1 Taxonomy and Introduction to Common Species Bob Doneley … · 2020. 1. 5. · Leopard gecko...

Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice, First Edition. Edited by Bob Doneley, Deborah Monks, Robert Johnson and Brendan Carmel. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Chapter No.: 1 Title Name: Doneley 0003177513.INDDComp. by: R. RAMESH Date: 07 Nov 2017 Time: 03:16:44 PM Stage: Printer WorkFlow:CSW Page Number: 1

1

Taxonomy

Class Reptilia is one of the largest groups of vertebrates, with over 10,000 species. It is also the oldest, evolving some 310–320 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. They share several common charac-teristics: all are covered with scales or scutes and are ectothermic. Most lay amniotic eggs (oviparity), although some are live bearers (viviparity, including ovovivaparity). They may be carnivorous, omnivorous or herbivorous.

Class Reptilia is made up of four orders: Squamata, Testudines, Crocodilia and Rhynchocephalia (Table 1.1). Each order is further divided into sub‐orders, families, genera and species.

Squamata

Squamates are characterized by their scaled skin, which is shed periodically (ecdysis), and a moveable quadrate bone that allows the maxilla to open wide relative to the rest of the skull. The order is divided into three sub‐orders: Lacertilia (the lizards), Serpentes (the snakes) and Amphisbaenia (the worm lizards), although some classifications place Amphisbaenia within Lacertilia.

Lacertilia has five infraorders based mainly on morphological similarities between family groups. These are the Diploglossa (including the glass lizards and the American legless

lizards), Gekkota (the geckos, the blind lizards and the legless lizards), Iguania (including the agamids, chameleons, iguanas, anoles, collared lizards and the neotropical ground lizards), Platynota (varanids and Gila monsters) and Scincomorpha (including skinks, tegus, plated lizards and spiny‐tail lizards). Most are omniv-orous or carnivorous. They are primarily ovip-arous, although some are ovoviviparous.

Serpentes has two infraorders: Alethinophidia (including the boas, pythons, vipers, elapids, colubrids, file snakes and rattle snakes) and Scolecophidia (the blind snakes). All snakes are carnivorous. Most are oviparous, although some are ovoviviparous.

Amphisbaenia has five families found in the northern hemisphere, Africa and South America. They are largely legless squamates with rudimentary eyes capable of only detect-ing light (two species have rudimentary fore-limbs). Their skin is loosely attached to the body, and appears to be their means of locomo-tion; the skin moves and ‘drags’ the body behind it. They are carnivorous, with strong jaws and interlocking teeth. Most species lay eggs, although some are known to be ovoviviparous.

Testudines

Testudines, sometimes known as Chelonia, are the turtles, tortoises and terrapins. They are characterized by a bony or cartilaginous

1

Taxonomy and Introduction to Common SpeciesBob Doneley

0003177513.INDD 1 11/7/2017 3:16:44 PM

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice2

shell developed from their ribs. There is some confusion in the terminology. In North America, ‘turtle’ is used to describe the whole order, while in Europe and Australia it refers to freshwater and sea‐dwelling chelonians, with ‘tortoise’ used to describe terrestrial, non‐swimming species. ‘Terrapin’ is a term used to describe several small species of tur-tle living in fresh or brackish water. Terrapins do not form a taxonomic unit and are not closely related. There are two suborders of Testudines: the Pleurodirans (three families), also called the side‐necked or long‐necked turtles, have long necks that are folded side-ways to align them with the shell; the Cryptodirans (eleven families), or short‐neck turtles and tortoises, pull their neck straight back to conceal their head within the shell. Sea turtles are Cryptodirans, although they have lost the ability to retract their heads.

Crocodylia

Crocodylia, an order of large, predatory, semi‐aquatic reptiles, is divided into three families: Crocodylidae (the true crocodiles), Alligatoridae (the alligators and caimans) and Gavialidae (the gharial and false gharial).

