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1. SUN DIRECTION

Because the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, the side of the building that

is utilized for solar gain needs to be facing the south to take maximum

advantage of the sun’s potential energy. If the building’s axis is located on the

east-west direction with its longest dimension facing the south, more of the

building is situated to absorb the sun’s heat energy.

South- direct light from sun (glaze), heat in winters

North-shadow less light, minimum heat

East-morning sun glaze, moderate heat

West- evening sun glaze, maximum heat

2. INSULATION

Buildings generally have three kinds of insulation- heat insulation, sound

insulation and water proofing.

2.1. Heat insulation

Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for any purpose.

While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, that’s why

heat insulation is commonly known as ‘insulation’.

HEAT INSULATION MATERIALS/TECHNIQUES IN BUILDING

Terrace garden/green roofs

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Mud-Phuska

Bricks

White tiles on roof

Cavity walls

Sandwich wall

2.2. Sound insulation (acoustics)

Basically, sound insulation covers the measures to be taken in order to minimize

the harmful effects of noise on the humans. Noise is a collection of irregularly

shaped undesirable sounds at different elements of frequency, and usually varies

depending on time.

Glass wool

Rock wool

Foamed plastic

Quiet batt

Wood wool

Soft polyurethane foam

Melamine foam

Perforated metals

Perforated wood

Perforated gypsum board

2.3. Water proofing

Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or

water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the

ingress of water under specified conditions.

Cementitious Waterproofing

Liquid Waterproofing Membrane

Bituminous Membrane

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Bituminous Coating

Polyurethane Liquid Membrane

3. MATERIAL

Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many

naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs

and leaves, have been used to construct buildings.

Soil – SUN BAKED BRICKS, FIRED BRICKS, CERAMIC TILES

Wood

Stone – MARVEL, GRANITE, KOTA STONE, SAND STONE, IPS

Cement

Metal- IRON, STEEL, ALUMINIUM

Glass

Fibre

Fabric

4. TEXTURE/FINISH/COLOUR

4.1. Textures

The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance.

Wooden

Non slippery

Non abrasive

Granular

Linear

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Checked

Woven

Clean

Broken

4.2. Surface finishes

Surface finish, also known as surface texture or surface topography, is the nature

of a surface as defined by the three characteristics of lay, surface roughness, and

waviness.

VARIOUS SURFACE FINISHES

Rough

Eggshell

Matte

Smooth

Polished

Glossy

Highly glossy

Reflective

4.3. Colour

Primary colours

RED, BLUE, YELLOW

Secondary colours

ORANGE, GREEN, VIOLET

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Tertiary colours

Achromatic colours

BLACK, WHITE, BROWN, GREY

Monochromatic colours

Monochromatic colour schemes are derived from a single base hue and

extended using its shades, tones and tints. Tints are achieved by

adding white and shades and tones are achieved by adding a darker

colour, grey or black.

Colour harmony

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5. STRUCTURE

Structural system, in building construction, the particular method of assembling

and constructing structural elements of a building so that they support and

transmit applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable

stresses in the members.

Post and lintel

Framed

Masonry walls (Load bearing wall)

Arch structures

Suspension

Truss

6. BUILDINGS

6.1. Indus valley civilisation

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), or Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze

Age civilisation (3300–1300 BCE) mainly in the north-western regions of the Indian

subcontinent. Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three

early cradles of civilisations of the Old World, and of the three, the most

widespread.

Major urban centres of the settlement

Harappa

Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

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Dholavira

Ganeriwala

Rakhigarhi

Major features of the settlement

The advanced systems of sewerage and drainage.

The advanced architecture of the harappans is shown by their impressive

dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms, and protective walls.

6.2. Buddhist architecture

Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent. Three types

of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:

monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer

halls (chaityas, also called chaitya grihas), which later came to be called

temples in some places.

Famous buildings

Sanchi stupa (Madhya Pradesh).

chaitya-grihas Ajanta Caves & Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)

Mahabodhi Temple (Bodh Gaya,Bihar)

6.3. Hindu temple architecture

Hindu temple architecture as the main form of Hindu architecture has many

varieties of style, though the basic nature of the Hindu temple remains the same,

with the essential feature an inner sanctum, the garbha griha or womb-chamber,

where the primary Murti or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell.

The shrine building often includes an ambulatory

for parikrama (circumambulation), a mandapa congregation hall, and

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sometimes an antarala antechamber and porch between garbhagrihA and

mandapa.

NAGARA STYLE TEMPLES

Sun Temple at Konark

Jagannath temple at Puri

Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneswar

Kandriya Mahadeva temple

Laksman Temple at Khajuraho etc.

