: Hurst and Company, 2009). Martin Van Creveld, The Culture of War (New York: Ballatine, 2008). All essays in Risa Brooks and Elizabeth Stanley, eds., Creating Military Power

(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007). Stephen Biddle, “Speed Kills: Reevaluating the Role of Speed, Precision, and Situation

Awareness in the Fall of Saddam,” Journal of Strategic Studies 30, no. 1 (February, 2007): 3-46.

Theo Farrell, The Norms of War: Cultural Beliefs and Modern Conflict (Boulder: Lynne Reiner, 2005).

Stephen Biddle, Military Power (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004): remainder.

Tami Davis Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).

11

Theo Farrell and Terry Terriff, eds., The Sources of Military Change (Boulder: Lynne Reiner, 2002).

Kenneth Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948-1991 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002).

Stephen Biddle, Afghanistan and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army Policy and Defense Policy (Carlisle Barracks: US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2002).

Stephen Biddle, “Rebuilding the Foundations of Offense-Defense Theory,” Journal of Politics 63, no. 3 (August, 2001): 741-774.

Scott Snook, Friendly Fire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). Stephen Biddle, “The Past as Prologue: Assessing Theories of Future Warfare,” Security

Studies 8, no. 1 (Autumn, 1998): 1-74. Scott Sigmund Gartner, Strategic Assessment in War (New Haven: Yale University Press,

1997). Elizabeth Kier, Imagining War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). Robert Pape, Bombing to Win (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996).

Critique and Response: Barry Watts, “Ignoring Reality: Problems of Theory and Evidence in Security

Studies,” Security Studies 7, no. 2 (Winter, 1997/1998): 115-171. Robert Pape, “The Air Force Strikes Back,” Security Studies 7, no. 2 (Winter,

1997/1998): 191-214. Stephen Peter Rosen, Societies and Military Power (Ithaca: Cornell University Press,

1996). Stephen Biddle and Robert Zirckle, “Technology, Civil-Military Relations, and Warfare

in the Developing World,” Journal of Strategic Studies 19, no. 2 (June, 1996): 171-212.

Kimberly Martin Zisk, Engaging the Enemy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

Alan Beyerchen, “Clausewitz, Nonlinearity, and the Unpredictability of War,” International Security 17, no. 3 (Winter 1992/1993): 59-90.

Christopher Bellamy, The Evolution of Modern Land Warfare: Theory and Practice (London: Routledge, 1990).

John Mearsheimer, “Assessing the Conventional Balance: The 3:1 Rule and Its Critics,” International Security 13, no. 4 (Spring, 1989): 54-89.

Joshua Epstein, “The 3:1 Rule, the Adaptive Dynamic Model, and the Future of Security Studies,” International Security13, no. 4 (Spring, 1989): 90-127.

Trevor Dupuy, Col., Understanding War (New York: Paragon House, 1987). John Lepingwell, “The Laws of Combat? Lanchester Reexamined,” International

Security 12, no. 1 (Summer, 1987): 89-134. Wayne Hughes, Jr., Fleet Tactics (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986). Joshua Epstein, The Calculus of Conventional War: Dynamic Analysis without

Lanchester Theory (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1985). Martin Van Creveld, Command in War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985). Barry Posen, The Sources of Military Doctrine (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984). John Mearsheimer, Conventional Deterrence (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983). Martin van Creveld, Fighting Power (Westport: Greenwood, 1982).

12

Trevor Dupuy, Col., Numbers, Predictions, and War (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1979). Martin van Creveld, Supplying War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). Daniel Horowitz, “Flexible Responsiveness and Military Strategy,” Policy Sciences 1, no.

2 (Summer, 1970): 191-205. Bernard Brodie, A Guide to Naval Strategy, 5th ed. (Westport: Praeger, 1965). Klaus Knorr, The War Potential of Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956). Bernard Brodie, Seapower in the Machine Age 2nd ed. (Westport: Greenwood, 1943). Margaret Tuttle Sprout, “Mahan: Evangelist of Sea Power,” in Makers of Modern

Strategy, ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 415-445.

Theodore Ropp, “Continental Doctrines of Sea Power,” in Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 446-456.

Alexander Kiralfy, “Japanese Naval Strategy,” in Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 457-484.

Edward Warner, “Douhet, Mitchell, Seversky: Theories of Air Warfare,” in Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 485-503.

Week 8: Insurgency and Counterinsurgency

Stephen Biddle, Jeffrey Friedman, and Jacob Shapiro, “Testing the Surge: Why Did Violence Decline in Iraq in 2007?” International Security 37, no. 1 (Summer, 2012): 7-40. John Hagan, Joshua Kaiser, and Anna Hanson; Jon Lindsay and Austin Long;

Stephen Biddle, Jeffrey Friedman, and Jacob Shapiro, “Correspondence: Assessing the Synergy Thesis in Iraq,” International Security 37, no. 4 (Spring, 2013): 173-198.

Austin Long, “H-Diplo|ISSF Article Review, 2013:4,” H-Diplo Online, 10 April 2013; available at: http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/ISSF/PDF/ISSF-AR21.pdf.

Paul Staniland, “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Insurgent Fratricide, Ethnic Defection, and the Rise of Pro-State Paramilitaries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56, no. 1 (February, 2012): 16-40.

Douglas Ollivant, “Countering the New Orthodoxy: Reinterpreting Counterinsurgency in Iraq,” (New America Foundation: National Security Studies Program Policy Paper, June 2011). Available at: http://www.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica. net/files/policydocs/Ollivant_Reinterpreting_Counterinsurgency_0.pdf.

Jonathan D. Caverley, “Explaining U.S. Military Strategy in Vietnam,” International Security 35, no. 3 (Winter, 2010/2011): 124-143.

