11

STUDY TEAM Chief Advisor Advisors

Sh. T. Madhava Menon, IAS (Retd) Dr. P. Sivanandan & Dr. K. Pushpangadan

Emeritus Fellow ISDL & Chairman, ISA Fellows, Centre for Development Studies,

Principal Investigator

Co-Principal Investigators Sh. M.P. Jaisingh - Scientist G (Retd) CBRI, Roorkee Sh. PV Hari - Chief Architect, PWD (Retd), Trivandrum

Smt. V.K. Sulochana - Chief Engineer, PWD (Retd), Trivandrum

TAL ADVAN

CE

ME

NT

INSTITUTE FOR SOCIETAL ADVANCEMENTThiruvananthapuram - 695 013.

0471 - 2362308E-mail : isatvm@gmail.com

Dr. P.K. Sivanandan, IAS (Retd) - Director, ISA

SUBMITTED TO

Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & PensionsGovernment of India, Sardar Patel Bhavan, New Delhi – 110 001

22

PREFACEPREFACE

NEW INITIATIVESNEW INITIATIVES

- Empowerment of People THROUGH- Empowerment of People THROUGH

- Training - Training

- Support Activities - Support Activities

- Handholding,- Handholding,

- Sustainable livelihood of Poor, specially Tribal Families- Sustainable livelihood of Poor, specially Tribal Families

- Mobilising People, Specially Poor- Mobilising People, Specially Poor

- To build and operate organisations to implement project components- To build and operate organisations to implement project components

- Appropriate Technologies- Appropriate Technologies

- Creation of “little republics” - Hamlet Development - Creation of “little republics” - Hamlet Development

Committees Committees

- Independent committed Programme Implementing Agency- Independent committed Programme Implementing Agency

- Corruption free Development Administration.- Corruption free Development Administration.

33

Kerala

Attappady BlockFig.1 LOCATION MAP

44

ATTAPPADY IS UNIQUEATTAPPADY IS UNIQUE

• GEOGRAPHICALLY IT IS AN EAST GEOGRAPHICALLY IT IS AN EAST

WARD - SLOPING VALLEY IN WARD - SLOPING VALLEY IN

WESTERN GHATS. DRAINING WESTERN GHATS. DRAINING

THROUGH THE SIRUVANI AND THE THROUGH THE SIRUVANI AND THE

BHAVANI INTO THE KAVERI.BHAVANI INTO THE KAVERI.

• IT IS THE HOME OF THREE ST IT IS THE HOME OF THREE ST

COMMUNITIES - IRULAS, MUDUGAS COMMUNITIES - IRULAS, MUDUGAS

AND KURUMBAS (PRIMITIVE) - AND KURUMBAS (PRIMITIVE) -

EXPLOITED BY INMIGRANT EXPLOITED BY INMIGRANT

SETTLERS.SETTLERS.

CONVENTIONAL CONVENTIONAL

MODELS OF MODELS OF

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

FAILED.FAILED.

THE JBIC ASSISTED

PROJECT

INNOVATED A

PROGRAM BASED

ON PEOPLE’S

PARTICIPATION.

• IT HAS BEEN SUBJECTED TO OVER-

EXPLOITATION OF LAND AND FOREST

AND WAS FACING DESERTIFICATION.

55

66

1. Recurrent drought

2. Land, left uncultivated and poor productivity, specially in tribal lands

3. Starvation deaths

4. Deaths due to sickle-cell anaemia among tribal population

5. Contractor – Politician – bureaucrat nexus

6. Corruption – Ridden Administration

7. Grama Sabha not active

8. People helpless against the blatant corruption of Panchayati Raj functionaries

Source: T.K. Jose etal, 1999, Study Report

77

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECTOBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

““Ecological restorationEcological restoration of degraded of degraded

wasteland in Attappady and wasteland in Attappady and

development of replicable models of development of replicable models of

participative eco-restoration, so as to participative eco-restoration, so as to

prevent further degradation and prevent further degradation and

promote promote sustainable method of sustainable method of

livelihoodlivelihood for the local people for the local people (with (with

special emphasis on tribal population)special emphasis on tribal population)

in harmony with resource base”in harmony with resource base”

88

COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS Soil and Biomass Soil and Biomass

ManagementManagement Land Development Land Development AfforestationAfforestation Agro-forestryAgro-forestry Agronomic Agronomic

conservationconservation

Water Resources Water Resources

DevelopmentDevelopment

Ecologically Ecologically

compatible Income compatible Income

generating Schemes.generating Schemes.

