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TAXONOMY OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS
Nimrat Randhawa, Jiwan Bhandari, Manju Palathingal
October 27,2015
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CONTENTS● History of mobile applications
● Types of mobile applications
● Taxonomy of mobile applications
● Candidate dimension of mobile application
taxonomy
● Categorization of sample mobile applications
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What is Mobile Application?
•A mobile application, most commonly referred to as an app, is a type of application software designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet computer.
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History of Mobile applications
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It all Started..
Computers in 1950s
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Then..
Desktops
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Then...
Laptops
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And Now
Smart Devices
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Remember The Brick?
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
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Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
It was the first commercially available cell phone.
First marketed in 1983.
Retailed for $3,995, plus hefty monthly service fee and per-minute charges.
It made calls and there was a simple contacts application included in the operating system.
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The First Apps
•Manufacturers didn’t want to expose the secrets of their handsets
•So they developed the phone software in-house.
•Developers who weren’t part of this inner circle had no opportunity to write applications for the phones.
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The First Apps..
•It was during this period the first “time-waster” games begin to appear.
•Snake, Pong, Tetris, and Tic-Tac-Toe, etc.
•These early phones changed the way people thought about communication.
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The First Apps...
•As Customers began pushing for more features and more games.
•What better way to provide these services than the Internet?
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The Problem
•By the late 90s, professional Web sites were full color and loaded with text, images, and other types of media.
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The Problem..
•Early phones had very small monochrome low-res screens, limited storage and processing power.
•They couldn’t handle the data-intensive operations required by traditional Web browsers.
•Even data transmission was costly to the user.
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The Solution
• WAP - Wireless Application Protocol.
• A stripped-down version of HTTP, which is the basic protocol of World Wide Web.
• WAP browsers were designed to run within the memory and bandwidth constraints of the phone.
• Third-party WAP sites served up pages written in a markup language called Wireless Markup Language (WML).
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WAP
• Handset manufacturers could write one WAP browser to ship with the handset and rely on developers to come up with the content users wanted.
• Mobile operators could provide a custom WAP portal directing their subscribers to the content they wanted to provide, and wallow in the high data charges associated with browsing.
• Users were happy as they could customize their phones for first time.
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Problems With WAP
• WAP browsers were slow and frustrating.• Typing in long URLs with the numeric keypad
was a tremendous pain.• Most WAP sites were one version and did not
account for individual phone specifications.• The developer couldn’t tailor the user’s
experience. The result was a mediocre and not very compelling experience for everyone involved.
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The Transition
• Memory was getting cheaper and batteries were getting better.
• The traditional desktop application developer was suddenly involved in the embedded device market, especially with Smartphone technologies like Windows Mobile, which they found familiar.
• Handset manufacturers realized that if they wanted to continue to sell their products, they needed to change their protectionist policies regarding handset design and expose their internal workings to some extent.
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Transition...
• A variety of different proprietary platforms
emerged and developers are still actively
creating applications for them.
• One of the first was the Palm OS (now Garnet
OS) and RIM Blackberry OS.
• Sun Microsystems popular Java platform became
Java Micro Edition (Java ME).
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• Symbian OS was developed by Nokia and
became very popular.
• The Apple iPhone iOS joined the ranks in 2007
and redefined the mobile application
parameters.
• Google’s Android came along a year later and
possess good share of mobile application
market.
Transition...
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Types of Mobile Apps
•Native Apps
•Web Apps
•Hybrid Apps
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Native Apps
•Developed for use on a particular platform or device.
•E.g: Messages, Notes, etc.
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•Advantages:
–Possess user rich interface and high graphics.
–Possess full access to the device.
•Disadvantages:
–Large development time and cost.
–Need good maintenance
–No portability
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Web Apps
•Apps stored on remote server and delivered over internet through a browser.
•E.g: Social Networking sites, Instant Messengers, etc.
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•Advantages:
–Offer fast development.
–Easy maintenance.
–Full application portability.
•Disadvantages:
–Can’t handle heavy graphics.
–Can’t have full access to the device
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Hybrid App
•Those apps which need internet to function.