Rhynchocephalia

Rhynchocephalia is a primitive order of lizard‐like reptiles that includes only one living spe-cies, the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) of

New Zealand. There is debate as to whether S. guntheri is a separate species. They are slow‐growing, reaching sexual maturity at 10–20 years, and breed until they are at least 60 years old. It takes the female between one to three years to develop eggs and up to seven months to form the shell. It then takes between 12 and 15 months from copulation to hatch-ing. Thus, reproduction occurs at two‐ to five‐yearly intervals, the longest of any reptile.

Tuatara lack external ears and possess a parietal eye (a light‐sensitive spot located on the top of the animal’s head, thought to play a role in setting circadian rhythms). They are capable of autotomy and have only rudimen-tary hemipenes. Tuatara have unique denti-tion, namely two rows of acrodont teeth in the maxilla and one row in the mandible.

Commonly Kept Species

Table 1.1 Reptile orders.

Order and sub‐order Common name Species (n)

Squamata Squamates 9,671Lacertilia Lizards 5,987Serpentes Snakes 3,496Amphisbaenia Worm lizards 188

Testudines Turtles, tortoises and terrapins 341Crocodylia Crocodiles, gharials, caimans and alligators 25Rhynchocephalia Tuataras 1

Key

The following abbreviations are used in this section:d, daysG, gestationI, incubationm, monthsO, oviparousOV, ovoviviparousPBT, preferred body temperaturey, years

0003177513.INDD 2 11/7/2017 3:16:44 PM

Taxonomy and Introduction to Common Species 3

Tables

● Table 1.2 Lizards ● Table 1.3 Geckos ● Table 1.5 Chameleons

● Table 1.6 Snakes ● Table 1.7 Turtles ● Table 1.8 Tortoises

Figure 1.1 Bearded dragons (courtesy of Bob Doneley).

Figure 1.2 Blue‐tongued skinks (courtesy of Bob Doneley).

0003177513.INDD 3 11/7/2017 3:16:45 PM


Tabl

e 1.

2 Li

zard

s.

Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

n

Ther

mal

gr

adie

nt

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

Bear

ded

drag

on

(Fig

ure

1.1)

Aus

tral

iaM

ost c

omm

on:

inla

nd o

r cen

tral

(Pog

ona

vitti

ceps

)ea

ster

n (P

. bar

bata

)bl

acks

oil (

P. h

enry

law

soni

)dw

arf (

P. m

inor

)O

ther

s inc

lude

:w

este

rn (P

. min

ima)

nort

hwes

t (P.

mitc

helli

)N

ulla

rbor

(P. n

ulla

rbor

)K

imbe

rley

(P. m

icro

lepi

toda

)

Terr

estr

ial

Om

nivo

rous

, al

thou

gh th

e ju

veni

les a

re

initi

ally

in

sect

ivor

ous b

ut

will

eat

veg

etab

les

and

flow

ers a

s th

ey g

row

9–24

ma

O(I

) 61–

74 d

at

30–

31 °C

(P

. vitt

icep

s)

28–4

035

25–4

010

–15

Blue

‐to

ngue

d sk

ink

(Fig

ure

1.2)

Aus

tral

iaea

ster

n (T

iliqu

a sc

inco

ides

sc

inco

ides

)py

gmy

(T. a

dela

iden

sis)

cent

ralia

n (T

. mul

tifas

ciat

a)bl

otch

ed (T

. nig

rolu

tea)

wes

tern

(T. o

ccip

italis

)

Terr

estr

ial

Om

nivo

rous

18–3

6 m

bO

V(G

) 3–5

m28

–32

(hig

her

for

inla

nd

spec

ies)

25–3

525

–40

10–1

5

Shin

gleb

ack

Aus

tral

iaA

lso

know

n as

bob

tail

lizar

d (T

. rug

osa)