Modhera Sun temple, Gujarat

DRAVIDA STYLE TEMPLES

Dharamraj Rath,Hampi

Shore temple at Mahabalipuram, (TN)

Kailashnath temple at Kanchipuram

Brihadeshwara temple at Thanjavur

Meenakshi- Sundareswara temple at Madurai

VESARA STYLE TEMPLES

Lad Khan temple at aihole

Temples at Badami

Virupaksha temple – Pattadakal

Hoysala temples at Karnataka

6.4. Delhi Sultanate architecture

Famous Delhi Sultanate Monuments

Qutub Minar complex, Delhi (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

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Tomb of Balban, Delhi

Mausoleum of Iltutmish, Delhi

Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer, Rajasthan

Jama Mosque, Gulbarga

Tomb of Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah, Gulbarga

Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur Golkunda

Charminar, Hyderabad

6.5. Mughal architecture

Famous Mughal Monuments

Humayu’s wife Hamida Banu Begum

Humayun‟s Tomb, Delhi

Akbar

Agra Fort, Agra

Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri

Jodha Bai‟s Palace, Fatehpur Sikri

Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Fatehpur Sikri

Jahangir’s wife Noor Jahan

Tomb of I‟timād-ud-Daulah, Agra

Shah Jahan

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Taj Mahal, Agra

Jama Masjid, Delhi

Red fort, Delhi

City of Shahjahanabad

Aurangjeb

Bibi Ka Maqbara, Aurangabad

Famous Mughal gardens

Bagh-e-Babur at Kabul

Mehtab Bagh gardens at the Taj Mahal,

Gardens at Humayun's Tomb,

Shalimar Gardens at Lahore

Khusro Bagh at Prayagraj

Pinjore Gardens at Haryana

The ensemble of six Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir is UNESCO World

Heritage Sites in India.

Pari Mahal

Nishat Bagh

Shalimar Bagh

Chashme Shahi

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Verinag Garden

Achabal Gardens

6.6. British architecture

The British arrived in 1615 and colonized many cities since then which were

Madras, Calcutta, Bombay, and Delhi. Which saw the rise of indo-saracenic

revival architecture during this period.

Famous buildings

Madras high court, Chennai

Rashtrapati bhavan, New Delhi

Parliament, New Delhi

North block, New Delhi

Victoria memorial, Kolkata

Gateway of India, Mumbai

The victoria terminus, Mumbai

6.7. Modern architecture

Rashtrapati Niwas (Viceregal Lodge), Henry Irwin, Shimla

Secretariats by Herbert Baker, New Delhi

Sangath (Doshi‟s Atlier) by Barkrishna Doshi, Ahmadabad

STC Building by Raj Rewal, New Delhi

Capitol Complex, Chandigarh

Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur, Rajasthan

Lotus Temple, New Delhi

Auroville Dome, Puducherry

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IIM Ahmedabad, Louis Kahn

IIM bangalore

7. ARCHITECTS AND AWARDS

7.1. Indian architects

B. V. Doshi

He won the prestigious Nobel for architecture „He is considered to be an

important figure of South Asian architecture and noted for his contributions to the

evolution of architectural discourse in India.

Charles Correa

Hafeez Contractor

Raj Rewal

Christopher Charles Benninger

Brinda Somaya

Sheila Sri Prakash

Laurie Baker

Achyut Kanvinde

Chitra Vishwanath

7.2. Architects who worked in India

Edwin Lutyens (New Delhi)

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Herbert baker (parliament, New Delhi)

Robert Tor Russel (Connaught Place, New Delhi)

Joseph Allen Stein (India International Centre, Delhi)

Le Corbusier (Chandigarh)

Louis Kahn (Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad)

Henry Irwin (Madras high court, Chennai)

7.3. Architecture awards

Pritzker Architecture Prize

The Pritzker Architecture Prize was founded by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife, Cindy,

in 1979 to “honour a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates

a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which has

produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built

environment through the art of architecture.”

The Aga Khan Award for Architecture

The Aga Khan Award for Architecture (AKAA), established by Aga Khan IV in

1977, is awarded every three years to an architectural project that meets the

needs and preferences of Islamic societies. The Award seeks to identify and

encourage architectural concepts in the fields of community development, area

conservation, contemporary design, preservation of the environment and

landscape design.

AIA Gold Medal

The Gold Medal is the highest annual honour awarded by the American Institute

of Architects. It acknowledges an individual whose significant body of work has a

lasting influence on architecture.

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RIBA

The RIBA International Award is awarded by the Royal Institute of British

Architects to buildings across the UK and around the world. The Award has been

given annually over the last 50 years to people who achieved innovations in

architecture, regardless of the form, size or budget.

UIA Gold Medal

Since 1984 the organization also awards the UIA Gold Medal to honour an

architect (or group of architects) having distinguished themselves through their

work and professional practice by the quality of services rendered to man and

society. The UIA Gold Medal is awarded every three years and its winner

honoured during an official ceremony at the UIA world congress of architecture.

8. SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)

GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment)

HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation)

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

NBC (National building code)

NGT (National Green Tribunal)