Human Resource Human Resource

DevelopmentDevelopment

Infrastructure facilities such Infrastructure facilities such

as Project Offices, Equipment as Project Offices, Equipment

Vehicles and Access roads.Vehicles and Access roads.

Detailed Survey, Detailed Detailed Survey, Detailed

designing and evaluation.designing and evaluation.

International Consultancy International Consultancy

Services.Services.

99

Govt. of IndiaGovt. of Kerala

High Power Committee

Governing Body

AHADSAHADSImplementing Agency

Development Units

(15 Nos.) Watershed level

JFMC (29 Nos.)

Forest Areas

UA (93 Nos.)

Micro Watershed Level

OVS (160 Nos.)

Tribal Hamlets

LAG An Operational Unit at Sub

Micro Watershed Level

Organizational setup of the Project

1010

• 15 Macro Watersheds

1111

Attappady Block Map with watersheds

1212

AGENCIES FOR IMPLEMENTATIONAGENCIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

PROJECT IMPLEMENTING AGENCY PROJECT IMPLEMENTING AGENCY (PIA) –(PIA) –

ATTAPPADY HILL AREAS ATTAPPADY HILL AREAS DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY (AHADS)DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY (AHADS)

FIELD LEVEL IMPLEMENTING FIELD LEVEL IMPLEMENTING AGENCIESAGENCIES

1. Regional 1. Regional

2. Functional2. Functional

1313

• THE USER’S ASSOCIATION FOR EACH MICRO-THE USER’S ASSOCIATION FOR EACH MICRO-

WATERSHEDWATERSHED - 93 Nos. - 93 Nos.

• LOCAL ACTION GROUPS UNDER EACH LOCAL ACTION GROUPS UNDER EACH

USER’S ASSOCIATIONUSER’S ASSOCIATION

1414

A People Centered A People Centered ProjectProject

• Grass root level peoples organizations to plan & Grass root level peoples organizations to plan &

implement field level activities:implement field level activities:

- - 93 User Associations (UA) &93 User Associations (UA) &

Local Action Groups (LAG) under each UALocal Action Groups (LAG) under each UA

- 160 Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS)- 160 Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS)

- 29 Joint Forest Management Committees JFMCs)- 29 Joint Forest Management Committees JFMCs)

- 120 Taikulasangams- 120 Taikulasangams

• Through empowerment and skill development of poor. Through empowerment and skill development of poor.

• Tribal & women well represented in organization building.Tribal & women well represented in organization building.

• No contractors or middlemen - benefits direct to poor.No contractors or middlemen - benefits direct to poor.

• Totally corruption free administration.Totally corruption free administration.

1515

Role & Representation of ST & Women in the Executive Committee of User Association

Total No. of Executive Total No. of Executive Committee membersCommittee members

99

Either President or SecretaryEither President or Secretary STST

Either President, Vice Either President, Vice President, Secretary or President, Secretary or TreasurerTreasurer

WomanWoman

Out of 9 Executive membersOut of 9 Executive members 5 Women5 Women

Out of 9 Executive membersOut of 9 Executive members 4 ST4 ST

1616

Human Resource DevelopmentHuman Resource DevelopmentPreparing People for ImplementationPreparing People for Implementation

Project Project familiarisation- familiarisation- OrientationOrientation - -Skill Skill developmentdevelopment

Project FormulationProject Formulation

Supported bySupported by

TrainingTraining Environment CreationEnvironment Creation

1. Awareness campaign1. Awareness campaign

2. Film show2. Film show

3. Street play3. Street play

1717

Forestry Activities

Afforestation -909 Ha

-770 Ha in progress

Structural Conservation measures–2350 Ha

Loose boulder check dams –3432 nos

Forest Nurseries – 7 nos

Water resources/ Civil

Lift Irrigation - 12 nos

Gravity Irrigation - 8 nos

Spring protection and development- 5nos

Aquifer Recharging structures - 4nos

Rainwater harvesting structures - 2nos

UA Office building - 5 nos

10 in progress

Access path to hamlet & roads - 13 kmAgriculture Activities

Private Waste land - 1264.47 Ha

Medicinal Plant - 6.3 Ha

Agriculture Nursery –9 nos

Vermi compost Unit - 2 nos

Organic farming - 4.5 Ha – 2 sites

I.G. Activities.

