1 SOC 3811 Basic Social Statistics. 2 Reminder Hand in your assignment 6 Remember to pick up your...
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SOC 3811
Basic Social Statistics
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Reminder
Hand in your assignment 6 Remember to pick up your previous
homework Hand in the extra credit assignment next
Tuesday in lecture (May 1st) No lab next Friday (May 4th) . Final exam: May 12th (Saturday), 8:00am
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Class overview
Extra credit assignment example Evaluation Assignment 5 correction General review Time for your extra credit assignment
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Extra credit example
SPSS commands Data split file organize output by groups group based on : sex
Analyze descriptive statistics crosstabs check “CHI-square” & Expected
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Extra credit examplemale
Chi-Square Testsb
23.175a 12 .02621.550 12 .0438.505 1 .0041006
Pearson Chi-SquareLikelihood RatioLinear-by-Linear AssociationN of Valid Cases
Value dfAsymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimumexpected count is 8.42.
a.
sex RESPONDENTS SEX = 1 MALEb.
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Extra credit examplefemale
Chi-Square Testsb
56.186a 12 .00056.845 12 .00041.933 1 .000
1296
Pearson Chi-SquareLikelihood RatioLinear-by-Linear AssociationN of Valid Cases
Value dfAsymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimumexpected count is 7.00.
a.
sex RESPONDENTS SEX = 2 FEMALEb.
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Extra credit examplemale
sexfreq FREQUENCY OF SEX DURING LAST YEAR * happy GENERAL HAPPINESS Crosstabulationa
37 97 24 15847.6 92.2 18.2 158.0
25 43 19 8726.2 50.8 10.0 87.0
31 75 10 11634.9 67.7 13.4 116.0
57 96 15 16850.6 98.0 19.4 168.0
60 122 19 20160.5 117.3 23.2 201.0
63 119 21 20361.1 118.5 23.4 203.0
30 35 8 7322.0 42.6 8.4 73.0303 587 116 1006
303.0 587.0 116.0 1006.0
CountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected Count
0 NOT AT ALL
1 ONCE OR TWICE
2 ONCE A MONTH
3 2-3 TIMES A MONTH
4 WEEKLY
5 2-3 PER WEEK
6 4+ PER WEEK
sexfreq FREQUENCYOF SEXDURINGLAST YEAR
Total
1 VERYHAPPY
2 PRETTYHAPPY
3 NOT TOOHAPPY
happy GENERAL HAPPINESS
Total
sex RESPONDENTS SEX = 1 MALEa.
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Extra credit examplemale
OR (4+ per week v.s not at all)= 30 (4+ weekly, very happy) / 8 (4+ weekly, not happy)
37 (not at all, very happy) / 24 (not al all, not happy)
30 (4+ weekly, very happy) / 37 (not al all, very happy)
8 (4+ weekly, not happy) / 24 (not al all, not happy
= 2.43
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Extra credit examplemale
For male, men who have more than 4 times sex per week
are 2.43 times more likely to be very happy as opposed to not too happy, relative to those who don’t have sex.
men who have more than 4 times sex per week are 143% more likely to be very happy as opposed to not too happy, relative to those who don’t have sex.
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female
sexfreq FREQUENCY OF SEX DURING LAST YEAR * happy GENERAL HAPPINESS Crosstabulationa
83 195 78 356115.4 191.7 48.9 356.0
22 50 15 8728.2 46.9 11.9 87.0
48 81 17 14647.3 78.6 20.1 146.0
64 95 25 18459.6 99.1 25.3 184.0
78 129 17 22472.6 120.6 30.8 224.0107 124 17 24880.4 133.6 34.1 248.0
18 24 9 5116.5 27.5 7.0 51.0420 698 178 1296
420.0 698.0 178.0 1296.0
CountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected CountCountExpected Count
0 NOT AT ALL
1 ONCE OR TWICE
2 ONCE A MONTH
3 2-3 TIMES A MONTH
4 WEEKLY
5 2-3 PER WEEK
6 4+ PER WEEK
sexfreq FREQUENCYOF SEXDURINGLAST YEAR
Total
1 VERYHAPPY
2 PRETTYHAPPY
3 NOT TOOHAPPY
happy GENERAL HAPPINESS
Total
sex RESPONDENTS SEX = 2 FEMALEa.