Theo Farrell, “Improving in War: Military Adaptation and the British in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 2006-2009,” Journal of Strategic Studies 33, no. 4 (August, 2010): 567-594.

Michael Burgoyne and Albert Marckwardt, The Defense of Jisr al-Doreaa, with E.D. Swinton’s Defense of Duffer’s Drift (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerrilla (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009). Jason Lyall, “Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from

Chechnya,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 3 (June, 2009): 331-362.

13

Abdulkader Sinno, Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008).

Collected Essays in Lloyd Gardner and Marilyn Young, eds., Iraq and the Lessons of Vietnam (New York: New Press, 2007).

Kelly Greenhill and Paul Staniland, “Ten Ways to Lose at Counterinsurgency,” Civil Wars 9, no. 4 (December, 2007): 402-419.

David Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (Westport: Praeger, 2006 [1964]).

David Galula, Pacification in Algeria: 1956-1958 (Santa Monica: RAND, 2006 [1963]). Headquarters, Department of the Army, FM 3-24: Counterinsurgency (Washington, DC:

Department of the Army, 2006): remainder. Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3-24.pdf.

Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace (New York: New York Review Books, 2006 [1977]).

David Kilcullen, ‘’Counter-Insurgency Redux,’’ Survival 48, no. 4 (December, 2006): 111-130.

David Kilcullen, “’Twenty-Eight Articles:' Fundamentals of Company-level Counterinsurgency,” Military Review (Summer, 2006): 103-108.

David Kilcullen, “Countering Global Insurgency,” The Journal of Strategic Studies 28:4 (August, 2005): 597-617.

Thomas Hammes, Col., The Sling and the Stone (St. Paul: Zenith, 2004). Gil Merom, How Democracies Lose Small Wars, Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 2003. John Nagl, Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Vietnam

and Malaya (Westport: Praeger, 2002). T.E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (New York: Anchor, 1991 [1926]). Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991). John Shy and Thomas Collier, “Revolutionary War,” in Makers of Modern Strategy, ed.

Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986): 815-862. Roger Trinquier, Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency (Fort

Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute, 1985). Harry Summers, On Strategy (New York: Presidio, 1982). Robert Taber, War of the Flea (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1965). Samuel Huntington, “Patterns of Violence in World Politics,” in Changing Patterns of

Military Politics, ed. Samuel Huntington (Glencoe: Free Press, 1962): 17-50. Mao Zedong, Mao-Tse-tung on Guerrilla Warfare, Samuel Griffith, trans. (Westport:

Praeger, 1961). Sigmund Neumann, “Engels and Marx: Military Concepts of the Social Revolutionaries,”

in Makers of Modern Strategy, ed. Edward Mead Earle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943): 155-171.

US Marine Corps, Small Wars Manual (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1940).

C.E. Callwell, Small Wars (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996 [1906]).

Week 9: Terrorism

14

Randy Borum, “Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science

Theories,” Journal of Strategic Security 4, no. 4 (Winter, 2011): 7-36. Risa Brooks, “Muslim ‘Homegrown’ Terrorism in the United States: How Serious is the

Threat?” International Security 36, no. 2 (Fall, 2011): 7-47. Efraim Benmelech, Claude Berrebi, and Esteban Klor, “The Economic Cost of Harboring

Terrorism,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54, no. 2 (May, 2010): 331-353. Patrick Brandt and Todd Sandler, “What do Transnational Terrorists Target? Has It

Changed? Are We Safer?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54, no. 2 (April, 2010): 214-236.

Michael Kenney, “Beyond the Internet: Metis, Techne, and Limitations of Online Artifacts for Islamist Terrorists,” Terrorism and Political Violence 22, no. 2 (April, 2010): 177-197.

M. Najeeb Shafiq and Abdulkader Sinno, “Education, Income, and Support for Suicide Bombing: Evidence from Six Muslim Countries,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 54, no. 1 (February, 2010): 146-178.

Erica Chenoweth, “Democratic Competition and Terrorist Activity,” Journal of Politics 72, no. 1 (January, 2010): 16-30.

David Schanzer, Charles Jurzman, and Ebrahim Moosa, “Anti-Terror Lessons of Muslim-Americans,” Final Report Submitted to the National Institute of Justice (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, January, 2010). Available at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/229868.pdf.

John Horgan, Walking Away from Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement from radical and Extremist Movements (London: Routledge, 2009).

Jacob Shapiro and C. Christine Fair, “Understanding Support for Islamist Militancy in Pakistan,” International Security 34, no. 3 (Winter 2009/2010): 79-118.

Jenna Jordan, “When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation,” Security Studies 18, no. 4 (October, 2009): 719-755.

Arjun Chowdhury and Ronald Krebs, “Making and Mobilizing Moderates: Rhetorical Strategy, Political Networks, and Counterterrorism,” Security Studies 18, no. 3 (July, 2009): 371-399.

Claude Berrabi and Esteban Klor, “Are Voters Sensitive to Terrorism? Direct Evidence from the Israeli Electorate,” American Political Science Review 102, no. 3 (September, 2008): 279-301.

Donatella della Porta, “Research on Social Movements and Political Violence,” Qualitative Sociology 31, no. 3 (Fall, 2008): 221-230.

Richard Jackson, “The Ghosts of State Terror: Knowledge, Politics, and Terrorism Studies,” Critical Studies on Terrorism 1, no. 3 (September, 2008): 377-392.

James Piazza, “Incubators of Terror? Do Failed and Failing States Promote Transnational Terrorism,” International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 3 (September, 2008): 469-488.

Max Abrahms, “What Terrorists Really Want: Motives and Counterterrorist Strategy,” International Security 32, no. 4 (Spring, 2008): 78-105.

