1st 9 Weeks Test Review

World history Chapters 10-14

Scientific Contributions of: o Copernicus- Heliocentric modelo Kepler-Confirmed heliocentric model and

elliptical orbitso Galileo Galilei- Observations, 4 moons of

Jupiter, sunspotso Isaac Newton- Principia, 3 Laws that

govern objects on earth, gravityo William Harvey- Circulation of blood,

same blood in veins and arterieso Francis Bacon- Scientific Method

Enlightenment Contributions of:O Montesquieu: natural laws that govern

social and political relationships, 3 basic kinds of government, separation of power, checks and balances

O Voltaire: greatest figure of enlightenment, wrote many things, believed in religious toleration, Deist

O Diderot: writer, editor of EncyclopediaO Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social

Contract believed society agrees to be governed by its general will

Natural rights:O Equality before the lawO Freedom of religious worshipO Freedom of speech O Freedom of the pressO Right to assembleO Right to hold property O Right to pursue happiness

Leaders and their countries during War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years’ War:

O Prussia: Fredrick William I, Fredrick II (the Great)

O Austria: Maria Teresa and Joseph IIO Russia: Catherine the Great

War of Austrian Succession O Prussia takes over Silesia, British capture

French fortress in North America, France takes Madras in India

O Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748

the Seven Years’ WarO Britain and France over colonies O Austria and Prussia over SilesiaO alliances: French and Austria, Russia joins

in because they feel that Prussia has become a threat. Britain allies with Prussia

O Treaty of Paris 1763

The American RevolutionO When? Stamp Act 1765, 1776 Declaration of

Independence, British defeated in 1781O Who helped who?

O French helped U.S. O Spanish and Dutch helped Britain

O Birth of a New NationO Articles of Confederation

O Separate strong state governments O …then Constitution

O created federal system/stronger national government

O How is the federal government divided? The federal government was divided into three branches in a system of checks and balances. The president (executive) had the power to execute laws, veto the legislature’s acts, supervise foreign affairs, and direct military forces. The second branch (the legislative) consisted of the Senate, elected by the state legislatures, and the House of Representatives, elected directly by the people. The Supreme Court and other courts made up the third branch (judicial). The courts were to enforce the Constitution as the “supreme law of the land.”

O Bill of Rights: 10 amendments guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly. They gave Americans the right to bear arms and to be protected from unreasonable search and seizures. They guaranteed a trial by jury, due process of law, and the protection of property rights

Chapter 11Three EstatesO 1st : Clergy, .5% of population, 10% of land,

no taxO 2nd : Nobles, 1.5% of population, 25% of land,

“O 3rd : Commoners, 98% of population, 65% of

land paid 100% of the taxes

OEstates GeneralOFrench Parliament: Reps from each

estateOVoting issue

ONational Assembly: 3rd estate leaves Estates General to start this group, lead to Tennis Court Oath

ODeclaration of the Rights of Man and the CitizenO Nobles give up feudal dues, nobles must

pay taxes, all males could hold office

OMarch to VersaillesO Women march to Versailles, force king

back to Paris, force him to adopt Dec. of Rights of Man

OParis CommuneOWhen: Late 1792OWho: sans-culottes

OLouis XVIOWhat happened? Executed OWhy/How/When?

OFound guilty of “conspiring against liberty”, Beheaded 1793

OCommittee of Public SafetyO What? Meant to defend France O Who? Jacobins, Leader: Maximillien

Robespierre

OReign of Terror OWhat? Killing of 40,000 people including Queen and nobles

OWhen? 1793-1794OWho? Committee of Public Safety and Robespierre

OThe Directory-Led after Reign of Terror until overthrown by Napoleon

ONapoleon OEarly life: military schoolOMilitary: appointed by committee of public safety

OLeadership: military leader, consul, consul for life, then emperor

OAccomplishments: law code, military

Chapter 12OThe Industrial Revolution

O Started, when and where? Great Britain, 1780s

O5 Factors:1. Increased food supply2. Greater population3. Ready supply of money4. Plentiful natural resources5. Supply of markets

4 inventions that advanced production of cotton cloth

1. Flying shuttle 2. Spinning Jenny-James Hargreaves3. Water powered loom- Edmund

Cartwright 4. Steam Engine -James Watt

OWhy was the steam engine important?ONo longer dependent on the rivers for power

OCould build factories anywhere

OThe Rocket: locomotive used on the first public railway line

1st 3 countries in Europe to became industrialized were….O Belgium O FranceO German states

O Interchangeable partsO Eli Whitney’s idea to have machine made

parts to standardize replacements

OHenry Ford perfected the assembly line – workers remain in place as product passes by them they complete their task. He used this system to produce automobiles!

O Industrialization lead to the growth of a new middle class (including business owners, clerks, managers, and teachers) and a working class (factory workers)

O As industry competition grew – working conditions within the factories declined.O Operated multiple machinesO Work as fast as possibleO Monotonous lead to dangers

OLoss of fingers, limbs, or even livesO Worked 10 - 14 hour daysO Disease spread quickly (pneumonia & TB)

O Children most at riskO Worked heavy machinesO Breathed in coal dust O Paid less than adult malesO Work 12 hour shifts as young as 6 years old

Chapter 13OThe 1st industrial revolution was

fueled by textiles, railroads , iron, and coal

OThe 2nd industrial revolution was fueled by steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.