Terr

estr

ial

Om

nivo

rous

18–3

6 m

cO

V(I

) 4–5

m36

–40

25–4

525

–40

10–1

5

Frill

ed

lizar

dA

ustr

alia

Chl

amyd

osau

rus k

ingi

iPr

imar

ily

arbo

real

Prim

arily

in

sect

ivor

ous b

ut

will

acc

ept s

ome

vege

tabl

es

12–1

8 m

(mal

e)

to 2

–3 y

(fe

mal

e)

O(I

) 60–

90 d

32–3

728

–38

50–7

010

–15

a Dep

endi

ng o

n sp

ecie

s (sm

all s

peci

es m

atur

e yo

unge

r tha

n la

rger

spec

ies)

.b M

ale

mat

ures

ear

lier t

han

fem

ale.

c Thi

s spe

cies

form

s clo

se p

air b

ondi

ng a

nd sh

ould

be

paire

d be

fore

sexu

al m

atur

ity.

0003177513.INDD 4 11/7/2017 3:16:45 PM


Tabl

e 1.

3 G

ecko

s.

Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

nTh

erm

al

grad

ient

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

Leop

ard

geck

oPa

kist

an,

nort

hern

Indi

a an

d A

sian

des

ert

regi

ons

Eubl

epha

ris

mac

ular

ius

Terr

estr

ial

Inse

ctiv

orou

s1

yO

(I) 4

5–60

d21

–32

2620

–40

6–10

(lar

ge

mal

es c

an

live

up to

20)

Toka

y ge

cko

Nor

th‐e

ast

Indi

a, N

epal

, In

done

sia

and

the

Phili

ppin

es

Two

spec

ies:

Gek

ko

geck

o ge

cko

and

G. g

. azh

ari

Arb

orea

lIn

sect

ivor

ous

1–2

yO

(I) 6

0–10

0 d

27–2

825

–31

55–8

010

–20

Kno

b‐ta

iled

geck

o

Aus

tral

ia9

spec

ies;

mos

t co

mm

only

kep

t: th

ree‐

lined

(N

ephr

urus

levi

s)ce

ntra

l rou

gh

(N. a

mya

e)

Terr

estr

ial

Inse

ctiv

orou

s7–

12 m

O(I

) 57–

70 d

(N

. lev

is)77

–94

d (N

. am

yae)

20–3

026

Kee

p on

e en

d of

the

encl

osur

e m

oist

7–8

(N. l

evis)

; 9–

11

(N. a

mya

e)

Cre

sted

ge

cko

New

Cal

edon

iaC

orre

loph

us ci

liatu

s, al

so k

now

n as

the

New

Cal

edon

ian

cres

ted

geck

o,

Gui

chen

ot’s

gian

t ge

cko

or e

yela

sh

geck

o

Arb

orea

lIn

sect

ivor

ous

6–9 m

(mal

e)12

m (f

emal

e)O

(I) 6

0–90

da

21–2

9H

eat

into

lera

nt50

–70

15–2

0

a At r

oom

tem

pera

ture

; up

to 1

20 d

ays a

t coo

ler t

empe

ratu

res.

0003177513.INDD 5 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM


Tabl

e 1.

4 Ch

amel

eons

.

Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

nTh

erm

al

grad

ient

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

Veile

d ch

amel

eon

(Fig

ure

1.3)

Saud

i Ara

bia

and

Yem

en(C

ham

aele

o ca

lypt

ratu

s), a

lso

know

n as

the

Yem

en c

ham

eleo

n

Arb

orea

lIn

sect

ivor

ous

but w

ill ta

ke

som

e ve

geta

bles

an

d fr

uit

1 y

O12

0–27

0 d

24–3

5 by

day

–50

–60

4–8

Pant

her

cham

eleo

nM

adag

asca

rFu

rcife

r par

dalis

Arb

orea

lIn

sect

ivor

ous

7 mO

240

d24

–35

–50

–70

5–7

Gre

en

igua

na

(Fig

ure

1.4)