Cynthia Lum, Leslie Kennedy, and Alison Sherley, “Is Counter-Terrorism Policy Evidence-Based? What Works, What Harms, and What is Unknown,” Psicothema 20, no. 1 (January, 2008): 35-42.

15

Talal Asa, On Suicide Bombing (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). Ethan Bueno de Mesquita, “Politics and the Suboptimal Provision of Counterterror,”

International Organization 61, no. 1 (Winter, 2007): 9-36. Efraim Benmelech and Claude Berrebi, “Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide

Bombers,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 3 (Summer, 2007): 223-238. Robert Powell, “Defending Against Terrorist Attacks with Limited Resources,” American

Political Science Review 101, no. 3 (September, 2008): 527-541. Ethan Bueno de Mesquita and Eric Dickson, “The Propaganda of the Deed: Terrorism,

Counterterrorism, and Mobilization,” American Journal of Political Science 51, no. 2 (April, 2007): 364-381.

Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, rev. and ex. Ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006): remainder.

Ian Lustick, Trapped in the War on Terror (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).

John Mueller, Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate National Security Threats, and Why We Believe Them (New York: Free Press, 2006).

Graham Allison, Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe (New York: Henry Holt, 2005).

Mia Bloom, Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror (New York: Columbia Press, 2005).

Daniel Byman, Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), remainder.

Robert Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Random House, 2005).

Quintan Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).

Ethan Bueno de Mesquita, “Conciliation, Counterterrorism, and Patterns of Terrorist Violence,” International Organization 59, no. 1 (Winter, 2005): 145-176.

Philip Cerny, “Terrorism and the New Security Dilemma,” Naval War College Review 58, no. 1 (Winter, 2005): 11-33.

Kathleen Blee, “Women and Organized Racial Terrorism in the United States,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 28, no. 5 (September, 2005): 421-433.

Fathali Moghaddam, “The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration,” American Psychologist 60, no. 2 (February-March, 2005): 161-169.

Jeff Victoroff, “The Mind of the Terrorist: A Review and Critique of Psychological Approaches,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 1 (February, 2005): 3-42.

Michael Bhatia, “Fighting Words: Naming Terrorists, Bandits, Rebels and Other Violent Actors,” Third World Quarterly 26, no. 1 (January, 2005): 5-22.

The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: Norton, 2004). Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of

Pennsylvania Press, 2004). Collected essays in Russell Howard and Reid Sawyer, eds., Terrorism and

Counterterrorism: Understanding the New Security Environment (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004).

Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).

16

Gordon McCormick, “Terrorist Decision Making,” Annual Review of Political Science 6 (2003): 473-507.

Peter Katzenstein, “Same War – Different Views: Germany, Japan, and Counterterrorism,” International Organization 57, no. 4 (Fall, 2003): 731-760.

Alan Krueger and Jitka Maleckova, “Education, Poverty, and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 4 (Autumn, 2003): 119-144.

Michael Mousseau, “Market Civilization and Its Clash with Terror,” International Security 27, no. 3 (Winter, 2002/2003): 5-29.

Paul Pillar, Terrorism and US Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001).

Jessica Stern, The Ultimate Terrorists (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999). Richard Falkenrath, Robert Newman, and Bradley Thayer, America’s Achilles’ Heel:

Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Terrorism and Covert Attack (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998).

Collected Essays in Martha Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism in Context (State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995).

Donatella della Porta, Social Movements, Political Violence and the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

Ehud Sprinzak, “The Psychopolitical Formation of Extreme Left Terrorism in a Democracy: The Case of the Weathermen,” in Walter Reich, ed., Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center press, 1990): 65-85.

Week 10: Violent Non-State Actors

Kimberley Zisk Marten, Warlords: Strong-Arm Brokers in Weak States (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012).

Essays in Klejda Mulaj, ed., Violent Non-State Actors in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).

Louise Shelley, Chris Corpora and John Picarelli, "Global Crime, Inc," in Beyond Sovereignty: Issues for a Global Agenda, 4th ed., Maryann E. Cusimano-Love, ed., (Boston: Wadsworth, 2010): 143-166.

Michael Kenney, From Pablo to Osama: Trafficking and Terrorist Networks, Government Bureaucracies and Competitive Adaptation (State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007).

Louise Shelley, “Trafficking in Nuclear Materials: Criminals and Terrorists,” Global Crime7, nos. 3-4 (August-November 2006): 544-560.

Louise Shelley, "The Unholy Trinity: Transnational Crime, Corruption and Terrorism,” Brown Journal of International Affairs 11, no. 2 (Winter/Spring 2005): 101-111.

Leonard Wantchekon, "The Paradox of "Warlord" Democracy: A Theoretical Investigation." American Political Science Review 98, no. 1 (February, 2004): 17-33.

Stergios Skarpedas, "Warlord Competition." Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 4 (July, 2002): 435-46.

17

Troy Thomas and Stephen Kiser. Lords of the Silk Route: Violent Non-State Actors in Central Asia. INSS Occasional Paper #43. Colorado Springs, CO: Institute for National Security Studies, U.S. Air Force Academy, May 2002. Available at: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usafa/ocp43.pdf.

Alice Hills, "Warlords, Militia and Conflict in Contemporary Africa: A Re-examination of Terms." Small Wars and Insurgencies 8, no. 1 (Spring, 1997): 35-51.

Susan Strange, Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of the Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. chapters 1-5, 8.

Louise Shelley, “Transnational Organized Crime: An Imminent Threat to the Nation State?” Journal of International Affairs 45, no. 2 (Winter, 1995): 463-489.

Week 11: Civil War

Theoretical Issues: Christopher Blattman and Edward Miguel, “Civil War.” Journal of Economic Literature

48, no. 1 (March, 2010): 3-57. Jason Lyall, “Are Co-Ethnics More Effective Counter-Insurgents? Evidence from the

Second Chechen War.” American Political Science Review 104, no. 1 (February, 2010): 1-20.