Fencing Unit - 1no

Teak Stump Nursery - 1no

Thuvara Processing Unit - 2 nos

Versatile Dal Mill -1 no

Soil and water conservation

Retaining wall - 10377 m

Contour bunds -32520m

Bench terracing - 581m

Check dams - 899 nos

Water harvesting pits - 1064441

nos

Earthen dams - 6 M3

Staggered trenches - 127801

Nos

1818

Social benefitsCorruption free development administration facilitated. Dignified work environmentConfidence and capacity building at grass-root levelImproved health and labour efficiencyExposure to new skillsPromotion of saving habitChange of attitude favoring quality livelihoodWiped out starvation death

Yet these benefits did not reach

the tribal communities

1919

LAND-BASED PROGRAMS DID NOT BENEFIT ST LAND-BASED PROGRAMS DID NOT BENEFIT ST PEOPLE ADEQUATELY.PEOPLE ADEQUATELY.

OORUVIKASANA SAMITHIS WERE FORMED TO FILL OORUVIKASANA SAMITHIS WERE FORMED TO FILL THIS LACUNATHIS LACUNA..

SPECIAL PROGRAMS WERE IMPLEMENTED SPECIAL PROGRAMS WERE IMPLEMENTED THROUGH THEM SPECIFICALLY AND EXCLUSIVELY THROUGH THEM SPECIFICALLY AND EXCLUSIVELY FOR ST, WITH THE HAMLET AS THE BASEFOR ST, WITH THE HAMLET AS THE BASE..

TOTAL HAMLET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMTOTAL HAMLET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

NEED-BASED (PER CAPITA) HOUSING DESIGNNEED-BASED (PER CAPITA) HOUSING DESIGNNote: “Need based housing”: instead of type designs, Note: “Need based housing”: instead of type designs, houses were designed for each family on the basis of houses were designed for each family on the basis of the developmental needs of the members of the the developmental needs of the members of the household.household.

2020

T H D P Need based Housing

Drinking Water & Sanitation

Land & Water Development

Income Generation

Need based education for excellence

Health care - traditional & modern

Other Infrastructure facilities

All leading to sustainable livelihood

2121

Ooru Vikasana Samithi (OVS)(Hamlet Development Committee)

Purpose: To ensure the sustainable development of Tribes.

Coverage:

Constituted to cover each of 188 tribal hamlets

160 OVS has been constituted.

The Executive Committee including Ooru Moopan

Hamlet Development Program would be implemented through OVS.

2222

WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENTWOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

ENSURED ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION FOR

WOMEN IN ALL FORA

WOMEN SPONTANEOUSLY FORM GROUPS (TAI

KULASANGHAM) TO FIGHT AGAINST ILLICIT

LIQUOR AND GANJA ADDICTION

CHUNDAPATTY DECLARATION – THE PRESIDENT

RAISED IT TO ‘ATTAPPADY DECLARATION’.

2323

2424

• CHILDREN ARE OUR GREATEST ASSETSCHILDREN ARE OUR GREATEST ASSETS

• WE SHALL TREAT THE MALE AND THE FEMALE CHILDREN EQUALLY FOR WE SHALL TREAT THE MALE AND THE FEMALE CHILDREN EQUALLY FOR THEIR PROPER GROWTHTHEIR PROPER GROWTH

• WE SHALL LEAD A HARMONIOUS LIFE, FOR GETTING OVER DIFFERENCES WE SHALL LEAD A HARMONIOUS LIFE, FOR GETTING OVER DIFFERENCES AND AVOIDING QUARRELS FOR THE BETTER LIVING AND PROPER AND AVOIDING QUARRELS FOR THE BETTER LIVING AND PROPER DEVELOPMENT OF OUR CHILDRENDEVELOPMENT OF OUR CHILDREN

• LIQUOR AND OTHER ADDICTIONS ARE NOT GOOD EITHER FOR US OR LIQUOR AND OTHER ADDICTIONS ARE NOT GOOD EITHER FOR US OR FOR OUR CHILDREN – HENCE WE SHALL JOIN TOGETHER AND STRUGGLE FOR OUR CHILDREN – HENCE WE SHALL JOIN TOGETHER AND STRUGGLE TO ERADICATE THEM.TO ERADICATE THEM.

• WE SHOULD COME TOGETHER AND DEDICATE ALL OUR EFFORTS TO WE SHOULD COME TOGETHER AND DEDICATE ALL OUR EFFORTS TO PRESERVE THE SOIL, TREES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR THE GOOD OF PRESERVE THE SOIL, TREES AND OUR ENVIRONMENT FOR THE GOOD OF OUR FUTURE GENERATIONS.OUR FUTURE GENERATIONS.

• ALL EFFORTS SHALL BE MADE TO PROVIDE GOOD EDUCATION TO OUR ALL EFFORTS SHALL BE MADE TO PROVIDE GOOD EDUCATION TO OUR CHILDREN AND TO HELP THEM REALISE THE IMPORTANCE OF HARD CHILDREN AND TO HELP THEM REALISE THE IMPORTANCE OF HARD WORK AND EDUCATION.WORK AND EDUCATION.