Mex

ico,

C

entr

al

Am

eric

a an

d th

e C

arib

bean

Igua

na ig

uana

Arb

orea

lH

erbi

voro

us18

mO

70–1

05 d

26–3

535

65–7

515

–20

Chi

nese

w

ater

dr

agon

Chi

na a

nd

Indo

chin

aPh

ysig

nath

us

coci

ncin

us, a

lso

know

n as

Tha

i w

ater

dra

gon,

gre

en

wat

er d

rago

n, a

nd

Asi

an w

ater

dra

gon

Arb

orea

lIn

sect

ivor

ous,

alth

ough

they

w

ill e

at so

me

vege

tabl

es

1–2

yO

55–6

5 d

29–3

3–

40–8

015

–25

Vara

nids

Aus

tral

ia,

Afr

ica,

Asi

a an

d In

done

sia

Cur

rent

ly 7

8 sp

ecie

s re

cogn

ized

aM

ost t

erre

stri

al

but s

ome

sem

i‐arb

orea

l an

d so

me

sem

i‐aqu

atic

Car

nivo

rous

3–5

yO

170–

265

d30

–40

35–3

660

–80

10–2

0

a Som

e of

the

mor

e co

mm

on sp

ecie

s inc

lude

: Lac

e m

onito

r (Va

ranu

s var

ius)

, Aus

tral

ia; G

ould

’s m

onito

r (V.

goul

dii,

also

kno

wn

as th

e sa

nd m

onito

r), A

ustr

alia

; Mer

ton’s

wat

er m

onito

r (V

. mer

tens

i), A

ustr

alia

; Sav

anna

h m

onito

r (V.

exa

nthe

mat

icus

, als

o kn

own

as B

osc’s

mon

itor)

, Afr

ica;

Nile

mon

itor (

V. n

ilotic

us),

Afr

ica;

Bla

ck‐t

hroa

ted

mon

itor (

V. a

lbig

ular

is io

nide

si), A

fric

a.

0003177513.INDD 6 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM


Tabl

e 1.

5 Sn

akes

.

Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

n

Ther

mal

gr

adie

nt

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

Car

pet

pyth

ons

Aus

tral

ia3

spec

ies,

with

4 su

bspe

cies

a,b

Sem

i‐ar

bore

alC

arni

voro

us18

–24 m

(m

ale)

; 24

–36 m

(fe

mal

e)

O55

–65

d w

hen

incu

bate

d at

31 °

C

20–3

229

–30

40–8

0c15

–30

Gre

en p

ytho

n (F

igur

e 1.

6)A

ustr

alia

and

Pa

pua

New

G

uine

a

Als

o kn

own

as c

hond

ropy

thon

or

gre

en tr

ee p

ytho

n (M

. vir

idis)

Arb

orea

lC

arni

voro

usA

fter 2

.4 y

(m

ale)

; A

fter 3

.6 y

(fe

mal

e)

O50

d w

hen

incu

bate

d at

31 °

C

20–3

230

–32

40–7

0d15

–20

Ant

ares

ia

spp.

Aus

tral

iaSp

otte

d py

thon

(Ant

ares

ia

mac

ulos

a); C

hild

ren’s

pyt

hon

(A. c

hild

reni

), py

gmy

pyth

on

(A p

erth

ensis

); St

imso

n py

thon

(A. s

timso

ni) –

2

subs

peci

es: w

este

rn

(A. s

. stim

soni

) and

eas

tern

(A

. s. o

rien

talis

)

Terr

estr

ial

Car

nivo

rous

2–3

yO

55–6

0 d

at 3

1 °C

26–3

229

–32

50–7

015

–30

Asp

idite

s spp

.A

ustr

alia

Blac

k‐he

aded

pyt

hon

(Asp

idite

s mel

anoc

epha

lus)

an

d th

e W

oma

pyth

on

(A. r

amsa

yi)