Matthew Kocher and Stathis Kalyvas, “The Dynamics of Violence in Vietnam: An Analysis of the Hamlet Evaluation System (HES),” Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 3 (May, 2009): 335-355.

Virginia Page Fortna, Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents’ Choices after Civil War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).

Henry Hale, The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

Jeremy Weinstein, Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007): remainder.

Scott Straus, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006).

Barbara Walter, “Information, Uncertainty, and the Decision to Secede,” International Organization 60, no. 1 (Winter, 2006): 105-135.

Macartan Humphreys and Jeremy Weinstein, “Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War,” American Political Science Review 100, no. 3 (August, 2006): 429-447.

Barbara Walter, “Building Reputation: Why Governments Fight Some Separatists But Not Others,” American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2 (April, 2006): 313-330.

Jean-Paul Azam, “On Thugs and Heroes: Why Warlords Victimize Their Own Civilians,” Economics and Governance 7, no. 1 (February, 2006): 53-73.

Paul Collier and Nicholas Sambanis, Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis (Africa) (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2005).

Jeremy Weinstein, “Resources and the Information Problem in Rebel Recruitment,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 4 (August, 2005): 598-624.

Jose Montalvo and Marta Reynal-Querol, “Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars,” American Economic Review 95, no. 3 (June, 2005): 796-816.

18

V.P. Gagnon, The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).

Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder: Westview, 2004).

Stathis Kalyvas, “Warfare in Civil Wars,” in Rethinking the Nature of War, Isabelle Duyvesteyn and Jan Angstrom, eds. (Abingdon: Frank Cass, 2004): 88-108.

Edward Miguel, Shanker Satyanath, and Ernest Sergenti, “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach,” Journal of Political Economy 112, no. 4 (August, 2004): 725-753.

Nicholas Sambanis, “Using Case Studies to Expand Economic Models of Civil War” Perspectives on Politics 2, no. 2 (June, 2004): 259-279.

Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernen, eds., The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

Monica Duffy Toft, The Geography of Ethnic Violence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).

Elisabeth Jean Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

Donald Green and Rachel Seher, “What Role Does Prejudice Play in Ethnic Conflict?” Annual Review of Political Science 6 (2003): 509-531.

Andrew Kydd, “Which Side Are You On? Bias, Credibility, and Mediation,” American Journal of Political Science 47, no. 4 (October, 2003): 597-611.

Barbara Harff, “No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1945,” American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (February, 2003): 57-73.

James Fearon and David Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (February, 2003): 75-90.

Roger Petersen, Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

Andrew Kydd and Barbara Walter, “Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence,” International Organization 56, no. 2 (Spring, 2002): 263-296.

Scott Gates, “Recruitment and Allegiance: the Microfoundations of Rebellion,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46, no. 1 (February, 2002): 111-130.

Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

Roger Petersen, Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Charles King, “The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia’s Unrecognized States,” World Politics 53, no. 4 (July, 2001): 534-552.

Nicholas Sambanis, “Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45, no 3 (June, 2001): 259-282.

Alexander Downes, “The Holy Land Divided: Defending Partition as a Solution to Ethnic Wars,” Security Studies 10, no. 4 (Summer, 2001): 58-116.

Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,” Policy Research Working Paper 2355, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000. Available at: http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/12055/1/2002-01text.pdf.

19

Michael Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis,” American Political Science Review 94, no. 4 (December, 2000): 779-802.

James Fearon and David Laitin, “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity,” International Organization 54, no. 4 (Autumn, 2000): 845-887.

Steven Levitt and Sudhir Venkatesh, “An Economic Analysis of a Drug-Selling Gang’s Finances,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115, no. 3 (August, 2000): 755-789.

Nicholas Sambanis, “Partition as a Solution to Ethnic War: An Empirical Critique of the Theoretical Literature,” World Politics 52, no. 4 (July, 2000): 437-83.

Mart Bax, “Warlords, Priests and the Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: A Case Study from Rural Bosnia Hercegovina,” Ethnic & Racial Studies 23, no. 1 (January, 2000): 16-36.

Christopher Clapham, ed. African Guerrillas (Oxford: James Currey, 1998). Rogers Brubaker and David Laitin, “Ethnic and Nationalist Violence,” Annual Review of

Sociology 24 (1998): 423-452. Daniel Treisman, “Russia’s ‘Ethnic Revival’: The Separatist Activism of Regional

Leaders in a Postcommunist Order,” World Politics 49, no. 2 (January, 1998): 212-249.

Douglas Dion, “Competition and Ethnic Conflict: Artifactual?” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. 5 (October, 1997): 638-648.

Barbara Walter, “The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement,” International Organization 51, no. 3 (Summer, 1997): 335-364.

David Lake and Donald Rothchild, “Containing Fear: The Origins and Management of Ethnic Conflict,” International Security 21, no. 2 (Autumn, 1996): 41-75.

Chaim Kaufmann, “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic War,” International Security 20, no. 4 (Summer, 1996): 136-175.

Chaim Kaufmann, “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars,” International Security 20, no. 4 (Summer, 1996): 136-175.

Russell Hardin, One for All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

Marwan Khawaja, “Resource Mobilization, Hardship, and Popular Collective Action in the West Bank,” Social Forces 73, no 1 (September, 1994): 191-220.

Mark Lichbach, “What Makes Rational Peasants Revolutionary: Dilemma, Paradox, and Irony in Peasant Rebellion,” World Politics 46, no. 3 (April, 1994): 383-418.

Timur Kuran, “Sparks and Prairie Fires: A Theory of Unanticipated Political Revolution,” Public Choice 61, no.1 (1989): 41-74.

J.L.P. Thompson, “Deprivation and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1922-1985: A Time-Series Analysis,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 33, no. 4 (December, 1989): 676-699.