2525

1. Abject poverty removed (Impact of 23,53,663 man days of work)

2. Better Food intake, more visits to doctors, almost full enrolment in School etc.

3. Tribal Women Empowered; Illicit Arrack Partly Controlled

4. THDP Making Changes in Confidence and Quality of Life

5. Initial Development of Land Helps Richer, but

6. Poor Gets Regular Employment

7. Clean and Transparent Development Administration

8. Also DissonancesSources : 1. National Review Seminar Report, 16 – 18th December, 2003, (Sh. S.R. Sankaran, Chairman)

2. Institute of Rural Management,Anand May, 2003 to May, 2004

3. Socio Economist’s Report, August – Septermber, 2004 (Dr. Hans A Van Zendlitz)

2626

(See Chapter VI)

2727

(See Chapter VII)

2828

Project Extended for three years.

Further extension for two years on satisfactory implementation.

What after five years?

2929

REGN. HEADS

DEPARTMENTS

(1)

REGN. HEADS

DEPARTMENTS

(1)

FEDERATION

REPS.(2)

FEDERATION

REPS.(2)

MP & MLA

MP & MLA

PRIREPS.

(3)

PRIREPS.

(3)

DISTRICT COLLECTOR (CONVENOR)

DISTRICT COLLECTOR (CONVENOR)

P.O. ITDPSUPPORT

OFFICE(4)

P.O. ITDPSUPPORT

OFFICE(4)

FINANCE SECY.

FINANCE SECY.SECY.

TW

SECY. TW

Numbers in parentheses ( ) refer to notes below

(1) All heads of Dept., at Regional level. Where there is no officer other than the District Officer at this level, then the District Officer.(2) The Federation will elect five of its members to this level. At least two must be members of ST, and at least two must be women. Federation will also nominate not more than six experts: [Agriculture, Animal Husbandry], [Forestry], [Small Scale Industries], [Social Welfare, Tribal matters], [Engineering] & [Medicine](3) President District Panchayat. He may, if he so decides, nominate the member representing Atta- ppady in the District Panchayat in his place.(4) PD ITDP will be a member, and will look after the “secretarial’ fun- ctions, viz., issue of notices, pre-paration of agenda, minutes, etc.

CHIEF MINISTERCHAIRMAN

CHIEF MINISTERCHAIRMAN

High Power Committee

3030

CONFEDERATION

C P R MFed - UAs Fed - TKS Fed.- IGA

UAs, LagS OVs JFMCs TKS IGA

Fed.- OVS FEDERATION - JFMCS

3 G + 2 ST 4 ST 2 G + 3 ST 3 ST 3 G + 2 ST 1 G / ST

Gov. Body

11 members

Gov. Body

11 members

Gov. Body

11 members

Gov. Body

11 members

Gov. Body

11 members

Gen. Body

186 members

Gen. Body

320 members

Gen. Body

58 members

Gen. Body

324 members

Gen. Body

240 members

UAs elect 2 members to

General body

OVSs elect 2 members to

General body

JFMCs elect 2 members to

General body

IGAGs elect 2 members to

General body

TKSs elect 2 members to

General body

93 nos. 160 nos. 29 Nos. 164 nos. 120 nos.

Confederation of People’s Organisations at Attappady

3131

3232

3333

Project FundsProject Fundsa)a) Land & Water, Infrastructure, Land & Water, Infrastructure,

Hamlet, Human Resource, Health Hamlet, Human Resource, Health care etc. and monitoring and care etc. and monitoring and awareness creations.awareness creations.

b)b) Survey, Planning, Design and Survey, Planning, Design and Institutional Strengthening.Institutional Strengthening.

c)c) International Consultancy.International Consultancy.

Non-Project FundsNon-Project Funds

d) Taxes and Duties, Administrative d) Taxes and Duties, Administrative Charges and Indirect Charges and Indirect Expenditure.Expenditure.