Terr

estr

ial

Car

nivo

rous

18–2

4 mO

50–6

0 d

at 3

1 °C

28–3

628

–32

40–5

015

–25

Boa

cons

tric

tor

Mex

ico,

So

uth

Am

eric

a an

d th

e C

arib

bean

Boa

cons

tric

tor c

onst

rict

or,

also

kno

wn

as th

e

red‐

taile

d bo

a

Sem

i‐ar

bore

alC

arni

voro

us3–

4 y

OV

100–

120

d27

–33

–50

–70

20–3

0

(Con

tinue

d )

0003177513.INDD 7 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM


Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

n

Ther

mal

gr

adie

nt

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

Rain

bow

boa

Sout

h A

mer

ica

Epic

rate

s cen

chri

a, a

lso

know

n as

the

slend

er b

oaTe

rres

tria

lC

arni

voro

us2.

5–4

yO

V15

0 d

21–3

0–

70–9

015

–20

Ball

pyth

onA

fric

aPy

thon

regi

us, a

lso

know

n as

th

e ro

yal p

ytho

nTe

rres

tria

lC

arni

voro

us11

–18 m

(m

ale)

, 20

–36 m

(fe

mal

e)

O50

–60

d27

–32

50–6

0–

20–3

5

Cor

n sn

ake

Nor

th

Am

eric

aPa

nthe

roph

is gu

ttat

usTe

rres

tria

l or

sem

i‐ar

bore

al

Car

nivo

rous

2 y

O70

d24

–30

–50

–60

20–2

5

a Cen

tral

ian

carp

et p

ytho

n (M

orel

ia b

redl

i); S

outh

wes

tern

car

pet p

ytho

n (M

. ari

egat

e); D

iam

ond

pyth

on (M

. spi

lota

spilo

ta);

Jung

le c

arpe

t pyt

hon

(M. s

. che

ynei

; Fig

ure

1.5)

; Coa

stal

car

pet

pyth

on (M

. s. m

cdow

elli)

; Mur

ray/

Dar

ling

carp

et p

ytho

n (M

. s. m

etca

lfei);

Dar

win

car

pet p

ytho

n (M

. s. a

rieg

ate)

.b In

add

ition

to th

ese,

ther

e ar

e fo

ur o

ther

Mor

elia

spec

ies:

the

scru

b py

thon

(M. a

mes

thist

ina)

, the

roug

h‐sc

aled

pyt

hon

(M. c

arin

ata)

, the

gre

en p

ytho

n (M

. vir

idis,

see

belo

w) a

nd th

e O

enpe

lli p

ytho

n (M

. oen

pelli

ensis

).c V

arie

s with

spec

ies b

ut in

this

rang

e.d A

void

con

stan

t hig

h hu

mid

ity.

Tabl

e 1.

5 (C

ontin

ued)

0003177513.INDD 8 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM


Tabl

e 1.

6 Tu

rtle

s.

Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

n

Ther

mal

gr

adie

nt

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

East

ern

long

‐nec

ked

turt

le

Aus

tral

iaC

helo

dina

lo

ngic

ollis

, als

o kn

own

as th

e sn

ake‐

neck

ed

turt

le

Sem

i‐aqu

atic

Car

nivo

rous

7–8

y (m

ale)

; 10

–12

y (fe

mal

e)

O90

–150

dW

ater

24

–26

Air

22–2

6

––

30–4

0 (p

ossib

ly

long

er)

Broa

d sh

elle

d tu

rtle

Aus

tral

iaC

. exp

ansa

Sem

i‐aqu

atic

Car

nivo

rous

9–11

y

(mal

e),

14–1

5 y

(fem

ale)

OIn

resp

onse

to lo

w

tem

pera

ture

s, em

bryo

s ent

er a

di

apau

se, w

hich

en

able

s the

m to

su

rviv

e ov

er w

inte

r in

nes

ts, r

esul

ting

in

a ye

ar‐lo

ng

incu

batio

n pe

riod

Wat

er

22–2

6–

–30

–40

(or

long

er)