Michael Taylor, ed., Rationality and Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971). Cases: Stephen Biddle, Jeffrey A. Friedman, and Stephen Long, “Civil War Intervention and the

Problem of Iraq,” International Studies Quarterly 56, no. 1 (March, 2012): 85-98.

20

Karen Ballentine and Michael Nest, The Democratic Republic of Congo: Economic Dimensions of War and Peace (Boulder: Lynne Reinner Press, 2005).

David Keen, Conflict and Collusion in Sierra Leone (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).

John Clark, ed. The African Stakes of the Congo War (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).

Elisabeth Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

David Elliott, The Vietnamese War: Revolution and Social Change in the Mekong Delta, 1930-1975 (London: M.E. Sharpe, 2003).

Douglas Hamilton Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003).

Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History (London: Zed Books, 2002).

Tony Hodges, Angola from Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001).

Jok Madut Jok, War and Slavery in Sudan (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).

Cynthia McClintock, Revolutionary Movements in Latin America: El Salvador’s FMLN and Peru’s Shining Path (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998).

Paul Richards, Fighting the Rainforest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Leone (Portsmouth: Heinemann, 1996).

William Minter, Apartheid’s Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of the War in Angola and Mozambique (London: Zed Books, 1994).

Jeffrey Race, War Comes to Long An: Revolutionary Conflict in a Vietnamese Province (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).

Week 12: Human Security

Gareth Evans and Ramesh Thakur; Robert Pape, “correspondence: Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect,” International Security 37, no. 4 (Spring, 2013): 199-214.

Christie Ryerson, “Critical Voices and Human Security: To Endure, To Engage or To Critique?” Security Dialogue 41, no. 2 (April, 2010): 169-190.

Edward Newman, “Critical Human Security Studies,” Review of International Studies 36, no. 1 (January, 2010): 77-94.

Alexander Downes, Targeting Civilians in War, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008). Hugo Slim, Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War, (New York:

Columbia University Press, 2008). Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell (New York: Perennial, 2007 [2002]). Human Security Centre, Human Security Report 2005 (Vancouver: Human Security

Report Project, 2005), esp. 100-116. Available at: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?id=13773&lng=en.

21

David Edelstein, “Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail,” International Security 29, no. 1 (Summer, 2004): 49-91.

Michael Williams, “Words, Images, and Enemies: Securitization and International Politics,” International Studies Quarterly 47, no. 4, (December, 2003): 511-531.

Nicholas Thomas and William Tow, “The Utility of Human Security: Sovereignty and Humanitarian Intervention,” Security Dialogue 33, no. 2 (June, 2002): 177-192.

Barry Posen, “Military Responses to Refugee Disasters,” International Security 21, no. 1 (Summer, 1996): 72-111.

Berry Buzan: People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (new York: Harvewter-Wheatsheaf, 1991).

Jessica Tuchman Mathews, “Redefining Security,” Foreign Affairs 68, no. 2 (Spring 1989): 162-177.

Week 13: Security Institutions

Charles A. Kupchan, How Enemies Become Friends: The Sources of Stable Peace (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).

Jeremy Pressman, Warring Friends: Alliance Restraint in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008).

Vincent Pouliot, “The Logic of Practicality: A Theory of Practice of Security Communities,” International Organization 62, no. 2 (Spring, 2008): 257-288.

Alastair Iain Johnston, Social States: China in International Institutions, 1980-2000 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).

Dan Lindley, Promoting Peace with Information: Transparency as a Tool of Security Regimes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).

Alexander Thompson, “Coercion through IOs: The Security Council and the Logic of Information Transmission,” International Organization 60, no. 1 (Winter, 2006): 1-34.

Carol Atkinson, “Constructivist Implications of Material Power: Military Engagement and the Socialization of States, 1972-2000,” International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 3 (September, 2006): 509-537.

Alexandra Gheciu, “Security Institutions as Agents of Socialization? NATO and the ‘New Europe’” International Organization 59, no. 4 (Fall, 2005): 973-1012.

Ian Hurd, “The Strategic Use of Liberal Internationalism: Libya and the UN Sanctions, 1992–2003,” International Organization 59, no. 3 (Summer, 2005): 495-526.

Erik Voeten, “The Political Origins of the UN Security Council's Ability to Legitimize the Use of Force,” International Organization 59, no. 3 (Summer, 2005): 527-557.

Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, Rules for the World International Organizations in Global Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004).

G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

Dan Reiter, "Why NATO Enlargement Does Not Spread Democracy," International Security 25, no. 4 (Spring, 2001): 41-67.

22

James Morrow, “Alliances: Why Write Them Down?” Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 63-83.

Helga Haftendorn, Robert Keohane, and Celeste Wallander, eds., Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

Ronald Krebs, “Perverse Institutionalism: NATO and the Greco-Turkish Conflict,” International Organization 53, no. 2 (Spring, 1999): 343-378.

William Kaempfer and Anton Lowenberg, “Unilateral versus Multilateral International Sanctions: A Public Choice Perspective,” International Studies Quarterly 43, no. 1 (March, 1999): 37-58.

Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, eds., Security Communities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).

Bruce Russett, John Oneal, and David Davis, “The Third Leg of the Kantian Tripod for Peace: International Organizations and Militarized Disputes, 1950-1985,” International Organization 52, no. 3 (Summer, 1998): 441-467.

George Downs, David Rocke, and Peter Barsoom, “Managing the Evolution of Multilateralism,” American Political Science Review 52, no. 2 (Spring, 1998): 397-419.

Glenn Snyder, Alliance Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997). Michael Barnett, “Identity and Alliances in the Middle East,” in The Culture of National

Security, ed. Peter Katzenstein (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996): 400-447.

John S. Duffield, Power Rules: The Evolution of NATO’s Conventional Force Posture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995).

Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

Edward Mansfield, “International Institutions and Economic Sanctions,” World Politics 47, no. 4 (July, 1995): 575-605.

George Downs, ed. Collective Security beyond the Cold War (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).

James Morrow, “Alliances, Credibility, and Peacetime Costs,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 38, no. 2 (June, 1994): 270-297.

Lisa Martin, “Credibility, Costs, and Institutions: Cooperation on Economic Sanctions,” World Politics 45, no. 3 (April, 1993): 406-432.

James Morrow, “Arms Versus Allies: Trade-Offs in the Search for Security,” International Organization 47, no. 2 (Spring, 1993): 207-233.

Richard Betts, “Systems for Peace or Causes of War? Collective Security, Arms Control, and the New Europe,” International Security 17, no. 1 (Summer, 1992): 5-44.

Michael Barnett and Jack Levy, “Domestic Sources of Alliances and Alignments: The Case of Egypt, 1962-1973,” International Organization 45, no. 3 (Summer, 1991): 369-395.

Charles Kupchan and Clifford A. Kupchan, “Concerts, Collective Security, and the Future of Europe,” International Security 16, no.1 (Summer, 1991): 114-161.

Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).

23

Kenneth Oye, ed. Cooperation Under Anarchy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).

Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984). Paul Schroeder, “Alliances, 1815-1945: Weapons of Power and Tools of Management,”

in Historical Dimensions of National Security Problems, ed. Klaus Knorr (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976): 227-262.

Inis Claude, Swords Into Plowshares (New York: Random House, 1964 [1956]). Inis Claude, Power and International Relations (New York: Random House, 1962).

Week 14: Foreign Policy Decision Making

Jonathan Mercer, “Emotion and Strategy in the Korean War,” International Organization 67, no. 2 (April, 2013): 221-252.

Matthew Baum and Tim Groeling, “Reality Asserts Itself: Public Opinion on Iraq and the Elasticity of Reality,” International Organization 64, no. 3 (Summer, 2010): 443-479.

Adam Berinsky, In Time of War: Understanding American Public Opinion from World War II to Iraq (University of Chicago Press, 2009).

Matthew Baum and Tim Groeling, War Stories: The Causes and Consequences of Public Views of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).

Jane Cramer and Trevor Thrall, eds., American Foreign Policy and the Politics of Fear: Threat Inflation Since 9/11 (New York: Routledge, 2009).

Peter Feaver, Christopher Gelpi, and Jason Reifler, Paying the Human Costs of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).

Scott Sigmund Gartner, “The Multiple Effects of Casualties on Public Support for War: An Experimental Approach,” American Political Science Review 102, no. 1 (February, 2008): 95-106.

William Howell and Jon Pevehouse, While Dangers Gather: Congressional Checks on Presidential War Powers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).

Dominic Johnson and Dominic Tierney, Failing to Win: Perceptions of Victory and Defeat in International Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006).

Erik Voeten and Paul Brewer, “Public Opinion, the War in Iraq and Presidential Accountability,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, no. 6 (December, 2006): 809–30.

Andrew Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).

Daryl Press, Calculating Credibility (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005). Philip Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). David Welch, Painful Choices (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). Richard Eichenberg, “Victory has Many Friends: U.S. Public Opinion and the Use of

Military Force, 1981–2005,” International Security 30, no. 1 (Summer, 2005): 140–77.

Ronald Krebs, “Selling the Market Short? The Marketplace of Ideas and the Iraq War.” International Security 29, no. 4 (Spring, 2005): 196-202.

24

Steve Yetiv, Explaining Foreign Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004).

Chaim Kaufmann, “Threat Inflation and the Failure of the Marketplace of Ideas: The Selling of the Iraq War,” International Security 29, no. 1 (Summer, 2004): 5-48.

Matthew Baum, Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).

John Steinbruner, The Cybernetic Theory of Decision, 2nd ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002 [1974]).

Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, Essence of Decision, 2nd ed. (New York: Longman, 1999).

Kurt Dassel and Eric Reinhardt, “Domestic Strife and the Initiation of Violence at Home and Abroad,” American Journal of Political Science 43, no. 1 (January, 1999): 56-85.

Christopher Gelpi, “Democratic Diversions: Governmental Structure and the Externalization of Domestic Conflict,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. 2 (April, 1997): 255-282.

Peter Gourevitch, “Squaring the Circle: The Domestic Sources of International Relations,” International Organization 50, no. 2 (Spring, 1996): 349-73.

Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994). David Welch, “The Organizational and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms: Retrospect And Prospect,” International Security 17, no. 2 (Autumn, 1992): 112-146. Jonathan Bendor and Thomas Hammond, “Rethinking Allison’s Models,” American

Political Science Review 86, no. 2 (June 1992): 301-322. Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca:

Cornell University Press, 1991). Jack Levy, “Organizational Routines and the Causes of War,” International Studies

Quarterly 30, no. 2 (June, 1986): 193-222. John Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion (Wiley, 1973). Robert Art, “Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique,” Policy

Sciences 4, no. 4 (December, 1973): 467-90. Stephen Krasner, “Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland),” Foreign

Policy no. 7 (Summer, 1972): 159-179. Kenneth Waltz, Foreign Policy and Democratic Politics (Boston: Little, Brown and

Company, 1967). Samuel Huntington, The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics

(New York: Columbia University Press, 1961). Grand Strategy: Dominic Tierney, How We Fight: Crusades, Quagmires, and the American Way of War

(New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2010). Kevin Narizny, The Political Economy of Grand Strategy (Ithaca: Cornell University

Press, 2007). Thomas P.M. Barnett, The Pentagon’s New Map (New York: Berkeley Books, 2004). Robert Art, A Grand Strategy for America (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003). Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power (New York: Knopf, 2003).