71.44

6.02

4.60

17.94

%

3434

COMPONENTS OF CATAGORY - aCOMPONENTS OF CATAGORY - a

1.1. Water and land conservation work in Pvt. LandWater and land conservation work in Pvt. Land 34.7034.70

2.2. Water and land conservation in degraded state forestsWater and land conservation in degraded state forests 32.1932.19

3.3. InfrastructureInfrastructure 31.4831.48

4.4. Hamlet based developmentHamlet based development 11.1611.16

5.5. Hamlet and Ooru Bhumi developmentHamlet and Ooru Bhumi development 4.614.61

6.6. Water resource developmentWater resource development 2.292.29

7.7. Human resource developmentHuman resource development 0.570.57

8.8. Improving health care facilitiesImproving health care facilities 0.350.35

9.9. Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation 0.250.25

10.10. Income generation activitiesIncome generation activities 0.080.08

TOTALTOTAL 100.00100.00

3535

Organisational

Environmental

Technological

Livelihood

3636

“An organisation is sustainable if it continues to be active, and functions effectively, even after the external agencies,

under whose aegis it was set up, demit the scene”

Structuring for specific competence

Comparative autonomy

Independent and transparent accounting procedures

Freedom from procedures that institutionalise corrupt practices

Flexibility and heuristic programme capability

Answerability to the people

3737

Prerequisites for SustainabilitySl. No.

Work Component

Direct Stake Holder

Required conditions

1 Water and land conservation work on private land

UA/OVS members

•Internationalisation/ownership of

the work by stakeholders

•Profitability of the agro-forestry

developed

•Establishment of marketing

network.

•Empowerment of the UA/OVS

•Capacity development of

beneficiaries

2 Water and land conservation work on forest land

JFMC Members •Registration of JFMCs

•Establishment of benefit sharing

•Commitment of KFD to JFMCs

3 Water resources development

UA/OVS members

•Development of O&M

•Enhancement of ownership

• Capacity development of beneficiaries

3838

“Livelihood comprises all means and methods humans adopt to ensure”

Survival

Mental and bodily health

Development of faculties to full potential

Upbringing of progeny

“AHADS staff should reiterate painstaking communication with the local people for awareness building on the project, consensus building on participation in the project, active planning in plan formulation, active participation in the implementation of the plan, developing sense of ownership, etc. In this process, the important thing that AHADS would NOT do is to force them to follow. The third important thing is capacity development of the local people so that can take action at appropriate time in an appropriate manner.” –Seiji Koyanagi

3939

CONCEPT OF DESIGN OF HOUSES

*Each house has been designed separately, taking into consideration specific requirements of each family member and the norms laid down by AHADS.

*For each house, the design has been got approved by the head of the family, before taking up the construction.

*From aesthetic considerations, the houses can be considered as simple, without any ornamentation.

*Houses have been constructed using locally available materials, adopting cost-effective construction technologies.

4040

41 INTER LOCKING BRICK

42

43 DETAILS OF FILLER SLAB

44

ACCEPTABILITY & ADOPTABILITY OF TECHNOLOGIES

*It was found that the technologies used are acceptable to the householders.

*However, they have not acquired sufficient technical skills to adopt the technologies on their own.

*With the help of skilled craftsmen and supervisors, they are ready to adopt these techniques in any constructions, to be carried out in future.

45

4646

4747

RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM (RHS)POSITIVE EXPERIENCEPOSITIVE EXPERIENCE• Economical & effective, compared to conventional Economical & effective, compared to conventional

system of water supplysystem of water supply

• The extra initial cost of construction of RHS can be The extra initial cost of construction of RHS can be recouped in 3 years and 8 months time.recouped in 3 years and 8 months time.

• RHS has no running expenses and saves the energy RHS has no running expenses and saves the energy needed for pumping water.needed for pumping water.

• Once the RHS is maintained properly, the quality of Once the RHS is maintained properly, the quality of water is best available, unlike the stream water, water is best available, unlike the stream water, which is often polluted and needs treatment to avoid which is often polluted and needs treatment to avoid water borne diseases.water borne diseases.

• Adoption of RHS will have a very positive impact on Adoption of RHS will have a very positive impact on the health of the beneficiaries. the health of the beneficiaries.

4848RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

4949

5050

• For economical and corruption-free execution of the works, the works are being done directly by OVS, without the involment of contractors.

• However, as OVSs are lacking in technical and managerial skills needed to plan and carry out the construction, reputed multidisciplinary NGOs and Govt. undertakings, having experience in planning & executing such works, have been appointed to act as facilitators to OVSs in implementation of the project.

• 23 facilitators were selected for implementing the development works in 64 hamlets.

5151

CONTRACTOR-FREE SYSTEM OF CONTRACTOR-FREE SYSTEM OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

POSITIVE EXPERIENCEPOSITIVE EXPERIENCE• Superior to contractual systemSuperior to contractual system

• Corruption freeCorruption free

• Saving in costSaving in cost

• Alterations in design & specifications feasible, Alterations in design & specifications feasible, even during executioneven during execution

• Free of disputes & arbitrationFree of disputes & arbitration