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Extra credit examplefemale
OR (4+ per week v.s not at all)= 18 (4+ weekly, very happy) / 9 (4+ weekly, not happy)
83 (not at all, very happy) / 78 (not al all, not happy)
18 (4+ weekly, very happy) /83 (not al all, very happy)
9 (4+ weekly, not happy) / 78 (not al all, not happy
= 1.88
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Extra credit examplefemale
For female, women who have more than 4 times sex per week
are 1.88 times more likely to be very happy as opposed to not too happy, relative to those who don’t have sex.
women who have more than 4 times sex per week are 88% more likely to be very happy as opposed to not too happy, relative to those who don’t have sex.
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Extra credit examplecompare men and women
Take the odds ratio of odds ratios
2.43
1.88
= 1.29 Interpretation?
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Extra credit examplecompare men and women
Start your description from the denominator group, then describe how the relationship is stronger (or weaker) for the numerator group
Women who have sex more than 4 times per week are 1.88 times more likely to be very happy as opposed to not too happy, relative to women who don’t have sex. For men, the relationship is 1.29 times stronger.
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Extra credit examplecompare men and women
Women who have sex more than 4 times per week are 1.88 times more likely to be very happy as opposed to not too happy, relative to women who don’t have sex. For men, the relationship is 29% stronger.
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Evaluation
Yu-Ju Chien Spring 2007 Sociology 3811 Sec 6 (Friday morning) Sec 7 (Friday afternoon)
16. Cultural difference is a problem for working with Yu-Ju. 17. Language is a problem for working with Yu-Ju.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 strong agree strong disagree
I’ll be back in 10 mins
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Assignment 5
F-test: gate keeper test T-test: compare means
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F-test
Ho: variances are equal Ha: variances are not equal
If Sig. (p value)>.05 → can’t reject Ho (variances are equal) If Sig. (p value)≤.05 → reject Ho
(variances are not equal)
22
21
22
21
22
21
ˆ
ˆ
F
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T-test (two-tail)
Ho:
Ha:
Calculating z/t score:
(note: the formula is different for different type of cases)
21
21
021
021
}{**
21
21
yyse
yytz
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T-test
Independent Samples Test
4.693 .030 -2.545 1237 .011 -.394 .155 -.698 -.090
-2.561 1205.187 .011 -.394 .154 -.696 -.092
Equal variances assumed
Equal variances not assumed
relactiv HOW OFTENDOES R TAKE PARTIN RELIG ACTIVITIES
F Sig.
Levene's Test for Equalityof Variances
t df Sig. (2-tailed)Mean
DifferenceStd. ErrorDifference Lower Upper
95% Confidence Intervalof the Difference
t-test for Equality of Means
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Review
Inferential statistics :
Regression modelsT-test + F testPearson’s Chi-Square test + Odds ratio
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Review
Inference review Two steps in inference:
1. Use a sample to develop population estimates.
2. Use inference to see if estimate is significant (Is our estimate far enough away from a predetermined value to be sure that it is different). (Reject the null. )
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Inference in regression
Regression models:
test if the effects of independent variables on dependent variables are statistically significant.
eXXYdependent 22110
eXYdependent 110
eXXXXYdependent )( 21322110
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Inference in regression
most often we are comparing our estimate to zero.
In regression if the slope is 0, there is no relationship.
In regression if the slope is not 0, there is some relationship. (then, go further to explain the relationship: positive/negative.)
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Dummy regression model
T-test compare means of two groups (if independent, it is same as a dummy regression model)
gate keeper test: the F test test if the variances are equal
eXY dummydependent 10
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Reminder
Hand in your assignment 6 Remember to pick up your previous
homework Hand in the extra credit assignment next
Tuesday in lecture (May 1st) No lab next Friday (May 4th) . Final exam: May 12th (Saturday), 8:00am