OElectricity can be easily converted into other forms of energy such as heat, light, and motion

O Inventors OThomas Edison (U.S.) and Joseph

Swan (G.B.): Light bulbOAlexander Graham Bell: telephoneOGuglielmo Marconi: radiowaves

OEuropeans could afford to buy more consumer products because wages increased and the price for manufactured goods was lower due to lower transportation costs.

O Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto

O Because they were appalled by factory conditionsO They blamed the system of industrial capitalism

O Oppressors owned the means of production (land, raw materials, and capital)

O During his life time he saw that the oppressors were the bourgeoisie

O Oppressed depended on ownersO During his life time he saw that the oppressed

were the proletariats O Believed this system would end in violent revolution

with the oppressed rising up and abolishing the oppressors and creating a classless society.

O Socialist parties were formed based on Marx’s ideas.

OTrade unions were a force for workers’ rights.OUsed strikes or work stoppages

to pressure an employer into meeting their demands. OUsed to raise wages, improve

working conditions, and gain right of collective bargaining.

O In the late 1800s and early 1900s most Western governments began state-financed primary schools for both boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 12. Children were required to attend. ODirect result of public education was

increase in literacy (or the ability to read).

OBy the late 19th Century (1800s) major European states were establishing Constitutions.

OFour years of Civil War preserved American national unity.OBy 1900 the U.S. was the richest

nation.OAlso gained control over Samoa,

Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

OBy 1871 Canada extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific

ORussia and Austria-Hungary viewed each other with suspicion after a series of crises in the Balkans.

Chapter 14OThe extension of a nation’s power

over other lands is known as imperialism

OThe colony founded in Singapore belonged to Great Britain and was a major port to and from China

OVietnam became a French protectorate in 1857.

O Indirect rule allows local rulers to maintain their positions of authority

O Direct rule removes local rulers from power, replacing them with rulers from the dominate nation.

O Which 5 countries placed all of Africa under European control between 1880 and 1900? Great Britain 1. Great Britain2. France3. Germany4. Belgium 5. Portugal

O Britain thought the Suez Canal was their lifeline to India.

OItaly tried to gain control in Africa, but they were defeated by which country? Ethiopia

OCecil Rhodes wanted to create a series of British colonies connected by a railroad.

O2 free independent states in Africa in 1914:O Liberia and Ethiopia

OBritish rule in India was characterized by the British East India Company, which had its own soldiers and forts but also hired sepoys or Indian soldiers to protect their interests.

OThe Sepoy Mutiny or Great Rebellion was the First War of Independence to the Indians

OA viceroy is a governor who rules as a representative of a monarch

OMohandas Gandhi turned the Indian independence movement into one of nonviolent resistance. He wanted to win aid for the poor and independence

O In Latin America the social classes were divided with the peninsulares (people born in the Iberian peninsula) on top and the creoles (descendants of Europeans born in Latin America and lived there permanently) second and controlling the land

OMestizos are of mixed European and Native American heritage.

OToussaint-Louverture led a slave revolt to seized control of the island of Hispaniola OThis area now called Haiti became the

1st independent state in Latin America

OMiguel Hidalgo was the first hero of the Mexican independence

OWho were considered the liberators of South America? José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela

OWhich document warned against European involvement in Latin America and guaranteed the independence of the new Latin American nations? The Monroe Doctrine

OWho was the ruler of Mexico when settlers in Texas revolted against them? Antonio López de Santa Anna

OAfter the Spanish American War, Cuba became a United States protectorate and Puerto Rico was annexed to the United States. In 1903, the United States supported a rebellion that allowed Panama to be free

OEmiliano Zapata led the Mexican Revolution and demanded agrarian reform

Cottage industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

PhilosopheFrench for “philosopher,” intellectuals during the

Enlightenment

Heliocentric“sun-centered,” model of the universe where the Earth and

planets revolve around the sun

MestizoA person of mixed European and native American Indian descent

MulattoA person of mixed African and

European descent

BourgeoisieThe middle class, including

merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Inductive reasoningthe doctrine that scientists should proceed

from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and

carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will

lead to correct general principles

Coup d’état

A sudden overthrow of the government

Scientific method

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of

science in the modern world

Natural selection

The principle set forth by Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in

popular terms “survival of the fittest”

EstatesThe name given to each of the three classes into which French society was divided before the

revolution

Deisman 18th century religious philosophy

based on reason and natural law

Entrepreneura person interested in finding new business opportunities and new

ways to make profits

Romanticisman intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in reaction

to the ideas of the Enlightenment, stressed feelings, emotion, and

imagination as sources of knowing

Sans-culottes

“without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered

themselves ordinary patriots

The Monroe Doctrine

To prevent foreign interference in Latin America, the president of the United States

issued the ______________.

The Communist Manifesto

Book written by Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels

Sepoyan Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to

protect the company’s interests in the region

Liberia

African state that was founded as a refuge for former

slaves

Viceroy

a governor who ruled as a representative of a

monarch

Imperialism

the extension of a nation’s power over other lands

Indigenous

native to a region

Annexincorporate territory into an existing political unit such as

a city or country

NationalismThe unique cultural identity

of a people based on common language,

religion, and national symbols