Shor

t‐ne

cked

tu

rtle

s (E

myd

ura

spp;

Fi

gure

1.8

)

Aus

tral

iaTh

e ge

nus

Emyd

ura

is st

ill

taxo

nom

ical

ly

cont

rove

rsia

la,b

Sem

i‐aqu

atic

Initi

ally

ca

rniv

orou

s but

be

com

e om

nivo

rous

as

they

get

old

er

5–6

y (m

ale)

, 10

–12

y (fe

mal

e)c

O45

–60

d25

–28

––

15–2

0

Saw

‐she

lled

turt

leA

ustr

alia

Myu

chel

ys

latis

tern

umSe

mi‐a

quat

icPr

edom

inan

tly

carn

ivor

ous b

ut

will

take

som

e ve

geta

bles

10 y

(m

ale)

, 20

y

(fem

ale)

O60

d a

t 30 °

CW

ater

24

–28

––

Ove

r 40

Mar

y riv

er

turt

leA

ustr

alia

Elus

or m

acru

rus

Sem

i‐aqu

atic

Om

nivo

rous

25 y

(m

ale)

, 30

y (fe

mal

e)

O47

–64

d at

28–

29 °C

Wat

er

24–2

8–

–75

–100

(Con

tinue

d )

0003177513.INDD 9 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM


Tabl

e 1.

6 (C

ontin

ued)

Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

n

Ther

mal

gr

adie

nt

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

Pig‐

nose

d tu

rtle

Nor

ther

n A

ustr

alia

an

d so

uthe

rn

New

Gui

nea

Car

etto

chel

ys

insc

ulpt

a, a

lso

know

n as

the

pitte

d‐sh

elle

d tu

rtle

or F

ly ri

ver

turt

le

Sem

i‐aqu

atic

, ve

rgin

g on

co

mpl

etel

y aq

uatic

Om

nivo

rous

16 y

(m

ale)

, 18

y

(fem

ale)

O86

–102

dW

ater

26

–30

Air

26–2

8

––

35–4

0

Red‐

eare

d sli

der

Sout

hern

U

nite

d St

ates

and

no

rthe

rn

Mex

icod

Trac

hem

ys sc

ript

a el

egan

s or

red‐

eare

d te

rrap

in

Sem

i‐aqu

atic

, fr

eshw

ater

Car

nivo

rous

as

juve

nile

s, be

com

ing

omni

voro

us a

s th

ey g

et o

lder

3–5

yO

59–1

12 d

, dep

endi

ng

on te

mpe

ratu

reW

ater

24

–30

Air

24–3

2

––

30–5

0

Mus

k tu

rtle

Sout

h‐ea

st

Can

ada

and

east

ern

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Ster

noth

erus

od

orat

usSe

mi‐a

quat

icPr

edom

inan

tly

carn

ivor

ous b

ut

adul

ts w

ill e

at

som

e ve

geta

ble

mat

eria

l

4 y

(mal

e),

10 y

(fe

mal

e)

O65

–86

dW

ater

20

–23

Air

23–3

0

––

50

Pain

ted

turt

leSo

uthe

rn

Can

ada,

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es a

nd

nort

hern

M

exic

o

Chr

ysem

ys p

icta

) w

ith 4

subs

peci

es:

east

ern

(C. p

. pi

cta)

, wes

tern

(C

. p. b

ellii

), so

uthe

rn (C

. p.

dors

alis)

, Mid

land

(C

. p. m

argi

nata

)

Sem

i‐aqu

atic

Om

nivo

rous

2–4

y (m

ale)

; 6–

10 y

(fe

mal

e)