25

Collected Essays in G. John Ikenberry, ed., America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).

Barry Posen and Andrew Ross, “Competing Visions of US Grand Strategy,” International Security 21, no. 3 (Winter, 1996/1997): 5-53.

Eric Nordlinger, Isolationism Reconfigured (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

Richard Neustadt and Ernest May, Thinking In Time: The Uses of History for Decision-Makers (New York: The Free Press, 1986).

John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

Appendix II: Other Topics to Cover

The US National Security Apparatus

General: Collected Essays in Roger George and Harvey Rishikof, eds., The National Security

Enterprise (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2011). Amos Jordan, et al., eds. American National Security 6th ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

University Press, 2009): esp. Chapters 4-10. Collected Essays in Harvy Sapolsky, Eugene Gholz, and Caitlin Talmadge, US Defense

Politics: The Origins of Security Policy (New York: Routledge, 2009). Sam Sarkesian, John Williams, and Stephen Cimbala, US National Security 4th ed.

(Boulder: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 2008). Karlene H. Roberts, Suzanne K. Stout and Jennifer J. Halpern, “Decision Dynamics in

Two High Reliability Military Organizations,” Management Science 40, no. 5 (May, 1994): 614-624.

James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy (New York: Basic Books, 1991). Bob Woodward, Obama’s Wars (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010). Bob Woodward, The War Within (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008). Bob Woodward, State of Denial (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007). Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004). Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002). Civil-Military Relations: Risa Brooks, Shaping Strategy: The Civil-Military Politics of Strategic Assessment

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008). Peter Feaver, Armed Servants: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations

(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005). Peter D. Feaver and Christopher Gelpi, Choosing Your Battles: American Civil-Military

Relations and the Use of Force (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). Eliot Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime (New

York: Anchor, 2003). Dana Priest, The Mission (New York: Norton, 2003). Peter Feaver and Richard Kohn, eds., Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-Military Gap and

American National Security (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001).

26

Michael Desch, Civilian Control of the Military (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).

Peter D. Feaver, “Civil-Military Relations,” Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 211-241.

H.R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty (New York: HarperPerennial, 1997). Richard Betts, Soldiers, Statesmen, and Cold War Crises (New York: Columbia

University Press, 1991). Eliot Cohen, Citizens and Soldiers (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985). Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier (New York: Free Press, 1960). Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,

1957).

Budgeting for Security

Gordon Adams and Cindy Williams, Buying National Security (New York: Routledge, 2010).

Michael O’Hanlon, Budgeting for Hard Power (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009).

Todd Harrison’s writings on the U.S. defense budget: http://www.csbaonline.org/about/ people/tharrison/.

Intelligence Studies

Loch Johnson and James Wirtz, Intelligence: The Secret World of Spies, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).

Paul Pillar, Intelligence and US Foreign Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).

Robert Jervis, Why Intelligence Fails (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010). John Diamond, The CIA and the Culture of Failure: U.S. Intelligence from the End of the

Cold War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008). Mark Lowenthal, Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: CQ

Press, 2008). Richard Betts, Enemies of Intelligence: Knowledge & Power in American National

Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). Or Honig, “Surprise Attacks – Are They Inevitable? Moving Beyond the Orthodox-

Revisionist Dichotomy,” Security Studies 17, no. 1 (March, 2008): 72-106. David Barrett, The CIA and Congress (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005). John Hedley, “Learning from Intelligence Failures,” International Journal of Intelligence

and Counterintelligence 18, no. 3 (Fall, 2005): 435-450. Dennis Gormley, “The Limits of Intelligence: Iraq’s Lessons,” Survival 46, no 3 (Fall-

Spring, 2004): 7-28. The 9/11 Commission Report (New York: Norton, 2004). John Keegan, Intelligence in War (New York: Knopf, 2003).

27

Woodrow Kuhns, “Intelligence Failures; Forecasting and the Lessons of Epistemology,” in Paradoxes of Strategic Intelligence, eds. Richard Betts and Thomas Mahnken (London: Frank Cass, 2003): 80-100.

Jack Davis, “Tensions in Analyst-Policymaker Relations: Opinions, Facts, and Evidence,” Kent Center Occasional Papers 2, no. 2 (January, 2003). Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/kent-center-occasional-papers/vol2no2.htm.

Collected Articles in H. Bradford Westerfield, Inside the CIA’s Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency’s Internal Journal, 1955-1992 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).

Thomas F. Troy, “The ‘Correct’ Definition of Intelligence,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 5, no. 4 (Winter, 1991/1992): 433-454.

Winn Taplin, “Six Principles of Intelligence,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 3, no. 4 (Winter, 1989): 475-491.

Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (New York: Harper and Row, 1983). Richard Betts, Surprise Attack (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1982). Richard Betts, “Surprise Despite Warning: Why Sudden Attacks Succeed,” Political

Science Quarterly 95, no. 4 (Winter, 1980/1981): 551-572. Shlomo Gazit, “Estimates and Fortune-Telling in Intelligence Work,” International

Security 4, no. 4 (Spring, 1980): 36-56. Richard Betts, “Analysis, War and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures are Inevitable,”

World Politics 31, no. 1 (October, 1978): 61-89.

Energy, the Environment and Disease

Joshua Busby, Todd smith, Kaiba White, and Shawn Strange, “Climate Change and Insecurity: Mapping Vulnerability in Africa,” International Security 37, no. 4 (Spring, 2013): 132-172.

Nils Petter Gleditsch, ed., Conflict and the Environment (Norwall: Kluwer, 2011). William Fallon and Helene Gayle, A Healthier, Safer, and More Prosperous World,

Report of the CSIS Commission on Global Health Policy (March, 2010). 23 Available at: http://csis.org/publication/report-csis-commission-smart-global-health-policy.