•E.g: Health app in iOS, various games, etc
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•Advantages:
–Possess development speed of mobile web apps
–Also possess app store distribution of native apps
•Disadvantages:
–Can’t handle heavy graphics.
–Requires familiarity with a mobile framework
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TAXONOMY OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS
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This taxonomy is based on the following paper:
Towards a Taxonomy of Mobile Applications [1]
Written by:
Robert Nickerson (San Francisco State University)
Upkar Varshney (Georgia State University)
Jan Muntermann (J.W. Goethe-University Frankfurt)
Henri Isaac Paris (Dauphine University)
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Proposed taxonomy
• Dimensions based on interaction between user
and the mobile applications
• Characteristics of categories within each
dimension
- Collectively exhaustive
- Mutually exclusive
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Characteristics of taxonomy
Concise
Extendible
Inclusive
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CANDIDATE DIMENSION OF
MOBILE APPLICATION TAXONOMY
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Temporal Dimension
• Based on real time or non-real time interaction of users
Categories
• Synchronous: user and application interact in real time
• Asynchronous: user and application interact in non-real time
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Communication Dimension
• Based on which way information
flows between the user and the application.
Categories
• Informational: Information flows only from
the mobile application to the user
- uni-directional information flow to the
user
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• Reporting: Information flows only from the user
to the mobile application
- uni-directional flow from the user
• Interactional: Information flows in both
directions between the user and the mobile
application
- bi-directional flow between user and
application
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Transaction dimension
• Based on presence or absence
of financial transaction
Categories
• Transactional: user can purchase goods or
services through the application
• Non-transactional: user cannot purchase goods
and services through the application
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Public dimension
• Based on availability of mobile applications
Categories
• Public: application can be used by any user
• Private: application can only be used by a pre-
selected group of users.
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Multiplicity(or participation) dimension
• Based on number of users using the application
simultaneously
Categories
• Individual: one user
• Group: multiple users
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Location Dimension
• Deals with whether the location
of the user is used to modify the application.
Categories
• Location-based: mobile application uses the
user’s location
• Non-location-based: mobile application does
not use the user’s location
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Identity Dimension
• Based on whether the identity of the
user is used to modify the application
Categories
• Identity-based: mobile application uses the
user’s identity
• Non-identity-based: mobile application does
not use the user’s identity
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Categorization of Sample Mobile Applications [1]:
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Mobile Voice Communications (Skype)
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Interactional
Transaction : Transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Non - location based
Identity : Identity based
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Location Based Contents and Services : (Yelp)
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Informational
Transaction : Non-transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Location based
Identity : Identity based
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Mobile inventory management: (mSupply)
Temporal : Asynchronous
Communication : Interactional
Transaction : Non-transactional
Access : private
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Non location based
Identity : Identity based
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Mobile games: (Wizard war)
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Interactional
Transaction : Non-transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Group
Location : Non-location based
Identity : Identity based
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Financial services (mobile banking) BOA App
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Interactional
Transaction : Transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Non-location based
Identity : Identity based
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Mobile entertainment services (NETFLIX)(stored contents, contents-on-demand, live events):
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Interactional
Transaction : Transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Location based
Identity : Identity based
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Mobile product recommendation systems (Amazon mobile app.)
Temporal : Asynchronous
Communication : Informational
Transaction : Transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Non-location based
Identity : Identity based
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Mobile Social Networking (Instagram)
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Interactional
Transaction : Non-transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Location based
Identity : Identity based
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Navigation: (Google maps)
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Informational
Transaction : Non-transactional
Access : Public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Location based
Identity : Non-Identity based
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Mobile Telemedicine (Doctor on Demand)
Temporal : Synchronous
Communication : Interactional
Transaction : Transactional
Access : public
Multiplicity : Individual
Location : Location based
Identity : Identity based
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Questions ??
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References:
[1] Nickerson, Robert; Varshney, Upkar; Muntermann, Jan; and Isaac, Henri, "Towards a Taxonomy of Mobile Applications" (2007). AMCIS 2007 Proceedings. Paper 338.http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2007/338