O72

–80

dW

ater

24

–27

Air

27–3

2

17–2

3–

25–3

0

a Acc

epte

d sp

ecie

s are

cur

rent

ly: M

acqu

arie

turt

le (E

. mac

quar

ii); M

urra

y riv

er tu

rtle

(E. m

. mac

quar

ii); K

refft

’s tu

rtle

(E. m

. kre

fftii)

; – F

rase

r isla

nd sh

ort‐

neck

turt

le (E

. m. n

igra

); C

oope

r cr

eek

turt

le (E

. m. e

mm

otti)

; Red

‐bel

lied

shor

t‐ne

cked

turt

le o

r Jar

dine

rive

r tur

tle (E

. sub

glob

osa)

; Red

‐bel

lied

shor

t‐ne

cked

turt

le (E

. s. s

ubgl

obos

a); W

orre

ll’s sh

ort‐

neck

ed tu

rtle

(E. s

. w

orre

lli);

Nor

ther

n ye

llow

‐fac

ed tu

rtle

(E. t

anyb

arag

a); V

icto

ria

river

red‐

face

d tu

rtle

(E. v

icto

riae

).b A

s wel

l as t

he g

enus

Em

ydur

a, o

ther

shor

t‐ne

ck tu

rtle

s inc

lude

the

Mar

y Ri

ver t

urtle

(Elu

sor m

acru

rus)

and

the

saw

shel

l tur

tle (M

yuch

elys

latis

tern

um);

see

indi

vidu

al e

ntri

es.

c Som

e sp

ecie

s may

hav

e de

laye

d on

set o

f sex

ual m

atur

ity.

d Thi

s is a

n in

vasiv

e sp

ecie

s and

has

bec

ome

esta

blish

ed in

the

wild

els

ewhe

re in

the

wor

ld.

0003177513.INDD 10 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM


Tabl

e 1.

7 To

rtoi

ses.

Rept

ileO

rigi

nSp

ecie

sH

abita

tD

iet

Sexu

al

mat

urit

yM

ode

of

repr

od.

Incu

batio

n or

Ges

tatio

nTh

erm

al

grad

ient

(°C)

PBT

(°C)

Rela

tive

hum

idit

y (%

)Lo

ngev

ity

(yea

rs)

Med

iterr

anea

n to

rtoi

ses

Nor

th A

fric

a,

wes

tern

Asi

a an

d Eu

rope

Cur

rent

ly 5

spec

ies a

ccep

ted.

Li

kely

that

som

e w

ill b

e re

clas

sifie

d ba

sed

on D

NA

di

ffere

nces

a

Terr

estr

ial

Her

bivo

rous

9–12

yO

55–1

00 d

, de

pend

ing

on sp

ecie

s

21–3

2–

30–5

030

–100

Sulc

ata

Nor

ther

n A

fric

a an

d so

uthe

rn e

dge

of th

e Sa

hara

de

sert

Cen

troc

hely

s sul

cata

, als

o kn

own

as th

e A

fric

an sp

urre

d to

rtoi

se

Terr

estr

ial;

burr

ows i

nto

the

grou

nd

to e

scap

e th

e he

at

Her

bivo

rous

5–8

yO

90–1

20 d

29–4

0–

Low

50–1

50

Leop

ard

tort

oise

East

ern

and

Sout

hern

A

fric

a, fr

om

Suda

n to

the

sout

hern

C

ape

Stig

moc

hely

s par

dalis

Terr

estr

ial

Her

bivo

rous

6–15

yO

150–

400

d at

28–

32 °C

, of

ten

follo

win

g a

cool

ing

perio

d of

30

d at

18–

24 °C

24–3

8–

Low

80–1

00

Box

turt

leU

nite

d St

ates

an

d M

exic

oG

enus

Ter

rape

ne a

re te

rres

tria

l m

embe

rs o

f the

Am

eric

an

pond

turt

le fa

mily

(Em

ydid

ae).