Michael Levi, “Energy Security: An Agenda for Research,” Working Paper, Council on Foreign Relations, 2010.

Jane McAdam, ed., Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (Portland: Hart, 2010).

Keith Crane, et al., Imported Oil and U.S. National Security (Santa Monica: RAND, 2009).

Simon Dalby, Security and Environmental Change (Malden: Polity Press, 2009). Michael Klare, Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: The New Geopolitics of Energy (New

York: Henry Holt, 2009). Sarah Ladislaw, et al., A Roadmap for a Secure, Low-Carbon energy Economy:

Balancing Energy Security and Climate Change (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009).

28

Richard Matthew, et al., eds., Global Environmental Change and Human Security (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009).

Halvard Buhaug, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Ole Magnus Theisen, Implications of Climate Change for Armed Conflict (Washington, DC: Social Development, The World Bank, 2008).

Colin Kahl, States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).

Andrew Price-Smith, Contagion and Chaos: Disease, Ecology, and National Security in the Era of Globalization (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008).

Alison Bashford, ed., Medicine at the Border: Disease, Globalization, and Security, 1850 to the Present (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).

Bruce Beaubouef, The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: U.S. Energy Security and Oil Politics, 1975-2005 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007).

CNA Corporation, “National Security and the Threat of Climate Change,” (Alexandria: CNA Corporation, 2007): 6-18, 37-48.

Eugene Gholz and Daryl Press, “Energy Alarmism: The Myths that Make Americans Worry about Oil,” Policy Analysis 589 (April 5, 2007).

Robert Ostergard, HIV/AIDS and the Threat to National and International Security (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2007).

Daniel Yergin, “Ensuring Energy Security,” Foreign Affairs 85, no. 2 (March/April, 2006): 69-82.

Roger Stern, “Oil Market Power and United States National Security,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 5 (January, 2006): 1650-1655.

Melinda Moore and Gary Cecchine, Infectious Disease and National Security: Strategic Information Needs (Santa Monica: RAND, 2006).

Peter Chalk and Jennifer Bower, The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security Policy and Public Health Policy (Santa Monica: RAND, 2003).

Michael Klare, Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict (New York: Henry Holt, 2002).

P.W. Singer, “AIDS and International Security,” Survival 44, no. 1 (Spring, 2002): 145-158.

Thomas Homer-Dixon, Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).

Paul Diehl and Nils Petter Gleditsch, Environmental Conflict: An Anthology (Boulder: Westview, 2000).

Thomas Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt, Ecoviolence: The Links between Environment, Population, and Security (New York: Rowman Littlefield, 1998).

Technological Change, Cyber and Space Warfare

Adam Liff, “Cyberwar: A New ‘Absolute Weapon’? The Proliferation of Cyberwarare Capabilities and Interstate War,” Journal of Strategic Studies 35, no. 4 (July-August, 2012).

Joseph Nye, The Future of Power (Philadelphia: PublicAffairs, 2011).

29

Charli Carpenter and Lina Shaikhouni, “Don’t Fear the Reaper: Four Misconceptions About How We Think About Drones,” ForeignPolicy.com (June 7, 2011). Available at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/07/dont_fear_the_reaper.

Richard Clarke, Cyber War (New York: Harper-Collins, 2010). P.W. Singer, Wired for War (New York: Penguin, 2010). Dennis Gormley, Missile Contagion (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2008). Eric Sterner, “Beyond the Stalemate in the Space Commons,” in Contested Commons:

the Future of American Power in a Multipolar World, Abraham Denmark and James Mulvenon, eds. (Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security, 2010): 107-137. Available at: http://www.cnas.org/node/4012.

Joseph Nye, Jr., Cyber Power, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, May, 2010. Available at: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/cyber-power.pdf.

Stephen Biddle, “Speed kills? Reassessing the Role of Speed, Precision, and Situation Awareness in the Fall of Saddam,” Journal of Strategic Studies 30, no. 1 (February, 2007): 3-46.

Colin Gray, Another Bloody Century (London: Phoenix, 2006). Terry Pierce, Warfighting and Disruptive Technologies (London: Frank Cass, 2004). Elliot Cohen, “Change and Transformation in Military Affairs,” Journal of Strategic

Studies 27, no. 3 (September, 2004): 395-407. Barry Posen, “Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of US Hegemony,”

International Security 28, no. 1 (Summer, 2003): 5-46. David A. Deptula, Effects-Based Operations: Change in the Nature of Warfare

(Arlington: Aerospace Education Foundation, 2001). Michael O’Hanlon, Technological Change and the Future of Warfare (Washington, DC:

Brookings Institution, 2000). Arthur Cebrowski and John Garstka, “Network-Centric Warfare,” US Naval Institute

Proceedings 124, no. 1 (January 1998): 28-35. Andrew Krepinevich, “Cavalry to Computer: The Pattern of Military Revolutions,”

National Interest 37 (Fall, 1994): 30-42. Stephen Peter Rosen, Winning the Next War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991). Harvey Sapolsky, Science and the Navy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since

A.D. 1000 (University of Chicago Press, 1982). Richard Betts, Cruise Missiles and US Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1982). Richard Betts, ed. Cruise Missiles: Technology, Strategy, Politics (Washington, DC:

Brookings Institution, 1981). Dennis Showalter, Railroads and Rifles: Soldiers, Technology, and the Unification of

Germany (North Haven, CT: Archon Books, 1975).

Strategic Choice

30

Collected Essays in Michael Brown, Owen Cote, Sean Lynn-Jones, and Steve Miller, Rational Choice and Security Studies: Stephen Walt and His Critics (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000).

David A. Lake and Robert Powell, eds. Strategic Choice and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).

Counter Arguments to Strategic Choice Robert Jervis, System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1997). James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press,

1990).