1 Stephen Chiu University of Hong Kong Utility Theory.
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Transcript of 1 Stephen Chiu University of Hong Kong Utility Theory.
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Stephen ChiuUniversity of Hong Kong
Utility Theory
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Utility Theory
The cardinal approach The ordinal approach Consumer choice problem Intertemporal choice problem
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The cardinal approach
In the 18th century, Bentham proposed that the objective of public policy should be to maximize the sum of happiness in society
Economics became the study of utility or happiness, assumed to be in principle measurable and comparable across people
Marginal utility of income was higher for poor people than for rich people, so that income ought to be redistributed unless the efficiency cost was too high
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The ordinal approach
Lionel Robbins (in 1932) argued that, Comparability of utility across people is not
needed so long we are concerned about predicting choices
Economics is about “the relationship between given ends and scarce means”, and how the “ends” or preferences came to be formed was outside its scope
Only stable preferences are needed Robbins didn’t think that public policy could be
analyzed within a formal economic framework
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The cardinal approach
An agent’s utility level is like length or weight of an object that is objective and measurable
An agent with utility level 3,000 is happier than another agent with utility level 200
But … John always looks happy and enthusiastic, and Smith unhappy and worrisome…
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The cardinal approach
They both come to class...
… given the same income and prices, John always spends his income the same way as Smith does
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The cardinal approach
U2=600
U3=610
Food(units per week)
Clothing(units
per week)
U1=500
W1=1000
W2=1M W3=1T Both John and Smith have the same indifference curve map!!!
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Why diversity in consumption?
Cardinal approach – diversity because of diminishing marginal utility
Ordinal approach – diversity despite no diminishing marginal utility; what is needed is MU/$ being equalized
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Consumer Choice problem
Ordinal utility function indifference curve mapNumbering of ICs unimportant, as long as they
are order preserving Some regularity conditions (a.k.a. axioms) on ICs Budget constraint The problem becomes to max utility subject to
budget constraint
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Perfect Substitutes
Orange Juice(glasses)
Apple Juice
(glasses)
2 3 41
1
2
3
4
0
PerfectSubstitutes
PerfectSubstitutes
Two goods are perfect substitutes when the marginal rate of substitution of one good for the other is constant.
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Perfect Complements
Two goods are perfect complements when the indifference curves for the goods are shaped as right angles.
Right Shoes
LeftShoes
2 3 41
1
2
3
4
0
PerfectComplements
PerfectComplements
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Properties of ICs Map
More is betterTwo ICs do not
crossBending toward
origin
Y
X
A
C
U1U0
This is ruled out!
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Budget Constraints
Budget Line F + 2C = $80(I/PC) = 40
Food(units per week)40 60 80 = (I/PF)20
10
20
30
0
A
B
D
E
G
Clothing(units
per week)
Pc = $2 Pf = $1 I = $80
As consumption moves along a budget line from the intercept, the consumer spends less on one item and more on the other.
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Consumer Choice
Budget Line
U3
D Market basket D cannot be attainedgiven the currentbudget constraint.
Pc = $2 Pf = $1 I = $80
Food (units per week)
Clothing(units per
week)
40 8020
20
30
40
0
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Consumer Choice
Food (units per week)
Clothing(units per
week)
40 8020
20
30
40
0
U1
B
Budget Line
Pc = $2 Pf = $1 I = $80
Point B does not maximize satisfaction because there exist some point A which is attainable and yields a higher satisfaction.
-10C
+10F
A
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Consumer Choice
V
T
U3
U1
BU
Z
R
P
O S Q
A
Optimal consumption budget is found where budget line and an IC are tangential to each other
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coffee
teaU0
U1
U2
tea
coffee
Corner solutions are still possible
Tangency condition need not hold
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The cardinal approach
U2=600
U3=610
Food(units per week)
Clothing(units
per week)
U1=500
W1=1000
W2=1M W3=1T Despite different numbering of ICs, John and Smith both choose the same bundle
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An application: Intertemporal Choice
Our framework is flexible enough to deal with questions such as savings decisions and intertemporal choice.
Suppose you live two periods: period 1 and period 2
You earn an income of 1,000 in period 1 and a pension of 500 in period 2
Interest rate r. That is, by saving $1 in period 1, you get back $(1+r) in period 2
You consider period 1 consumption and period 2 consumption perfect complement
Question: how much should you save now?
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Intertemporal choice problem
Income in period 2
C1
C2
1600
1000
500
Slope = -1.1
u(c1,c2)=const
Income in period 1
Intertemporal budget line
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1000-C1=S (1)
500+S(1+r)=C2 (2)Substituting (1) into (2), we have
500+(1000-C1)(1+r)=C2
Rearranging, we have 1500+1000r-(1+r) C1=C2 > C
Using C1=C2=C, we finally have 2000 1000 5001500 1000
2 2500
10002
rrC
r r
r
Intertemporal choice problem
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Conclusions
Ordinal utility theory is good enough so long as we want to study choice
Cardinal utility theory is needed if we want to study public policy
Happiness = subjective well being Happiness survey shows that average happiness
in a nation remains the same level once per capita income reaches a certain level
More on happiness if time permitted