Cur

rent

ly, 4

spec

ies a

re

clas

sifie

d w

ithin

the

genu

s and

12

taxa

are

dis

tingu

ished

b

Terr

estr

ial

Om

nivo

rous

7–10

yO

56–7

5 d

at 2

9 °C

24–3

2–

60–8

050

–100

Star

tort

oise

(F

igur

e 1.

10)

Indi

a an

d Sr

i Lan

kaG

eoch

elon

e ele

gans

, als

o kn

own

as th

e In

dian

star

to

rtoi

se

Terr

estr

ial

Her

bivo

rous

6–8

y (m

ale)

, 10

–12

y (fe

mal

e)

O90

–170

d24

–32

–<4

030

–80

Red‐

foot

ed

tort

oise

Nor

ther

n So

uth

Am

eric

a

Che

lono

idis

carb

onar

ia, a

lso

clas

sifie

d as

Geo

chel

one

carb

onar

ia)

Terr

estr

ial

Om

nivo

rous

6–8

y (m

ale)

, 8–

12 y

(fe

mal

e)

O10

5–20

2 d

21–3

0–

50–7

020

–30

a Rus

sian

tort

oise

(Tes

tudo

hor

sfiel

dii),

als

o kn

own

as H

orsf

ield

’s to

rtoi

se; H

erm

ann’s

tort

oise

(T. h

erm

anni

); Sp

ur‐t

high

ed o

r Gre

ek to

rtoi

se (T

. gra

eca;

Fig

ure

1.9)

; Kle

inm

ann’s

tort

oise

(T

. kle

inm

anni

), al

so k

now

n as

the

Egyp

tian

tort

oise

; Mar

gina

ted

tort

oise

(T. m

argi

nata

).b C

omm

on b

ox tu

rtle

(T. c

arol

ina)

; Flo

rida

box

turt

le (T

. c. b

auri

); Ea

ster

n bo

x tu

rtle

(T. c

. car

olin

a); G

ulf c

oast

box

turt

le (T

. c. m

ajor

); M

exic

an b

ox tu

rtle

(T. c

. mex

ican

a); T

hree

‐toe

d bo

x tu

rtle

(T

. c. t

riun

guis

); Yu

catá

n bo

x tu

rtle

(T. c

. yuc

atan

a); C

oahu

ilan

box

turt

le (T

. coa

huila

); Sp

otte

d bo

x tu

rtle

(T. n

elso

ni);

Nor

ther

n sp

otte

d bo

x tu

rtle

(T. n

. kla

uber

i); S

outh

ern

spot

ted

box

turt

le

(T. n

. nel

soni

); O

rnat

e bo

x tu

rtle

(T. o

rnat

a), a

lso

know

n as

the

Wes

tern

box

turt

le; D

eser

t box

turt

le (T

. o. l

uteo

la).

0003177513.INDD 11 11/7/2017 3:16:46 PM


Figure 1.4 Green iguana (courtesy of Bob Doneley).

Figure 1.3 Veiled chameleon (courtesy of Brendan Carmel).

Figure 1.5 Jungle carpet python (Morelia spilota cheynei; courtesy of Bob Doneley).

0003177513.INDD 12 11/7/2017 3:16:48 PM

Taxonomy and Introduction to Common Species 13

Figure 1.6 Green python (courtesy of Bob Doneley).

Figure 1.7 Corn snake (courtesy of Robert Johnson).

Figure 1.8 Short‐necked turtle (Emydura spp; courtesy of Bob Doneley).

0003177513.INDD 13 11/7/2017 3:16:50 PM

Reptile Medicine and Surgery in Clinical Practice14

Figure 1.9 Spur‐thighed or Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca; courtesy of John Chitty).

Figure 1.10 Star tortoise (courtesy of Bob Doneley).

0003177513.INDD 14 11/7/2017 3:16:52 PM

1 Taxonomy and Introduction to Common Species Bob Doneley … · 2020. 1. 5. · Leopard gecko...

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